INTRODUCTION TO DRONE

TECHNOLOGY

A drone, in a technological context, is an unmanned aircraft. Drones are more formally known as
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UASes). Essentially, a drone is
a flying robot.
The aircraft may be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through software-controlled
flight plans in their embedded systems working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.
Drones are now also used in a wide range of civilian roles ranging from search and rescue,
surveillance, traffic monitoring, weather monitoring and firefighting to personal drones and
business drone-based photography, as well as videography, agriculture and even delivery
services.
As per a recent new update, Google and Amazon are developing their drones so that parcels can
be delivered by air with ease. One more interesting concept is presented by Facebook as they are
thinking to develop some giant drones that can carry the signal to remote locations for direct
internet access.
Drones in today’s world have also been an important part of the film industry and news reporters
are also using them to carry information from inaccessible locations.
A typical unmanned aircraft is made of light composite materials to reduce weight and increase
manoeuvrability. This composite material strength allows military drones to cruise at extremely
high altitudes.
UAV drones are equipped with a different state of the art technology such as infrared cameras,
GPS and laser (consumer, commercial and military UAV). Drones are controlled by remote
ground control systems (GSC) and also referred to as a ground cockpit.
 AGRICULTURAL DRONE

INTRODUCTION
An agricultural drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle used in agriculture operations mostly in
yield optimization and in monitoring crop growth and crop production. The aerial view provided
by a drone can assists in the information of crop growth stages, crop health and soil variations in
real time helping in any mitigation if required. Multispectral sensors can collect image in near-
infrared as well as in visible spectrum of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The use of drones in almost every sector of the economy is growing fast, but drone usage in the
agricultural industry is booming. According to some reports, the agricultural drone market is
expected to grow from a $1.2 billion (USD) industry in 2019 to $4.8 billion in 2024. From
scouting to security, drone use will become more ubiquitous on large- and small-scale farms in a
few short years. The information gathered by drones on farms is often used to better inform
agronomic decisions and is part of a system generally referred to as ‘precision agriculture’.
In many areas, drone use has become an essential part of large-scale precision farming
operations already. The data collected from drones recording fields help farmers plan their
planting and treatments to achieve the best possible yields. Some reports indicate that using
precision farming systems can increase yields by as much as 5%, which is a sizeable increase in
an industry with typically slim profit margins.

IMPORTANCE

Monitoring Field Conditions

Drone field monitoring is also being used to monitor the health of soil and field conditions.
Drones can provide accurate field mapping including elevation information that allow growers to
find any irregularities in the field. Having information on field elevation is useful in determining
drainage patterns and wet/dry spots which allow for more efficient watering techniques. Some
agricultural drone retailers and service providers also offer nitrogen level monitoring in soil
using enhanced sensors. This allows for precise application of fertilizers, eliminating poor
growing spots and improving soil health for years to come.
Planting & Seeding
One of the newer and less wide spread uses of drones in agriculture is for planting seeds.
Automated drone Seeders are mostly being used in forestry industries right now, but the potential
for more widespread use is on the horizon. Planting with drones means very hard to reach areas
can be replanted without endangering workers. They are also able to plant much more efficiently
with a team of two operators and ten drones capable of planting 400,000 trees a day.
Spray Application
Drone use to apply spray treatments is already widespread in south-east Asia, with South Korea
using drones for approximately 30% of their agriculture spraying. Drone sprayers can navigate
very hard to reach areas, such as steep tea fields at high elevations. Drone sprayers save workers
from having to navigate fields with backpack sprayers, which can be hazardous to their health.
Drones' sprayers delivery very fine spray applications that can be targeted to specific areas to
maximize efficiency and save on chemical costs. Currently drone sprayer regulations vary
widely between countries. In Canada, they are not currently legal as more testing needs to be
done to understand the impact of spray drift. Some regulation proposals recommend that only
trained professionals be tasked with flying spray drones as is the case with Yamaha, who does
not sell the spray drones they manufacture, but leases spray drone services complete with
licenced operators.
Security
Drone security is a fast-growing industry apart from agriculture but is also extremely useful to
farm management. Using drones to monitor the far reaches of a farm without having to get there
saves valuable time and allows for more frequent monitoring of hard-to-reach areas. Drone
cameras can provide an overview of farm operations throughout the day to ensure operations are
running smoothly and to locate equipment being used. Security drones can be deployed to
monitor fencing and perimeters of more valuable crops like cannabis instead of employing more
security personnel. Drone cameras are also being used in exciting ways to protect farm animals
by locating missing or injured herd animals in far off grazing areas. Monitoring remote areas,
which used to take hours of walking can now be completed in a few minutes.

