Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Unit-3

Oscilloscopes
Mr. T.S.S.NAGA PAVAN KUMAR
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features

Vertical Amplifiers

Horizontal Deflection System

Contents Triggered Sweep CRO

Trigger Pulse Circuit

Delay Line in Triggered Sweep

Sync Selector for Continuous Sweep CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Simple CRO

Dual Beam CRO

Dual Trace Oscilloscope

Contents
Electronic Switch

Sampling Oscilloscope(VHF)

Storage Oscilloscope
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Digital Readout Oscilloscope

Digital Storage Oscilloscope

Lissajous method of Frequency Measurement

Contents
Standard Specifications of CRO

Probes for CRO- Active Probes & Passive Probes

Attenuators
T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar
 YouTube Video &links
Electronic Measurements (EMI:Unit-3)
Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Topic Title Youtube Link

1 EMI301-Oscilloscopes: Introduction to CRT and CRT Features https://youtu.be/8Mhzkv04zMs
2 EMI302-Cathode Ray Oscilloscope https://youtu.be/gfc29Ed_fj4
3 EMI303: Simple CRO https://youtu.be/uCju1gVlheo
4 EMI304: CRO - Vertical Amplifier Horizontal Deflecting System https://youtu.be/hJLAVM4fTTg
5 EMI305-Triggered Sweep CRO, Trigger Pulse Circuit https://youtu.be/n8W0_41D-dc
6 EMI306 - Delay Line, Sync Selector, DUAL BEAM CRO https://youtu.be/Ki0wgPIVXWc
7 EMI307 - Dual Trace CRO, Dual Trace CRO Vs Dual Beam CRO https://youtu.be/GW_lrWUDIB4
8 EMI308 - Dual Trace CRO, Electronic Switch https://youtu.be/ynVMa-DtCTo
9 EMI309-Sampling CRO https://youtu.be/MKk9QDHw_3Y
10 EMI310 - Storage Oscilloscope (for VLF Signal) https://youtu.be/AB1yElgZes4
11 EMI311- Digital Readout Oscilloscope https://youtu.be/vKGnAqTooEE
12 EMI312 - Measurement of Frequency by Lissajous Method https://youtu.be/q79BZGIJ3k0
13 EMI313 - Standard Specifications of a Single Beam CRO https://youtu.be/MfDDwsX9-eg
14 EMI314-Probes for CRO https://youtu.be/mgRSzIfF6Mk
15 EMI315-Attenuators https://youtu.be/6lE4IiPNFYA
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Basic Diagram of CRT

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features Size

Viewing
Phosphor
Screen
CRT
Features

Deflection Operating
Voltages Voltages

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Size

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Size

• Size refers to the screen diameter. CRTs for
oscilloscopes are available in sizes of 1, 2, 3, 5,
and 7 inches. 3 inches is most common for
portable instruments.
• For example, a CRT having a number 5GP1.
The first number 5 indicates that it is a 5-inch
tube.
• Both round and rectangular CRTs are found in
scopes today. The vertical viewing size is 8 cm
and horizontal is 10 cm.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Phosphor

• The screen is coated with a fluorescent material called
“phosphor”. This material determines the colour and
persistence of the trace, both of which are indicated by
the phosphor.
• The trace colours in electrostatic CRTs for
oscilloscopes are blue, green and blue green. White is
used in TVs, and blue-white, orange, and yellow are
used for radar.
• Persistence is expressed as short, medium and long.
This refers to the length of time the trace remains on
the screen after the signal has ended.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Phosphor

• The phosphor of the oscilloscope is designated as
follows.
P1 — Green medium
P2 — Blue green medium
P5 — Blue very short
P11 — Blue short
• These designations are combined in the tube type
number. Hence 5GP1 is a 5-inch tube with a
medium persistence green trace.
• Medium persistence traces are mostly used for
general purpose applications
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Phosphor

• Medium persistence traces are mostly used for
general purpose applications.
• Long persistence traces are used for transients, since
they keep the fast transient on the screen for
observation after the transient has disappeared.
• Short persistence is needed for extremely high-
speed phenomena, to prevent smearing and
interference caused when one image persists and
overlaps with the next one.
• P11 phosphor is considered the best for
photographing from the CRT screen.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Operating Voltages

• The CRT requires a heater voltage of 6.3 volts ac or dc at 600 mA.
• Several dc voltages are listed below. The voltages vary with the type
of tube used.
(i) Negative grid (control) voltage – 14 V to – 200 V.
(ii) Positive anode no. 1 (Pre-Accelerating anode) – 100 V to – 1100 V
(iii) Positive anode no. 2 (Focusing anode) 600 V to 6000 V
(iv) Positive anode no. 3 (Accelerating anode) 200 V to 20000 V in
some cases

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Deflection Voltages

• Either ac or dc voltage will deflect the beam.
• The distance through which the spot moves on the
screen is proportional to the dc, or peak ac
amplitude.
• The deflection sensitivity of the tube is usually
stated as the dc voltage (or peak ac voltage)
required for each cm of deflection of the spot on the
screen.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT Features: Viewing Screen

