Lesson 5 – The

Indeterminate Forms
Indeterminate forms

𝑓 𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑔 𝑥
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑎.
𝑓 𝑥
𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠
𝑔 𝑥
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥
𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ± ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑎.
Rolle’s Theorem: T(5.1)

𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑏 = 0
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0.

[This theorem was formulated by Michel Rolle

(French Mathematician, 1652 – 1719).]
Mean Value Theorem: T(5.2)
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
′ 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
𝑓 𝑐 = 𝑏 −𝑎

The mean value theorem ( or law of the mean) is one of the important
theorems of Calculus.

- It is used to estimate the values of functions when direct calculation

is difficult.
- It is also used to prove that two functions having the same derivative
must differ by a constant.
Example:
A. Verify that the three conditions of the hypothesis
of Rolle’s Theorem are satisfied by the given
function on the indicated interval and find the
value of c which satisfies the conclusions of the
theorem.

1.) f x   x 2  x  2,  1, 2
2.) f x   x 3  3x, 0, 3 
3.) f x   x ln x, 0, 1
4.) f x   sin x, 0,  
1.) f x   x 2  x  2,  1, 2
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
2
𝑓 −1 = −1 − −1 − 2 = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0
2
𝑓 2 = 2 − 2 −2=4−2−2=0

𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓′(𝑐) = 0
𝑓′ 𝑐 = 2 𝑐 − 1 = 0
2𝑐 − 1 = 0
1
𝑐= 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2
2.) f x   x  3x,
3
0, 3 
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
3
𝑓 0 = 0 −3 0 =0
3
𝑓 3 = 3 −3 3 =3 3−3 3=0

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑓′ 𝑐 = 0

𝑓′(𝑐) = 3 𝑐 2 −3=0

3𝑐 2 − 3 = 0

3
𝑐= =1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
3
3.) f x   x ln x, 0, 1
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
𝑓 0 = 0 𝑙𝑛 0 = 0
𝑓 1 = 1 𝑙𝑛 1 = 0

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3
1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 1
𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 1 + ln 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑐 = 0
𝑓′(𝑐) = 1 + ln 𝑐 = 0
1
𝑐= 𝑒 −1 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑒
4.) f x   sin x, 0,  
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
𝑓 0 = sin 00 = 0
𝑓 1800 = sin 1800 = 0

𝑓′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑐 = 0
𝑓′ 𝑐 = cos 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
B. Find the value of c such that Mean Value
Theorem is satisfied.

5.) f x   x 2 , 3, 4
6.) f x   x , 4, 9
7.) f x   e x , 0, 1
1 3
8.) f x   ln x,  2 , 2 
5.) f x   x ,
2
3, 4
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
2
𝑓 3 = 3 =9
2
𝑓 4 = 4 = 16
𝑓 𝑎 ≠𝑓 𝑏 ≠0
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑐 = 2𝑐
′
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
𝑓 𝑐 =
𝑏 −𝑎
16 − 9 7
2𝑐 = =
4 −3 1
7
𝑐 = = 3.5 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2
6.) f x   x , 4, 9
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
𝑓 4 = 4=2
𝑓 9 = 9=3
𝑓 𝑎 ≠𝑓 𝑏 ≠0
1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
2 𝑥
1
𝑓′ 𝑐 =
2 𝑐
′
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
𝑓 𝑐 =
𝑏 −𝑎
1 3−2
=
2 𝑐 9 −4
 1 1
=
2 𝑐 5
5
𝑐=
2
25
𝑐= 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
4
7.) f x   e ,
x
0, 1
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
𝑓 0 = 𝑒0 = 1
𝑓 1 = 𝑒1 = 𝑒
𝑓 𝑎 ≠𝑓 𝑏 ≠0