Working

On-Ground System
The On-ground design can be seen in the figure. The Black Box design consists of sensors and a
GSM unit connected to an Arduino. Positioning this box on the ground was due to the need to be
close to the soil and plants to get information that is as accurate as possible
On-Plane System
The on-plane design as seen in the figure consists of both mechanical and electrical systems. The
mechanical system is responsible for flight control where the electrical system is for data
collection and farm monitoring.
Agricultural drones mainly work using mainly five sensors visual, multispectral, thermal, lidar
and hyperspectral

Visual sensor
Visual sensor helps in
*Aerial mapping and imaging
*Photogrammetry and 3d construction
*Plant counting
*Surveillance and emergency response

Multispectral sensor
They range in number of bands and resolution tapping out 1cm per pixel
Multispectral sensor and widely used in
*Plant health measurement
*Water quality assessment
*Vegetation index
*Plant counting
Thermal sensor
*Thermal sensors are best utilised in
*Heat signature detection
*Livestock detection
*Surveillance and security
*Water temperature detection and water source detection
*Emergency response

Lidar sensor

*Short range 270^0 scanning laser rangefinder

*Useful in 3d digital surface modelling stockpiling calculation
*Surface variation detection and flood mapping
*Penetrates through vegetation-it can perform plant height measurement by collecting range
information from the plant Canopy and ground below

Hyperspectral sensor

They are widely used in: -

*Plant health measurement
*Water quality assessment
*Vegetation index calculation
*Full spectral sensing
*Spectral search and development
*Mineral and surface composition surveys
 Implementation Technology

i. Mobile Application
As part of the implementation of the project, a mobile application is created to allow the end
user to remotely monitor the system. Data gathered from the sensors will be passed to the
application which is created through the android studio platform. Moreover, the application will
allow the user to monitor five different parameters. The Notification Centre notifies the user in
case of an emergency or a sudden change in one of the parameters.

ii. On-ground
Several units of the black box will be arranged across the farm. This is because, the soil moisture
and hydrogen Sulfide levels differ from one region to another. Therefore, the area that will be
covered will be divided into zones where one box is installed in each zone Depending on the
flight time, the plane will cover an area of about 28 km. Therefore, the total area of the farm is
49 km2. Since the soil shows insignificant changes within 1 km, the 49 km2 area will be divided
into 49 zone where each zone of area 1 km2. Therefore, 49 boxes will be spread across the farm.

Target audience
 Raw Material Suppliers/ Buyers
 Product Suppliers/ Buyers
 Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
 Education & Research Institute
 Research Professionals
 Emerging Companies
 Manufacturers

Cost estimation
The drones that are used by farmers can come anywhere between Rs.1,50,000 to Rs 19,00,000 or
even more. The cost is so high because most of them are made to meet the industrial needs and
have exclusive built-in features to gather data and do crop analysis.
 ADVANTAGES

It helps in achieving more yields by using resources effectively. It provides good

ROI (Return on Investment).
➨Drones are used in large scale farming for spraying of insecticides and pesticides
due to its remote-control operation from distant.
➨It helps in monitoring environmental data which helps in smart farming.
➨It helps farmers in scouting their fields quickly and efficiently. This saves time
in determining status of fields.
➨They are easy to use with very basic training.
➨Latest agriculture drones help in collecting data which helps in improving crop
health.
➨It has integrated GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping. It helps in
storing and analyzing all types of geographical and spatial data. It helps farmers in
mapping in order to boost yields and in cutting costs to take business forward.
➨With push of a button drone can return home.
➨Thermal cameras help in finding wet and dry patches. This helps farmers avoid
wastage of water.

Disadvantages
➨It requires basic knowledge and skills to operate the agriculture
drones.
➨Most of the drones have less flight time and covers less area. Drones
having long flight time and long range are costlier. Drones having more
features are also more expensive.
➨Need to obtain government clearance in order to use it.
➨It uses same air space as commercial aircrafts and hence may interfere
with manned aircrafts if it comes in their flight path.
➨It is difficult to fly them in extreme conditions.