• The viewing screen is the glass face plate, the
inside wall of which is coated with phosphor.
• The viewing screen is a rectangular screen
having graticules marked on it.
• The standard size used nowadays is 8 cm X 10
cm (8 cm on the vertical and 10 cm on
horizontal).
• Each centimeter on the graticule corresponds
to one division (div). The standard phosphor
colour used nowadays is blue.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Unit-3

CRO
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Mr. T.S.S.NAGA PAVAN KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Basic CRO Block Diagram

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Basic CRO CRT

Power Vertical
supply amplifier

CRO
Trigger Delay
circuit line

Horizontal Time
amplifier base
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1. CRT This is the cathode ray tube which emits
electrons that strikes the phosphor screen internally
to provide a visual display of signal.
2. Vertical Amplifier This is a wide band amplifier
used to amplify signals in the vertical section.
3. Delay Line It is used to delay the signal for some
time in the vertical sections.
4. Time Base It is used to generate the sawtooth
voltage required to deflect the beam in the
horizontal section.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

5. Horizontal Amplifier This is used to amplify the
sawtooth voltage before it is applied to horizontal deflection
plates.
6. Trigger Circuit This is used to convert the incoming
signal into trigger pulses so that the input signal and the sweep
frequency can be synchronized.
7. Power Supply There are two power supplies, a –ve High
Voltage (HV) supply and a +ve Low Voltage (LV) supply. Two
voltages are generated in the CRO. The +ve volt supply is from
+ 300 to 400 V. The –ve high voltage supply is from – 1000 to –
1500 V.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Advantages of using –ve HV Supply

(i) The accelerating anodes and the deflection plates
are close to ground potential. The ground potential
protects the operator from HV shocks when making
connections to the plates.
(ii) The deflection voltages are measured w.r.t. ground,
therefore HV blocking or coupling capacitor are not
needed, but low voltage rating capacitors can be used
for connecting the HV supply to the vertical and
horizontal amplifiers.
(iii) Less insulation is needed between positioning
controls and chasis.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Simple CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Simple CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Simple CRO
• The ac filament supplies power to the CRT heaters.
This also provides an accurate ac calibrating
voltage.
• CRT dc voltage is obtained from the HV dc supply
through voltage dividers R1 – R5. Included along
with this voltage divider is a potentiometer (R3)
which varies the potential at the focusing electrode,
known as focus control, and one which varies the
control grid voltage, called the intensity control
(R5).

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Simple CRO
• Capacitor C1 is used to ground the deflection plates
and the second anode for the signal voltage, but dc
isolates these electrodes from the ground.
• Normally S2 is set to its linear position. This
connects the sweep generator output to the
horizontal input. The sweep voltage is amplified
before being applied to the horizontal deflecting
plates.
• When an externally generated sweep is desired, S2
is connected to its external position and the external
generator is connected to the input. The sweep
synchronizing voltage is applied to the internal
sweep generator through switch S1, which selects
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the type of synchronization.
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT showing power supplies

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

CRT showing power supplies

• The intensity control controls the number of
electrons by varying the control grid voltage.
• Focusing can be done either electrostatically
or electromagnetically.
• Electrostatic focusing is obtained by using a
cylindrical anode, which changes the
electrostatic lines of force which controls the
beam.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Vertical Amplifier

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

VERTICAL AMPLIFIER
• The sensitivity (gain) and frequency
bandwidth (B.W.) response characteristics
of the oscilloscope are mainly determined
by the vertical amplifier.
• Gain-Bandwidth product is constant.
• To obtain a greater sensitivity (gain) the
Bandwidth is narrowed and vice-versa.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

VERTICAL AMPLIFIER – Block Diagram

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

VERTICAL AMPLIFIER
• The vertical amplifier consists of several stages, with fixed overall sensitivity or
gain expressed in V/div.
• The advantage of fixed gain is that the amplifier can be more easily designed to
meet the requirements of stability and B.W.
• The vertical amplifier is kept within its signal handling capability by proper
selection of the input attenuator switch.
• The first element of the pre-amplifier is the input stage, often consisting of a FET
source follower whose high input impedance isolates the amplifier from the
attenuator.
• This FET input stage is followed by a BJT emitter follower, to match the medium
impedance of FET output with the low impedance input of the phase inverter.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

VERTICAL AMPLIFIER
• This phase inverter provides two antiphase output signals
which are required to operate the push-pull output
amplifier.
• The push-pull output stage delivers equal signal voltages
of opposite polarity to the vertical plates of the CRT.
• The advantages of push-pull operation in CRO
✓Better hum voltage cancellation from the source or power
supply (i.e. dc)
✓Even harmonic suppression
✓Especially the large 2nd harmonic is cancelled out
✓Greater power output per tube as a result of even harmonic
cancellation
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Horizontal Deflecting System

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Horizontal Deflecting System

• The horizontal deflecting system
consist of a Time Base Generator
and an output amplifier

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Horizontal Deflecting System - Sweep or Time Base Generator

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sweep or Time Base Generator

• The UJT is used to produce the sweep. When the

power is first applied, the UJT is off and the C
T

charges exponentially through R .T

• The UJT emitter voltage VE rises towards VBB

and when VE reaches the peak voltage VP

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sweep or Time Base Generator