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑐
′
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
𝑓 𝑐 =
𝑏 −𝑎
𝑒−1
𝑒𝑐 =
1−0
𝑒𝑐 = 𝑒 − 1
ln 𝑒 𝑐 = ln 𝑒 − 1
ln 𝑒 𝑐 = ln 𝑒 − 1

c ln 𝑒 = ln 𝑒 − 1
ln 𝑒 − 1
𝑐= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 ln 𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
ln 𝑒
𝑐 = ln 𝑒 − 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
 1 3
8.) f x   ln x,  2 , 2 
𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 𝑏 =0
1 1
𝑓 = ln = ln 1 − ln 2 = 0 − ln 2 = − ln 2
2 2
3 3
𝑓 = ln = ln 3 − ln 2
2 2
𝑓 𝑎 ≠𝑓 𝑏 ≠0
1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥
1
𝑓′ 𝑐 =
𝑐
′
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
𝑓 𝑐 =
𝑏 −𝑎
 ′
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
𝑓 𝑐 =
𝑏 −𝑎
1 ln 3 − ln 2 − − ln 2
=
𝑐 3 1
2 −2
1 ln 3 − ln 2 + ln 2
=
𝑐 3 1
2 −2
1 ln 3
=
𝑐 1
1
𝑐= 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
ln 3
L’Hospital’s Rule: (LHR) T(5.3)
If lim f x   lim g x   0,
xa xa

then
f x  f ' x 
lim  lim '
xa g x  xa g x 

Provided the latter limit exists.

 0 
The Indeterminate Forms 0
and

If lim f  x   lim g  x   0,then the function
xa xa
f x
defined by g x
is said to have the
0
indeterminate form 0
at x  a.

To evaluate
f x 0
lim g x  , apply LHR.
xa 0
 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 = ∞, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 ∞
𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎.
𝑔 𝑥 ∞

𝑇𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∶

𝑓 𝑥 ∞
lim = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 ∞
0
𝐼𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ,
0
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠, 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅.

H𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑤𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑦

𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠:

tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
1. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

1 − 𝑒𝑥 2
3. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥

ln cos 2𝑥
5. lim
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 2

𝑒 2𝑥
13. lim 3
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

2x2 1
15.) lim 2
x  4 x  x
 tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
1. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 tan 00 − 0 0
lim = 0
=
𝑥→0 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 0 − sin 0 0

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅

f x  f ' x 
lim  lim '
xa g x  xa g x 

𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝑔′ 𝑥 = 1 − cos 𝑥
 tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 − cos 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= lim =
𝑥→0 1 − cos 𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
= lim =
𝑥→0 (1 − cos 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 00
= lim =
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 cos 00 2
1+1 2
= lim = =2 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 1 2 1
 1 − 𝑒𝑥 2
3. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥

1 − 𝑒𝑥 2 1 − 𝑒0 2 1−1 2
0
lim = 0 = =
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 0 sin 0 0 0

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅

f x  f ' x 
lim  lim '
xa g x  xa g x 

1 − 𝑒𝑥 2 2 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 −2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥
lim = lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 x + sin 𝑥 1 𝑥→0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

−2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥

1 − 𝑒𝑥 2 −2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
 1 − 𝑒𝑥 2
−2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2cos 𝑥

1 − 𝑒𝑥 2
−2𝑒 0 + 4𝑒 2 0
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 − 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 + 2cos 0

1 − 𝑒𝑥 2
−2 + 4 2
lim = lim = =1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 2 1 2
 ln cos 2𝑥
5. lim
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 2

ln cos 2 1800 0
lim 2
=
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋−𝜋 0

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅

f x  f ' x 
lim  lim '
xa g x  xa g x 

𝑓(𝑥) = ln cos 2𝑥
′ 1
𝑓 𝑥 = −2 sin 2𝑥 = −2 tan 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥
2
g(𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑥

𝑔′ 𝑥 = 2 𝜋 − 𝑥 −1 = −2 𝜋 − 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 − 𝜋
 ln cos 2𝑥 −2 tan 2𝑥 − tan 2𝑥
lim 2 = lim = lim
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 2 𝑥 − 𝜋 𝑥→𝜋 𝑥 − 𝜋

−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 2
= lim = lim − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥
𝑥→𝜋 1 𝑥→𝜋

= −2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 1800 = −2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3600 = −2 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