DRONE DELIVERY
 INTRODUCTION

Delivery drones are logistical devices that carry materials from a retail outlet to their consumer’s
location. The main purpose is to deliver a product or material towards the intended target
location. A delivery drone provides mechanical assistance to clients who are unable to carry
heavy objects. Delivery drones are used by retail outlets and logistics companies around the
world.
The main delivery drone users are logistics companies and retail outlets. These companies
heavily rely on commodity transfer from one place to another. Using a set of delivery drones is
very helpful to keep a continuous logistic operation. One example is a product delivery service to
the intended consumer to their residents.
Today, there are drones that are big enough to challenge the size of cargo planes. On the other
hand, there are delivery drone types that are as small as the size of your palm that carry smaller
objects. Regardless of the size or type, delivery drones are helpful for companies and retail
outlets to maintain market productivity.

IMPORTANCE

Healthcare delivery

Drones can be used to transport medicinal products such as blood products, vaccines,
pharmaceuticals and medical samples. Medical deliveries can fly into and out of remote or
otherwise inaccessible regions, compared to trucks or motorcycles
Food delivery

Drones have been proposed as a solution for rapidly delivering prepared foods, such as pizzas,
tacos, and frozen beverages.
The revelation that it didn't exist as a delivery system or app led to it being labelled a hoax.[ A
similar concept named the "burrito bomber" was tested in 2012.

Postal delivery

Different postal companies from Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Singapore, the United
Kingdom and Ukraine have undertaken various drone trials as they test the feasibility and
profitability of unmanned delivery drone services. The USPS has been testing delivery systems
with Horse Fly Drones.

Ship resupply

The shipping lines Maersk and the port of rotterdam have experimented with using drones to
resupply offshore ships instead of sending smaller boats.

WORKING

Naza M-lite flight controller

Naza m-lite flight controller is use to the set the different types of modes which drone must
flight. It comes with the three modes Atti mode, fail-safe, GPS Mode .it has the voltage
protection indicator.

ESC Controller
An electronic speed controller (ESC) is an electric device to monitor and very the speed during
the operation. ESC Controller

GPS Module
the GPS module is responsible for the provision of the drone longitude, latitude and elevation
points. It is a very important component of the drone.

GPS Module Without the GPS module, drones would not be as important as they are today. The
modules help drone navigate longer distances and capture details of specific locations on land.
The GPS module also help in returning the drone safely “home” even without navigation using
the FPV. In most modern drones, the GPS module helps in returning the drone safe to the
controller in case it loses connection to the controller. This helps in keeping the drone safe.
Fig3.5 The Receiver The minimum number of channels that are needed to control a drone are
usually 4. However, it is recommended that a provision of 5 channels be made available. There
are very many different types of receivers in the market and all of them can be used when
making a drone.

The Receiver
The receiver is the unit responsible for the reception of the radio signals sent to the drone
through the controller.

The Transmitter
The transmitter is the unit responsible for the transmission of the radio signals from the
controller to the drone to issue commands of flight and directions. The Transmitter Just like the
receiver, the transmitter needs to have 4 channels for a drone but 5 is usually recommended.
Different types of receivers are available in the market for drone manufacturers to choose from.
The receiver and the transmitter must use a single radio signal in order to communicate to the
drone during flight. Each radio signal has a standard code that helps in differentiating the signal
from other radio signals in the air.

IMPLEMENTATION
1. A new set of regulations needs to be framed to operate drones which includes handling of the
drones, flying them, and managing cases of theft, damage, or cybercrime.
2. Companies need to follow the “Line of Sight” rule while using the drones for delivery which
means the drones must be always at a visibility distance of the operators.
3. Various other rules are being framed to ensure safe flight which is used after sunset, single
operator flying multiple drones, flying at a certain height, and flying at a ground speed of 100
miles per hour.
4. Data privacy is another factor in this as the data from the customer to the seller is being used
by the logistics company. The logistics and drones operating companies will need to always
ensure data privacy and safety.

ADVANTAGES
1. The “turnaround time” would be much less, which means that a drone can deliver a package
and return in much faster time compared to a delivery person as the fly route is straight without
any turns or traffic.
2. Contactless delivery is made possible without much hassle. All the protocols of contactless
delivery would be practiced. This is of great importance during the current COVID 19 pandemic.
3. Reduce the risk of human life due to traffic accidents. The implementation of drones adds to
saving human life which is prone to death due to accidents while rushing to deliver the package
in the given time and during the rush hour traffic.
4.Positive impact on the environment. Fewer vehicles on road would mean less carbon emission
thus reducing the carbon footprint. This would also reduce the dependency on fossil fuel and use
more clean energy.
5. Drone delivery had more efficiency than other vehicles as per a survey conducted in 2018 –
2019.