• The emitter to base ‘1’ (B1) diode becomes forward biased
and the UJT triggers ON.
• This provides a low resistance discharge path and the
capacitor discharges rapidly.
• The emitter voltage VE reaches the minimum value rapidly
and the UJT goes OFF.
• The capacitor recharges and the cycle repeats.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sweep or Time Base Generator

• To improve sweep linearity, two separate voltage

supplies are used, a low voltage supply for UJT and a
high voltage supply for the RT CT circuit.
• RT is used for continuous control of frequency within a
range and CT is varied or changed in steps for range
changing.
• They are sometimes called as timing resistor and
timing capacitor respectively
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Review of this Video Lecture

• Vertical Amplifier
• Horizontal Deflecting System

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Triggered Sweep CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Triggered Sweep CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Triggered Sweep CRO

• The continuous sweep is of limited use in displaying periodic signals of
constant frequency and amplitude.
• When attempting to display voice or music signals, the pattern falls in and
out of sync as the frequency and amplitude of the music varies resulting in an
unstable display.
• A triggered sweep can display such signals, and those of short duration, e.g.
narrow pulses.
• In triggered mode, the input signal is used to generate substantial pulses that
trigger the sweep.
• Thus ensuring that the sweep is always in step with the signal that drives it.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Triggered Sweep CRO

• As shown in fig. Resistance R3 and R4 form a voltage

divider such that the voltage VD at the cathode of the diode is
below the peak voltage VP for UJT conduction.
• When the circuit is switched on, the UJT is in the non-
conducting stage, and CT charges exponentially through RT
towards VBB until the diode becomes forward biased and
conducts; the capacitor voltage never reaches the peak
voltage required for UJT conduction but is clamped at VD.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Triggered Sweep CRO

• If now a –ve pulse of sufficient amplitude is applied to

the base and the peak voltage Vp is momentarily
lowered, the UJT fires.
• As a result, capacitor CT discharges rapidly through the
UJT until the maintaining voltage of the UJT is reached;
at this point the UJT switches off and capacitor CT
charges towards VBB, until it is clamped again at VD.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Trigger Pulse Circuit

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 Electronic
Electronic
Measurements
Measurements
& Instrumentation
& Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Trigger Pulse Circuit

• The trigger circuit is activated by
signals of a variety of shapes and
amplitudes, which are converted to
trigger pulses of uniform amplitude
for the precision sweep operation.
• If the trigger level is set too low, the
trigger generator will not operate.
• On the other hand, if the trigger level
is too high, the UJT may conduct for
too long and part of the leading edge
of the input signal may be lost.
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 Electronic
Electronic
Measurements
Measurements
& Instrumentation
& Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Trigger Pulse Circuit

• The trigger selection is a 3-position
switch, Internal-External-Line, as
shown in Fig.
• The trigger input signal is applied to a
voltage comparator whose reference
level is set by the Trigger Level
control on the CRO front panel.
• The comparator circuit C produces a
change in the output whenever the
trigger input exceeds the present
trigger levels.
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 Electronic
Electronic
Measurements
Measurements
& Instrumentation
& Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Trigger Pulse Circuit

• The pulse generator that follows the comparator produces –ve

trigger pulses each time the comparator output crosses its quiescent
level, which in turn triggers the sweep generator to start the next
sweep.
• The trigger sweep generator contains the stability or sync control,
which prevents the display from jittering or running on the screen.
Stability is secured by proper adjustments of the sweep speed.
• Sweep speed is adjustable by means of a sweep rate control and its
multiplier, i.e. range control.
• The timing resistance RT is used for sweep rate control and timing
capacitor CT is changed in steps for sweep rate control.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Delay Line In Triggered Sweep

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Delay Line In Triggered Sweep

• The graph indicates the
amplitude of the signal w.r.t.
time and the relative position
of the sweep generator
output signal.
• The diagram shows that
when the delay line is not
used, the initial part of the
signal is lost and only part of
the signal is displayed.
Delay line Waveform
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Delay Line In
Triggered Sweep

• To counteract this disadvantage the signal is not

applied directly to the vertical plates but is passed
through a delay line circuit, as shown in above ckt.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Delay Line In Triggered Sweep

• This gives time for the sweep to start at the horizontal

plates before the signal has reached the vertical plates.
• The trigger pulse is picked off at a time t after the
o

signal has passed through the main amplifier.

• The sweep generator delivers the sweep to the
horizontal amplifier and the sweep starts at the HDP at
time to + 80 ns.
• Hence the sweep starts well in time, since the signal
arrives at the VDP at time to + 200 ns.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sync Selector for Continuous Sweep CRO

• The sync selector is a 3-position switch, Int-Ext-Line.

