SEAA 2032 - ELECTRICAL and

MECHANICAL SYSTEM

Chapter 2 – PART 2
Induction Motor/Machines

Principle of operation and

application, Rating, Losses and
Efficiency
 Introduction to Electrical Machine

• One of energy can be obtained from the other form with

the help of converters.

• Converters that are used to continuously translate

electrical input to mechanical output or vice versa are
called electric machines.

• The process of translation is known as electromechanical

energy conversion.

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Introduction to electrical machine

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AC Rotating Machines

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 Induction Machine (IM)

• Most AC Machines are induction machine

• The power supply rotates the device by induction – inducing
current to the rotor
Advantages Weakness
• Simple structure • Speed dependent on the
• Cheap / cost efficient supply frequency
• Cheap maintenance • Not easy to control because
the supply frequency is
• Robust
fixed. (50Hz)
• Can be operated
continously.

• Application – usually AC motor is used for fixed & continous

speed applications, as in a fan, air conditioning, centrifugal
pump and compressor.
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 Applications of IM

• (1-phase): washing machines, refrigerators, blenders,

juice mixers, stereo turntables, etc.
• (2-phase) induction motors are used primarily as
servomotors in a control system.
• (3-phase): pumps, compressors, paper mills, textile
mills, etc.

• Single-phase induction motor is the most frequently used

motor in the world
• Most appliances, such as washing machines and
refrigerators, use a single-phase IM
• Highly reliable and economical

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Example of 1-phase IM

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• For industrial applications, a three-phase induction
motor is used to drive machines
• Example of a large three-phase induction motor.
(Courtesy Siemens)

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 IM Structure

• Basically 2 types:

– 1 phase IM - < 1 kW
• Normally used for home electrical appliances that does not require
speed control and high starting torque such as the fan, pump and
compressor
– 3 Phase IM - > 1 kW
• Used widely in industry due to its ability to drive high/big loads apart
from other special characteristic such as simple construction, cheap,
robust minimal maintenance cost.
• Advantage of 3 phase IM is the rotating field that can be produced
without additional devices such as capactor and shaded pole.
• This is because the 3 phase supply is already 120 degrees apart.

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 IM Structure

Structure of IM can be based into 2 parts

1. Stator (stationary part)
2. Rotor (rotating part)

• Stator
– There are 3 phase coils that produces flux with phase difference 120
apart.

• Rotor
– Cylindrically shaped
– Several parallel conductor rods
– The ends of the parallel conductor rods is shorted to 2 conductor
rings until they are shaped like a squirrel cage as in Figure 1. @
“hamster wheel”
– The spaces between the conductor rods are dilled with a magnetic
material to enhance induction when rotor spins.

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 Figure 1 – the windings structure on a squirrel cage

The conductor rods are usually made of aluminium or copper

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 IM Structure

Elementary AC motor
Consider a rotor (Armature) → formed by permanent magnet.
Consider a stator → formed by coil of conductor to create AC EM field

Each pair connected in series

creating opposite poles
– One pole for North and
– One pole for South.

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 AC Motor – Working Principle

RULE: Fleming’s left-hand rule for motors

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 IM working principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=246&v=AQqyGNOP_3o

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AC Motor – Working Principle

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 AC Motor – Working Principle

• An AC Current flowing through conductors energize the

magnets and develop N and S poles.
• The strength of electromagnets depends on current.
• First half cycle current flows in one direction.
• Second half cycle it flows in opposite direction.

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 AC Motor – Working Principle

Figure shows the direction of rotation is along the magnetic field

rotation. Rotor with conductors is under the influence of a rotating
magnetic field. The rotor would then turn according to the rotation of
magnetic field.

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 AC Motor – Working Principle

1. Consider the AC voltage at 0 degrees, then, no current

will flow, and there is no magnetism.

Initial position of the rotor

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 AC Motor – Working Principle

2. As voltage increases, current starts to flow and EM

gain strength and North and South poles appear.
3. The rotor magnet is pushed CW, and the rotor and
motor starts to rotate.

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 AC Motor – Working Principle

4. When voltage decreases, the current also decreases,

the EM loses the strength, and when V=0 there is no
magnetism.

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 AC Motor – Working Principle

5. Now, AC voltage builds up as part of the negative cycle.

6. Then, current flows in opposite direction, and the
magnets reverse polarity.
7. Therefore, the CW rotation continues.

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 Synchronous speed, rotor speed and slip

• Synchronous/angular Speed
– Flux rotate on the two poles of IM with the 50 Hz AC supply and will complete 50
cycles/sec or 3000 rpm. This is known as the synchronous/angular speed.
– This speed can be reduced by increasing the number of poles in the stator.
– For a 4 pole motor, speed is 1800 rpm, while for a 6 pole motor, 1200 rpm.
– Generally, the sync speed can be determined through the equation,

Sync speed, 120 f

ns = (r.p.m.)
p
Where f = supply frequency and p = no of poles

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 Examples

• Determine the sync speed of a 6 pole IM operated

through a supply of 220 V and 50 Hz
Ns = 120(50)/6 = rpm

• Calculate the synchronous speed of a 3-phase induction

motor having 20 poles when it is connected to a 60 Hz
source.
Ns = 120 x 60 / 20 = rpm

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Rotor Speed, nr
• IM rotor speed depends on the sync speed and the load it
has to drive.
• Rotor won’t rotate at sync speed and tends to slip behind.
• Rotor speed cannot be more than sync speed because as
soon as the rotor speed is equal to sync speed, no current is
induced in the rotor conductor rods.
• Rotor does not get any new force, thus slows down.

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Slip
• Slip is defined as the difference in speed between stator flux
speed (sync speed) Ns, and rotor speed, Nr.
• The value is usually expressed in %.
• Slip value at no load is usually 1% and can reach to 5% at full
load.

Slip, s = (Ns – Nr) / Ns x 100%

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 Examples

• Determine the %slip of a 4 pole, 60 Hz IM with rated speed of 1725

rpm. Ns = 120(60)/4 = _____rpm, s = (1800-1725)/1800 x 100% = __%

• Determine the sync speed of a 6 pole IM with its supply of 240 V, 50

Hz. Then find the % slip if rotor speed is 950 rpm.
Ns = 120 x 50/6 = ______ rpm. S = (1000-950)/1000 = __ %

• A 0.5 hp, 6-pole induction motor is excited by a 3-phase, 60 Hz

source. If the full-load is 1140 r/min, calculate the slip

• A two pole, 60 Hz AC induction motor has a full load speed of 3554

rpm. What is the percent slip at full load?

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 STARTING CIRCUIT

• Squirrel cage Induction machine will take a quite high starting current (400% from
rating current)
• During starting stage, a high starting current will cause voltage flicker.
• There are 3 conventional starting circuit in industry while a new technology “Soft
Start” has been introduced (inverter technology)
• This method will be able to control rotor speed to a required level and the control of
live voltage and current too
• Soft Start technology still considered costly.
• 4 types of starting circuit are as follows:
– Full Voltage Starting Method (DOL - Direct On Line)
– Star – Delta Starting Method (Y - )
– Autotransformer Method
– Soft Start (new technology – Inverter)

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Active Power in an IM

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Example of FE 20192020-2

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 Before heading out for lunch

• Group assignment for chapter 3

–Grouping has been decided (4/5 member per
group)
–only 1 submission per group in the e-learning
• Quiz time will be announced in the group

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