DISADVANTAGES

1 Expensive Device:
Delivery drones are still expensive because they are just introduced in the market. Only a few
large companies use delivery drones to improve their logistics operations. The average drone
cost per piece ranges between $50 for small and $500 for large drones.

2. Battery Defects:
 Drones can easily drain their battery with just a few minutes. Delivery drones easily run their
battery out while delivering the products to a target location. If delivering fails, it can generate
complaints from consumers in the market.

3. Defective drone:
There are delivery drones that show malfunctioning systems months after purchasing the device.
This is caused by a factory defect that wasn’t detected by the maintenance personnel at work.
Defective drones can disrupt delivery services.

4. Easily Stolen:
Drones are suspended independently into the atmosphere. Anyone can take the drone away while
disconnecting its power supply. Once stolen, companies will no longer have the authority to
control their properties.

TARGET AUDIENCE
 Drone Service Providers (DSP) is an external source that offers their services to companies who
want to adopt the new delivery system.
 Business Internal Services, on the other hand, adopt drones to improve their own workflow.
 Wing, Zipline, Flytrap, Flirtey, Matter net, Volans-a and Ant works are the prominent DSPs.
 JD.com, DHL, Amazon, Walmart, Zomato and SF Express are a few well-known giants who
have incorporated drone deliveries for their Business Internal Services.
 Additionally, intergovernmental entities like the World Food Programme and UNICEF who have
adapted the Drone delivery mechanism for humanitarian purpose.

COST ESTIMATION
The UAVs themselves don't come cheap: A commercial drone costs upwards of Rs60,000
($845) and the price for an industrial one can run beyond Rs10 lakh ($14,095). Comparatively,
 DRONE DISPLAY

INTRODUCTION
A drone display (also known as a drone light show) is the use of multiple unmanned aerial
vehicles (drones), often quadcopters flying in a coordinated fashion for public display. They are
usually equipped with LEDs and the display held at night. The first drone display was presented
in 2012 in Linz/Austria, where the Ars Electronica FutureLabs introduced spaxels (Short for
"space elements") for the first time. The displays may be for entertainment, where the drones
may use flocking or swarming behaviour]. The drones may also be coordinated to produce
images. Using this emerging technology displays have been employed for advertising purposes
as well.
Intel has produced the shooting star, a type of drone used in light shows.[2] They were used
during the 2018 Winter Olympics, a Super Bowl halftime show in 2017, and a 2018 4 July
celebration.[3]
Drone light shows differ from fireworks displays in that drones are reusable, and do not produce
air and noise pollution.[3] However, drone displays cannot take place during rain or strong winds.
[4]

Working
the operating system, the animation the drone control software, and the drones themselves are
packaged into a system that can be modified to fit any music or storytelling scheme for almost
any kind of evening event.
“The technology was all purpose-built for lighting up the night sky in almost an infinite
combination of movements and colours.”
The system takes three-dimensional animations and maps them too the drone control software It
automatically employs safety rules to ensure, among other things, a reasonable distance between
all of the unmanned aircraft. Before any real-world testing can begin, they run multiple computer
simulations. Finally, clients can make additional tweaks to colours, angles and timing after a
show is previewed.
“Prediction, display, live effects and the drones come together in a highly choreographed
presentation,” Nanduri said. “The software ensures the desired timing of the content as well as
the effects that you want to generate.”
“You can do words, logos, characters. You can coordinate the sound effects with the lighting
effects. You have innumerable light combinations with this LED technology that you can
program into it. It has a lot more programmability, reusability and flexibility than fireworks.”
Intel has held over 1,000 drone firework shows in more than 23 countries. As these displays
grow more prevalent, the performances are becoming more intricate and the number of drones
being used is increasing in number.
“The display in the sky will get brighter, denser and richer in terms of how you can do
animation,”