• Therefore, horizontal sweep can be synchronized with
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the signals coming from any of the three sources.
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL BEAM CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL BEAM CRO

• This is a special type of Oscilloscope.
• Dual Beam CRO Consists of
• Two channels i.e. completely Separate Electron Beams.
• Two Sets of Vertical Deflection Plates (VDPs).
• A Single set of Horizontal Deflection Plates (HDPs).
• It allows to compare both input and output signals at
a time.
• Each Channel has its own attenuation and position
controls.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL BEAM CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL BEAM CRO

• The dual trace oscilloscope has one cathode ray

gun, and an electronic switch which switches two
signals to a single vertical amplifier.
• The dual beam CRO uses two completely separate
electron beams, two sets of VDPs and a single set
of HDPs.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL BEAM CRO

• Only one beam can be synchronized at one time, since the

sweep is the same for both signals, i.e. a common time
base is used for both beams.
• Therefore, the signals must have the same frequency or
must be related harmonically, in order to obtain both
beams locked on the CRT screen, e.g. the input signal of
an amplifier can be used as signal A and its output signal
as signal B.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL BEAM CRO

• A Sweep is common for both signals, i.e. a common time base
generator is used for both displays.
• Only one beam is synchronized at a time.

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Review of this Video Lecture

• Delay Line In Triggered Sweep

• Sync Selector for Continuous Sweep CRO

• DUAL BEAM CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Thank you
Contact Details
Mr. S.S. NAGA PAVAN KUMAR T, M.Tech, (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Vignan's LARA Institute of Technology & Science,
Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P. -522213
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar Ph: 9866583720,6301086941
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO

• This CRO has a single electron gun whose electron

beam is split into two by an electronic switch
• There is one control for focus and another for
intensity.
• Two signals are displayed simultaneously.
• The signals pass through identical vertical channels
or vertical amplifiers.
• Each channel has its own calibrated input attenuator
and positioning control, so that the amplitude of
each signal can be independently adjusted.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO

(ALTERNATE MODE)

• A mode control switch enables the electronic switch to operate in two modes i.e.
Alternate and Chop mode.
• When the switch is in ALTERNATE position, the electronic switch feeds each signal
alternately to the vertical amplifier.
• The electronic switch alternately connects the main vertical amplifier to channels A and
B and adds a different dc component to each signal; this dc component directs the beam
alternately to the upper or lower half of the screen.
• The switching takes place at the start of each new sweep of the sweep generator.
• The switching rate of the electronic switch is synchronized to the sweep rate, so that the
CRT spot traces the channel A signal on one sweep and the channel B signal on the
succeeding sweep

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO - (ALTERNATE MODE)

Time relation of a dual-channel vertical amplifier in alternate mode

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO - (CHOP MODE)

• When the switch is in the CHOP mode
position, the electronic switch is free
running at the rate of 100–500 kHz, entirely
independent of the frequency of the sweep
generator.
• The switch successively connects small
segments of A and B waveforms to the
main vertical amplifier at a relatively fast
chopping rate of 500 kHz e.g. 1 ms
segments of each waveform are fed to the
CRT display .

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO - (CHOP MODE)

Time relation of a dual-channel vertical amplifier in chop mode

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO - (CHOP MODE)

• If the chopping rate is slow, the continuity of the display is
lost and it is better to use the alternate mode of operation.
• In the added mode of operation a single image can be
displayed by the addition of signal from channels A and B,
i.e. (A + B), etc.
• In the X – Y mode of operation, the sweep generator is
disconnected and channel B is connected to the horizontal
amplifier.
• Since both pre-amplifiers are identical and have the same
delay time, accurate X – Y measurements can be made.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Dual Trace CRO Vs Dual Beam CRO

Dual Trace CRO Dual Beam CRO
1 One Electron beam is used to generate two traces. Two electron beams are used.
2 One Vertical Amplifier is used. Two Vertical Amplifiers is used.
The the two signals are not displayed
The two separate beams are used hands you just switch
3 simultaneously in real time but appears to be
between the traces.
displayed simultaneously.
As two signals are displayed separately, the signals The two signals must have same frequency of their
4
may have different frequencies. frequencies must be integer multipliers of each other.
5 The size and weight is less. The size and weight is more.
Cannot be operated at fast speed hence two Can be operated at very high speed hence two separate
6
separate faster transient signals cannot be grabbed. faster transient signals can be easily grabbed.
7 The cost is less due to single beam. The cost is more due to two beams.
The two different modes of operation are alternate The two different types are using double guns troop are
8
and chop. split beam using single electron gun.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Dual Trace CRO &

Electronic Switch

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

DUAL TRACE CRO (Practical) - Blocks

1. Y-Channels
2. Channel Switching
3. Triggering
4. Time Base
5. X-Channel
6. Cathode-Ray Tube Circuit
7. Power Supply

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3
DUAL TRACE CRO
(Practical)

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3
DUAL TRACE CRO
(Practical)

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Dual Trace CRO Specifications

• Maximum sensitivity : 5 mV/div and B.W. 15 MHz
• Operating temperature : + 5° to 40°C
CRT :
• Measuring area : 8 ¥ 10 Div (1 cm = 1 Div)
• Screen type : B31 or 3B1
• Total acceleration voltage : 2kV
Vertical Amplifier
• Input impedance : 1 MW/35 pF
• Maximum rated input voltage : 400 V (dc + ac peak) (no
damage)

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Dual Trace CRO Specifications

Time Base
• Time coefficients : 0.2 s/Div to 0.5 s/Div in 2 x 9
Trigger
• Source : CH A, B or Ext
• Mode : AC/TV
Power Supply
• Voltage range : 220 V ± 10%
• Frequency : 50 Hz
• Power : 30 VA
• Size : 378 (L) ¥ 348 (W) ¥ 142 (H)
• Weight : 5 kg Approx.
X-Deflection
• Phase shift : 3 at 10 kHz
• Accuracy : ± 5%
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Dual Trace CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