 𝑒 2𝑥
13. lim 3
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑒 2∞ ∞
lim 3
=
𝑥→∞ ∞ ∞

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅

f x  f ' x 
lim  lim '
xa g x  xa g x 

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥

g(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

𝑔′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
lim = lim = lim = lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 3 𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 6𝑥 𝑥→∞ 3𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥
lim = lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 𝑥→∞ 3
𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑒 2 ∞
lim = lim = 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 𝑥→∞ 3
 2x2 1
15.) lim 2
x  4 x  x

2𝑥 2 + 1 2 ∞ 2+1 ∞
lim = lim =
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 4 ∞ 2 + ∞ ∞

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅

f x  f ' x 
lim  lim '
xa g x  xa g x 

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4𝑥

g 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥

𝑔′ 𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 1
 2𝑥 2 + 1 4𝑥
lim 2 = lim
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 8𝑥 + 1

4𝑥 4 1
= lim = lim = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→∞ 8𝑥 + 1 𝑥→∞ 8 2
The Indeterminate Forms:
0 ±∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞ − ∞
𝐼𝑓 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 = ±∞, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 0 ±∞ 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 .
0 ∞
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟
0 ∞
𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑳𝑯𝑹 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑.

𝑇𝑜 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑤𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒

𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ∶ f x  g x 
or
1 1
g x  f x 
 𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥

𝐼𝑓 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = ∞ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ∞ − ∞ .
0 ∞
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑦
0 ∞
𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑳𝑯𝑹 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑.
Example: Evaluate the following:

1.) lim e  1 x
x 
1
x

 x
3.) lim tan
x 0 x 2
8.) lim csc x  cot x 
x 0

 2 1 
10.) lim  2  
x 1
 x 1 x 1 
1 1 
13.) lim  

x 0 x sin x 
Solution :

1.) lim e  1 x
x 
1
x

1
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 𝑒∞ −1 ∞ =0∙∞
𝑥→∞
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 −1
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥
1
1 𝑒𝑥 −1
= lim 𝑒𝑥 − 1 𝑥 = lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 1
𝑥
1
1 𝑒𝑥 −1 ∞
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 𝑒𝑥 − 1 𝑥 = lim =
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 1 ∞
𝑥
1 1 1
𝑒𝑥 −1 𝑒𝑥 −
= lim = lim 𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑥1 = 𝑒 ∞
1
= 𝑒 0 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→∞ 1 𝑥→∞ 1
− 2
  x
3.) lim tan
x0 x 2
𝜋 𝜋 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: lim tan =∞∙0
𝑥→0 0 2
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝜋 𝜋𝑥 tan tan 0
= lim tan = lim 2 = lim 2 =
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 𝑥 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝜋
tan 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 ∙ 2 𝜋𝑥 𝜋
2
= lim 𝑥 = 𝑥→0 lim = lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∙ ∙𝜋
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
2
2
𝜋𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 1
= lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∙ ∙𝜋 = ∙
𝑥→0 2 2 2 𝜋 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2
𝜋2 1 𝜋2
= lim ∙ = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 2 𝜋 0 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2
8.) lim csc x  cot x 
x 0

1 1
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim − =∞−∞
𝑥→0 sin 0 tan 0
1 cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
= lim − = = lim
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 sin 𝑥
1 − cos 0 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim =
𝑥→0 sin 0 0
1 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= lim = lim = lim tan 𝑥
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 cos 𝑥 𝑥→0

= lim tan 𝑥 = lim tan 0 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

𝑥→0 𝑥→0
  2 1 
10.) lim  2  
x 1
 x 1 x 1 
2 1
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim − = ∞−∞
𝑥→1 1 − 1 1−1
2 1 2− 𝑥+1
lim − = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥2 − 1
2− 𝑥+1 1−𝑥
lim = lim 2
𝑥→1 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1