IMPLEMENTATION
In drone show systems, computerized systems therefore replace the pilots. The drones are flying
mobile robots and navigate autonomously, piloting themselves, while supervised by a human
operator. To navigate autonomously, drones require a reliable method for determining their
position in space. In outdoor areas, clear of obstacles, drones can use GPS for their autonomous
navigation. However, GPS degrades close to large structures (e.g., tall buildings) and is usually
not available indoors. Since degraded GPS may result in unreliable or unsafe conditions for
autonomous flight, a replacement (e.g., an Indoor Positioning System (IPS)) must be found for
use cases that require fight close to structures that obstruct large parts of the sky and for indoor
applications.
In a typical setup, the autonomous drones are supervised by a human operator, who does not
control drone motions individually but only issues high-level commands such as “take-off” or
“land.” The operator monitors the motions of multiple drones at a time and reacts to anomalies.
Drone motions are typically choreographed and pre-programmed. Passing commands from the
operator’s control station to the drones requires one or more wireless communication channels
. Flight planning requires tools for the creation of choreographies for large numbers of drones.
Such choreographies must account for the drones’ actual flight dynamics, considering actuator
limitations, and for aerodynamic effects, such as air turbulence or lift created by a costume.
State-of-the-art tools provide safety and feasibility guarantees for the drones’ trajectories, allow
 for the rapid and safe generation of collision-free motions for swarms of drones, and may
provide real-time trajectory generation algorithms for them

ADVANTAGES
 Eco friendly
 pollution free
 reusable

DISADVANTAGES
 Drone quantity
 Show design complexity
 Show coordination and rehearsal time
 Airspace authorization and regulatory compliance
 Shipping and logistics
 Crew travel and accommodation

TARGETING CUSTOMERS

 Advertising companies
 robotic companies
 COST ESTIMATION

Number of 200 300 500

drones:
Show includes: Solid, 2D More Higher
shapes and volumetric, 3D resolution
imagery shapes and imagery, more
animations dimension,
detail, and more
complex
animations and
scenes
Starting Price: Rs75,00,000 Rs1,50,00,000 Rs2,25,00,000

MARKETING

Drones can be used to either lead or complement your marketing campaigns. Both the drone’s

video footage and still images provide dramatic aerial views that are unprecedented when

compared to a regular photo or video shoot from the ground. These captivating shots add

dimension and movement to your website, print materials, commercials and more, leaving an

impactful and awe-inspiring impression on your audience.

When it comes to drone footage and photography, you can use these powerful tools in many of

your already-established marketing strategies.

Incorporate drone video footage in your:

 Website & landing pages

 Social media channels

  Commercials

 Presentations

 Blogs

 Enewsletters/eblasts

 Digital advertisements

Use the drone’s aerial photography for your:

 Website

 Social media channels

 Print materials (brochures, direct mail, flyers, etc.)

 Annual reports

 Trade show displays

 Enewsletters/eblasts

 Blogs

 Outdoor advertisements (billboards, benches, etc.)

 Environmental branding

When you enlist the help of an experienced advertising agency that’s well-versed in

video marketing, you get much more than just a drone video. Since the average

Internet user spends 88% more time on a website with video, incorporating drone

footage on your website would be an integral part of marketing the footage.

 In addition, we might recommend creating a digital marketing campaign that

includes posting the drone footage of a property, area or facility on social media

channels like YouTube, Facebook and Twitter. With YouTube being the second

largest search engine and the third most visited site on the web, this video-based

social channel is perfect for showcasing your company’s drone footage. Add

Facebook’s average daily video views that have jumped to 8 billion and Twitter’s

promoted auto play videos, and you have a creative, widespread campaign that

captures attention

Cand has the capacity to turn your followers into leads.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT

 Unmanned aerial vehicles are an exciting field in the world of aviation, with new

discoveries. Over the next 16 years, UAVs will become a significant component

of military, civil and perhaps even commercial aviation

 However, the very dynamic nature of the field also creates a significant amount of

uncertainty the wide range of UAV physical and performance characteristics,

many of which will be very unlike any current aircraft, will place additional

challenges on an air traffic management system

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://www.equinoxsdrones.com/blog/importance-of-drone-technology-in-indian-
agriculture-farming
 https://easternpeak.com/blog/why-use-agriculture-drones-main-benefits-and-best-
practices/#:~:text=By%20using%20drones%20for%20agriculture,and%20determine
%20light%20absorption%20rates.
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
331017387_Application_of_Drone_in_Agriculture
 https://clutch.co/logistics/resources/drone-delivery-statistics-benefits-challenges
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344513432_Smart_Drone_Delivery_System
 https://freecourses.net/marketing/drone-delivery/
 https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/robotics/how-do-mass-drone-displays-work/
 https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=drone+display