ELECTRONIC SWITCH

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Basic block diagram of an Electronic Switch

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Electronic Switch
• The electronic switch is a device that enables two
signals to be displayed simultaneously on the screen
by a single gun CRT.
• Each signal is applied to a separate gain control and
gate stage.
• The gates stage are alternately biased to cut off by
square wave signals from the square wave generator.
• Therefore only one gate stage is in a condition to
pass its signal at any given time.
• The outputs of both stages are applied directly to the
oscilloscope input.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Electronic Switch Circuit

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Electronic Switch

• R1 & R2 are gain controls used to adjust the amplitudes of

Channels A & B.
• Q1 & Q2 are the amplifiers and Q3 & Q4 the switches.
• Input signal 1 is applied to Q1 through gain control R1, and
input signal 2 is applied to Q2 through gain control R2.
• The square wave generator alternately biases first Q3 and then
Q4 to cut off.
• When Q4 is cut off, Q3 conducts and transmits signal 1 to the
output terminals.
• When Q3 is cut off, Q4 conducts and transmits signal 2 to the
output terminals.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Electronic Switch

• When the square wave generator switching

frequency is much higher than either signal
frequency, bits of each signal are alternately
presented to the oscilloscopes vertical input to
reproduce the two signals on the screen.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Electronic Switch

• The traces can be moved up or down by the position

control R5.
• The traces can be overlapped for easy comparison.
• The heights of the individual signals can be adjusted by
means of gain controls R1 and R2.
• The sweep signal produced by this design is very linear
and can be calibrated in time per cm or inch, so that
accurate time and frequency can be measured.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sampling Oscilloscope
(VHF)

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Definition:
Sampling Oscilloscope is an instrument that is used
to generate waveform by collecting various samples
of an electrical signal.
It is basically an advancement of digital
oscilloscope having additional features for special
purposes.
It utilizes the principle of Stroboscopic light
technique and is used in order to analyze fast
electrical signals.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sampling

various samples of
an electrical signal

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sampling Oscilloscope
• An ordinary oscilloscope has a B.W. of 10 MHz.
• The HF performance can be improved by means of sampling the
input waveform and reconstructing its shape from the sample.
• The shape of the waveform is reconstructed by joining the
sample levels together.
• The sampling frequency may be as low as 1/10th of the input
signal frequency (if the input signal frequency is 100 MHz, the
bandwidth of the CRO vertical amplifier can be as low as 10
MHz).
• As many as 1000 samples are used to reconstruct the original
waveform.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sampling Oscilloscope

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sampling Oscilloscope

• The input waveform is applied to the sampling gate.

• The input waveform is sampled whenever a sampling
pulse opens the sampling gate.
• The sampling must be synchronized with the input
signal frequency.
• The signal is delayed in the vertical amplifier, allowing
the horizontal sweep to be initiated by the input signal.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Waveforms of Sampling Oscilloscope

Various waveforms at each block of a Sampling Oscilloscope

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Sampling Oscilloscope

• At the beginning of each sampling cycle, the trigger pulse activates an

oscillator, and a linear ramp voltage is generated.
• This ramp voltage is applied to a voltage comparator which compares the ramp
voltage to a staircase generator.
• When the two voltages are equal in amplitude, the staircase advances one step
and a sampling pulse is generated, which opens the sampling gate for a sample
of input voltage.
• The resolution of the final image depends upon the size of the steps of the
staircase generator.
• The smaller the size of the steps the larger the number of samples and higher the
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resolution of the image.
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Advantages of Sampling Oscilloscope

• It is advantageous using a sampling
oscilloscope, as it can measure high-speed
electrical signals.
• By using sampling techniques, the input
signal can be instantly transformed into a
signal in a low-frequency domain. Further
circuitry produces a highly efficient display.
• It has the ability to react and store
information in the form of rapid bits.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Storage Oscilloscope
(for VLF Signal)

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Storage Oscilloscope (for VLF Signal)

• Storage targets can be distinguished from
standard phosphor targets by their ability to retain
a waveform pattern for a long time, independent
of phosphor persistence.
• Two storage techniques are used in oscilloscope
CRTs
• Mesh storage
• Phosphor storage

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Storage Oscilloscope (for VLF Signal)

Basic elements of
Storage Mesh CRT

• A mesh-storage CRT uses a dielectric material

deposited on a storage mesh as the storage target.
• This mesh is placed between the deflection plates and
T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar
the standard phosphor target in the CRT.
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Storage Oscilloscope
• The writing beam, which is the focused electron beam of
the standard CRT, charges the dielectric material positively
where hit.
• The storage target is then bombarded with low velocity
electrons from a flood gun and the positively charged
areas of the storage target allow these electrons to pass
through to the standard phosphor target and thereby
reproduce the stored image on the screen.
• Thus the mesh storage has both a storage target and a
phosphor display target.
• The phosphor storage CRT uses a thin layer of phosphor
to serve both as the storage and the display element.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Mesh Storage
• It is used to display Very Low Frequencies (VLF)
signals and finds many applications in
mechanical and biomedical fields.
• The conventional scope has a display with a
phosphor persistence ranging from a few micro-
seconds to a few seconds.
• The persistence can be increased to a few hours
from a few seconds.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Mesh Storage Oscilloscope