1−𝑥 1−1 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 2 = lim 2
=
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 1 −1 0
1−𝑥 −1 1
lim 2 = lim =− 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 2𝑥 2
 1 1 
13.) lim   

x 0 x sin x 
1 1 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥
lim − = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥sin 𝑥
sin 0 − 0 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim =
𝑥→0 0sin 0 0
sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 1
= lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
cos 0 − 1 1−1 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: lim = =
𝑥→0 0𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 + sin 0 0 0
cos 𝑥 − 1 −sin 𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

−sin 𝑥 − sin 0 0
= lim = = = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −0 sin 0 + 2 cos 0 1
 The Indeterminate Forms:

0 , 1 , and 
0 0

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥

𝑚𝑎𝑦, 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒

𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠:
1. 00 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 0
2. 1∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = ∞
3. ∞0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 0
 𝑇𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑥→𝑎
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑, 𝑤𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠:

1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑁 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
2. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑔 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎

𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim ln 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎

𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 ln 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 0 ±∞
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑:
f x  g x 
or
1 1
g x  f x 

𝑓 𝑥 0 ∞
3. ln 𝑁 = lim ln . 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑟
𝑥→𝑎 1 0 ∞
𝑔 𝑥
4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.

5. 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 ln 𝑁 = 𝐿, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑒𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
Example: Evaluate the following:
1.) lim 1  2 x 
3
x

x 0

2.) lim 4  1
x 0
 x
x

4.) lim csc x 

sin x
x 0

4x
 1
7.) lim 1  
x 
 x

9.) limx  cos x 

1
x

x 0


15.) lim 1  x
x 0

2 cot x
Solution :
1.) lim 1  2 x 
3
x

x 0
3
lim 1 + 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0
3
𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑥 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥
3
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥
3
lim 1 + 2 0 0= 1∞ (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2)
𝑥→0
 3
1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑁 = lim 1 + 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0

2. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 1 + 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0
3
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑙𝑛 1 + 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0
3
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim ln 1 + 2𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
3
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim ln 1 + 2 0 = ∞ ∙ ln 1 = ∞ ∙ 0
𝑥→0 0
ln 1 + 2𝑥 ln 1 + 2𝑥
3. 𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim = lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0
3 3
𝑥
ln 1 + 2 0 ln 1 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: lim = =
𝑥→0 0 0 0
3
4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
1
ln 1 + 2𝑥 ∙ 2
1 + 2𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑥 =
𝑥→0 1
3 3
6
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim
𝑥→0 1 + 2𝑥
6 6
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = = =6
1+2 0 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 6

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 6

𝑁 = 𝑒6 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2.) lim 4  1
x x

x 0

lim 4𝑥 − 1 𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 1 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 1

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥

lim 40 − 1 0= 1−1 0 = 00 (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)

𝑥→0

1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑁 = lim 4𝑥 − 1 𝑥
𝑥→0

2. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 4𝑥 − 1 𝑥
𝑥→0
 𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 4𝑥 − 1 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim ln 4𝑥 − 1 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑥 ln 4𝑥 − 1
𝑥→0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 0 ln 40 − 1 = ∞ ∙ ln 0 = 0 ∙ ∞
𝑥→0

ln 4𝑥 − 1
3. 𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim
𝑥→0 1
𝑥
ln 40 − 1 ln 0 ∞
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: lim = =
𝑥→0 1 ∞ ∞
0
4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
1 𝑥
𝑥
ln 4 − 1 ∙ 4 ln 4
4𝑥 − 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim = lim
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 −1
𝑥 𝑥2
 4𝑥 ln 4 𝑥 2 40 ln 4 02 0
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim = =
𝑥→0 −1 4𝑥 −1 −1 40 − 1 0
4𝑥 ln 4 𝑥 2 4𝑥 ln 4 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ln 4 4𝑥 ln 4
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1−4 𝑥→0 4𝑥 ln 4
4𝑥 ln 4 [ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ln 4]
= lim
𝑥→0 −4𝑥 ln 4
= lim − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ln 4
𝑥→0
2 ln 4
=−2 0 + 0

ln 𝑁 = 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 0

𝑁 = 𝑒0 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
4.) lim csc x 
sin x
x 0

sin 𝑥
lim csc 𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = csc 𝑥

𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

lim csc 0 sin 0 = ∞0 (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 3)