Basic elements of
Storage Mesh CRT
Mesh Storage contains
1. Storage Mesh
2. Collector mesh
3. Flood Guns
4. Collimator
5. CRT
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Mesh Storage
• A mesh storage CRT uses a dielectric material deposited on a
storage mesh as the storage target.
• The storage target, a thin deposition of a dielectric material
such as Magnesium Fluoride on the storage mesh, makes use of
a property known as secondary emission.
• The writing gun etches a positively charged pattern on the
storage mesh or target by knocking off secondary emission
electrons.
• Because of the excellent insulating property of the Magnesium
Fluoride coating, this positively charged pattern remains
exactly in the position where it is deposited.
• In order to make a pattern visible, a special electron gun, called
the flood gun, is switched on (even after many hours).

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Storage Mesh CRT

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Mesh Storage

• The electron paths are adjusted by the collimator

electrode, which constitutes a low voltage electrostatic
lens system (to focus the electron beam) in above fig.
• Most of the electrons are stopped and collected by the
collector mesh. Only electrons near the stored positive
charge are pulled to the storage target with sufficient
force to hit the phosphor screen.
• The CRT will now display the signal and it will remain
visible as long as the flood guns operate. To erase the
pattern on the storage mesh, a negative voltage is applied
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to neutralize the stored positive charge.
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Display of stored charged pattern on a Mesh-Storage

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Digital Readout Oscilloscope

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Digital Readout Oscilloscope

• The digital read out oscilloscope instrument has a CRT & a counter display.

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Block diagram of a digital readout oscilloscope when measuring voltage
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Digital Readout Oscilloscope

• The input waveform is sampled, and the sampling

circuit advances the sampling position in fixed
increments, a process called strobing.
• The equivalent time between each sample depends
on the numbers of sample taken per cm and on the
sweep time/cm, e.g. a sweep rate of 1 nano-sec/cm
and a sampling rate of 100 samples/cm gives a time
of 10 pico-sec/sample.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Digital Readout Oscilloscope

• Two intensified portions of the CRT trace identify 0% and

100% zones position. Each zone can be shifted to any part
of the display.
• The voltage divider taps between the 0% and 100%
memory voltage are set for start and stop timing.
• The coincidence of any of the input waveforms with the
selected percentage point is sensed by this voltage
comparator.
• The numbers of the clock pulse which correspond to the
actual sample taken are read out digitally in a Nixie display
tube in nano, micro, milli or seconds.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Voltage to Time Conversion

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Digital Readout Oscilloscope

• The CRT display is obtained by sampling the 0%

reference voltage as chosen by the memory circuit.
• A linear ramp generator produces a voltage; when the
ramp voltage equals the 0% reference the gate opens.
When the ramp equals 100% reference the gate closes.
• The number of clock pulses that activate the counter is
directly proportional to the voltage between the
selected reference and is read out in mV or volts by the
Nixie tube display.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Measurement of
Frequency by Lissajous
Patterns

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Measurement of Frequency by Lissajous Method

• One of the quickest methods of determining
frequency is by using Lissajous patterns produced on
a screen.
• This particular pattern results when sine waves are
applied simultaneously to both pairs of the deflection
plates.
• If one frequency is an integral multiple (harmonic)
of the other, the pattern will be stationary, and is
called a Lissajous figure.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Lissajous Method - Process of Measurement

• In this method of measurement, a standard
frequency is applied to one set of deflection plates
of the CRT tube while the unknown frequency is
simultaneously applied to the other set of plates.
• However, the unknown frequency is presented to
the vertical plates and the known frequency
(standard) to the horizontal plates.
• The resulting patterns depend on the integral and
phase relationship between the two frequencies.
(The horizontal signal is designated as fh and the
vertical signal as fv.)
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Lissajous Measurement – Setup

Basic circuit for frequency measurements

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar
with Lissajous Figures
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Lissajous Measurement
• Connect the signal source as given in Fig.
• Set the horizontal and vertical gain control for the
desired width and height of the pattern.
• Keep frequency fv constant and vary frequency fh, noting
that the pattern spins in alternate directions and changes
shape.
• The pattern stands still whenever fv and fh are in an
integral ratio (either even or odd).
• The fv = fh pattern stands still and is a single circle or
ellipse.
• When fv = 2fh, a two loop horizontal pattern is obtained
as shown in Fig.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Lissajous Measurement
• To determine the frequency from any Lissajous figure,
count the number of horizontal loops in the pattern,
divide it by the number of vertical loops and multiply
this quantity by fh (known or standard frequency).

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Lissajous Measurement

Lissajous patterns for

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Integral Frequencies
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Lissajous Measurement
Lissajous patterns for Non-
Integral Frequencies

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Lissajous Method - Process of Measurement

• The fractional relationship between the two
frequencies is determined by counting the
number of cycles in the vertical and horizontal.

fv= (fraction) x fh
𝒇𝒗 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔
=
𝒇𝒉 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Measurement of Phase by
Lissajous Patterns

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Standard Specifications of
a Single Beam CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Standard Specifications of a Single Beam CRO

1. Vertical Amplifier
2. Time Base
3. Triggering
4. Horizontal Amplifier

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Standard Specifications of a Single Beam CRO

1. Vertical Amplifier
• Sensitivity : 5 mV/Div. to 20 V/Div. in 12 calibrated
steps in a 1, 2, 5 sequence. Continuous control
(uncalibrated) between steps, reduces the sensitivity by a
minimum of 2.5 times.
• Accuracy : ± 3%
• Bandwidth : dc to 20 MHz (– 3 db), dc coupling,
: 0.5 Hz to 20 MHz (– 3 db) ac coupling
• Rise time : Better than 18 ns
• Input Impedance : 1 MW/40 pf
• Maximum input voltage : 400 V (dc + ac peak)
• Signal delay : Built in delay line sufficient to display
leading edge of the waveform.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Standard Specifications of a Single Beam CRO

2. Time Base
• Sweep ranges : 0.1 ms/Div. to 0.5 s/Div. in 21
calibrated steps in a 1, 2, 5 sequence. Continuous
uncalibrated control between steps extending
slowest speed to 1.5 s/Div.
• Accuracy : ± 5%
• Magnification : 5 times. Takes the highest speed
to 20 ns/Div.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Standard Specifications of a Single Beam CRO

3. Triggering
• Auto mode : Free running in the absence of a trigger
signal.
Triggers to the input signal
automatically.
• Source : Internal-External-Line
• Polarity : Positive or negative
• Maximum trigger input : 250 V (dc + ac peak) short term
• Input impedance : 1 MW/30 pf
• Internal trigger level : 3 Div from 2 Hz to 20 MHz
(1 Div, 30 Hz to 20 MHz in Auto mode)
• External trigger level : 3 V peak to peak, 2 Hz to 20 MHz
(1 V, 30 Hz to 20 MHz in Auto mode)
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Standard Specifications of a Single Beam CRO

4. Horizontal Amplifier
• Bandwidth : dc – 2 MHz (– 3 db)
• Sensitivity : 100 mV and 0.5 V/Div
• Input impedance : 1 MW/50 pf
• Maximum input voltage : 250 V (dc + ac peak)
• Calibration : 200 mV peak to peak square
wave at 1 kHz
• Cathode ray tube : Flat faced medium persistance
• Accelerating Potential : 4.5 kV
• Graticule : 8 x 10 Div of 8 mm each
• Power requirements : 230 V ac, 50 Hz, 50 W
• Dimensions : 220 x 275 x 430 mm
• Weight : 10kg approximately
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO – Introduction

• Oscilloscope probes normally comprise a BNC

connector, the coaxial cable (typically around a
meter in length) and what may be termed the probe
itself.
• This comprises a mechanical clip arrangement so
that the probe can be attached to the appropriate
test point, and an earth or ground clip to be
attached to the appropriate ground point on the
circuit under test.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Direct Probes (1 : 1)

• The simplest types of probe (one can hardly call
it a probe) is the test lead.
• Test leads are simply convenient lengths of wire
for connecting the CRO input to the point of
observation.
• At the CRO end, they usually terminate with lugs,
banana tips or other tips to fit the input jacks of
the scope, and at the other end have a crocodile
clip or any other convenient means for
connection to the electronic circuit.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Direct Probes (1 : 1)

• Since a CRO has high input impedance and high
sensitivity, the test leads should be shielded to avoid
hum pickup.
• Although the input impedances of most CROs are
relatively very high compared to avoid loading of
the circuits or causing unstable effects.
• The input capacitance of the scope, plus the stray
capacitance of the test leads, may be just enough to
cause a sensitive circuit to break into oscillation
when the CRO is connected.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Direct Probes (1 : 1)

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Direct Probes (1 : 1)

• A slight reduction in the amplitude of the
waveform and a slight change in the waveshape
occurs with this probe.
• To avoid this possibility, a high impedance
compensated probe, called a low capacitance
probe or a 10 : 1 probe, is used.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Passive Voltage (High Z) Probe

• The capacitor is adjusted so that the elements of the
bridge are balanced. Under conditions of balance we
have
R1 X(C2 + Cin) = Rin X (C1)

𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝒊𝒏
=
ω(C2 + Cin) ω(C1)

R1 C1 = Rin (C2 + Cin)

X and Y are equipotential and the effect of the probe is
equivalent to placing a potential divider consisting of
R1 and Rin across the input circuit
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Passive Voltage (High Z) Probe

• The attenuation of the signal is 10 : 1, i.e. (R1 +
Rin)/R1 = 10 : 1 over a wide frequency range.
Therefore, it is called a compensated 10 x 1 probe.
• As far as dc voltage inputs are concerned, the
coaxial capacitance equals 30 pf per foot.
• (Assuming a coaxial length of 3.5 ft, the total
coaxial length capacitance is 105 pf). Substituting
this value in the balance bridge equation, we have

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Passive Voltage (High Z) Probe