𝑥→0
sin 𝑥
1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑁 = lim csc 𝑥
𝑥→0

2. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

sin 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim csc 𝑥
𝑥→0
 𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim csc 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim ln csc 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ln csc 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 ln csc 0 = 0 ∙ ∞
𝑥→0

ln csc 𝑥
3. 𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim
𝑥→0 1
sin 𝑥
ln csc 0 ∞
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: lim =
𝑥→0 1 ∞
sin 0
4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
1
ln csc 𝑥 ∙ − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
csc 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim = lim
𝑥→0 csc 𝑥 𝑥→0 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
ln 𝑁 = lim sin 𝑥 = sin 0 = 0
𝑥→0

ln 𝑁 = 0

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 0

𝑁 = 𝑒0 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
 4x
 1
7.) lim 1  
x 
 x
4𝑥 4 ∞
1 1
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 1 + = lim 1 + = 1∞ (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2)
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ ∞
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 1+
𝑥
g 𝑥 = 4𝑥
4𝑥
1
1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑁 = lim 1 +
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
2. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
4𝑥
1
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 1 +
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
4𝑥
1
= lim 𝑙𝑛 1 +
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
 1
= lim 4𝑥 𝑙𝑛 1 +
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: = lim 4 ∞ 𝑙𝑛 1 + =∞∙0
𝑥→∞ ∞
1
1+𝑥
3. ln 𝑁 = lim 𝑙𝑛
𝑥→∞ 1
4𝑥
1 1
1+ 1+ ∞
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: = lim 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 ∞ =
𝑥→∞ 1 1 ∞
4𝑥 4∞
4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
1 −1
1 1 0+
𝑥2
𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝑥 1+𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑥→∞ 1 𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 0 − 1 4
4𝑥 4𝑥 2
 1 −1 −1
1 0+ 2 𝑥+1 2 −1
𝑥
1+𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1
= lim = 𝑥 =
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 0 − 1 4 0−4 −1
4𝑥 2 16𝑥 2 4𝑥 2
−1
𝑥 𝑥+1 −1 4𝑥 2 4𝑥
= lim = lim ∙ = lim
𝑥→∞ −1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 −1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 2
4𝑥 4 ∞ ∞
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: = lim = =
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 1 ∞+1 ∞
4𝑥 4
= lim = lim = 4
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 1 𝑥→∞ 1

ln 𝑁 = 4
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 4
𝑁 = 𝑒4 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
9.) lim x  cos x 
1
x

x 0
1 1
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑥 = 0 + cos 0 ∞ = 1∞
𝑥→0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
1
g 𝑥 =
𝑥
1
1. ln 𝑁 = lim 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0

2. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

1
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0
1
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0
1
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
 1
= lim 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
1 1
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = ln 0 + cos 0 = ∞ ∙ 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 0

𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 𝑥
1
𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: = lim = lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 0

4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.

1
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥
= lim = lim 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1
 1 − sin 𝑥 1 − sin 0 1 − 0 1
= lim = = = =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 0 + cos 0 0 + 1 1

ln 𝑁 = 1

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 1
𝑁 = 𝑒1 = 𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
 
15.) lim 1  x
x 0

2 cot x

𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim 1 − 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 = 1−0 cot 0 = 1∞

𝑥→0

𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥2
g 𝑥 = cot 𝑥

1. ln 𝑁 = lim 1 − 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥
𝑥→0

2. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 1 − 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim cot 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥→0
2
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 ∶ lim cot 0 𝑙𝑛 1 − 0 = ∞. 0
𝑥→0
 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim = lim
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 tan 𝑥
cot 𝑥
4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝐻𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
1
𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑥 2 ∙ −2𝑥
1 − 𝑥2
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim = lim
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
cot 𝑥
−2𝑥 −2 0 0
𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = lim = = =0
𝑥→0 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 − 0 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 0 1

𝑙𝑛 𝑁 = 0

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 0
𝑁 = 𝑒0 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.