• Therefore, the input capacitance of a CRO can range
from 15–50 pf.
• C1 should be adjusted from 13–47 pf. It must be
adjusted to obtain optimum frequency response from
the probe-CRO combination.
• The C1 adjustment is done by connecting the probe tip
to a square wave of 1 kHz and observing the CRT
display.
• When the CRT display has optimum response, the C1
value is deemed to be appropriate. Therefore

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Passive Voltage (High Z) Probe

10:1 Probe
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Passive Voltage (High Z) Probe

Equivalent Circuit of 10:1 Probe

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Active Probes

FET Probe
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Active Probes

• Active probes are designed to provide an efficient
method of coupling high frequency, fast rise time
signals to the CRO input.
• Usually active probes have very high input
impedance, with less attenuation than passive
probes. Active devices may be diodes, FETs, BJTs,
etc.
• Active probes are more expensive and bulky than
passive probes, but they are useful for small signal
measurements, because their attenuation is less
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Active Probes Using FETs

• The FET is used as the active element to amplify the input
signal.
• Although the voltage gain of the FET follower circuit
shown is unity, the follower circuit provides a power gain
so that the input impedance can be increased.
• To be effective the FET must be mounted directly in the
voltage probe tip, so that the capacitance of the
interconnecting cable can be eliminated.
• This requires that the power for the FET be supplied from
the oscilloscope to the FET in the probe tip.
• The FET voltage follower drives a coaxial cable, but
instead of the cable connecting directly to the high input
impedance of the oscilloscope, it is terminated in its
characteristic impedance.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Probes for CRO - Active Probes

FET Probe
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Attenuators

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Attenuators - Introduction
• Attenuators are designed to change the magnitude of the
input signal seen at the input stage, while presenting a
constant impedance on all ranges at the attenuator input.
• A compensated RC attenuator is required to attenuate
all frequencies equally.
• Without this compensation, HF signal measurements
would always have to take the input circuit RC time
constant into account.
• The input attenuator must provide the correct 1-2-5
sequence while maintaining a constant input impedance,
as well as maintain both the input impedance and
attenuation over the frequency range for which the
oscilloscope is designed.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Uncompensated Attenuators

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Uncompensated Attenuators
• A resistive divider attenuator connected to an
amplifier with a 10 pf input capacitance.
• If the input impedance of the amplifier is high, the
input impedance of the attenuator is relatively
constant, immaterial of the switch setting of the
attenuator.
• The input impedance, as seen by the amplifier,
changes greatly depending on the setting of the
attenuator.
• Because of this, the RC time constant and frequency
response of the amplifier are dependent on the setting
of the attenuator, which is an undesirable feature.
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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Simple Compensated Attenuator

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Simple Compensated Attenuator

• A Simple Compensated Attenuator with both resistive
and capacitive voltage dividers.
• The capacitive voltage dividers improve the HF
response of the attenuator.
• This combination of capacitive and resistive voltage
dividers is known as a compensated attenuator.
• For oscilloscopes where the frequency range extends
to 100 MHz and beyond, more complex dividers are
used.

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Switchable Input Attenuator

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 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Switchable Input Attenuator

• A Switchable input attenuator divider between the
input and output of the vertical deflection pre-
amplifier.
• The input attenuator provides switching powers of 10,
while attenuators at the output of the vertical
preamplifier provides 1–2–5 attenuation.

T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar

 YouTube Video &links
Electronic Measurements (EMI:Unit-3)
Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Topic Title Youtube Link

1 EMI301-Oscilloscopes: Introduction to CRT and CRT Features https://youtu.be/8Mhzkv04zMs
2 EMI302-Cathode Ray Oscilloscope https://youtu.be/gfc29Ed_fj4
3 EMI303: Simple CRO https://youtu.be/uCju1gVlheo
4 EMI304: CRO - Vertical Amplifier Horizontal Deflecting System https://youtu.be/hJLAVM4fTTg
5 EMI305-Triggered Sweep CRO, Trigger Pulse Circuit https://youtu.be/n8W0_41D-dc
6 EMI306 - Delay Line, Sync Selector, DUAL BEAM CRO https://youtu.be/Ki0wgPIVXWc
7 EMI307 - Dual Trace CRO, Dual Trace CRO Vs Dual Beam CRO https://youtu.be/GW_lrWUDIB4
8 EMI308 - Dual Trace CRO, Electronic Switch https://youtu.be/ynVMa-DtCTo
9 EMI309-Sampling CRO https://youtu.be/MKk9QDHw_3Y
10 EMI310 - Storage Oscilloscope (for VLF Signal) https://youtu.be/AB1yElgZes4
11 EMI311- Digital Readout Oscilloscope https://youtu.be/vKGnAqTooEE
12 EMI312 - Measurement of Frequency by Lissajous Method https://youtu.be/q79BZGIJ3k0
13 EMI313 - Standard Specifications of a Single Beam CRO https://youtu.be/MfDDwsX9-eg
14 EMI314-Probes for CRO https://youtu.be/mgRSzIfF6Mk
15 EMI315-Attenuators https://youtu.be/6lE4IiPNFYA
T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar
 Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation (EMI) Unit-3

Thank you
Contact Details
Mr. S.S. NAGA PAVAN KUMAR T, M.Tech, (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Vignan's LARA Institute of Technology & Science,
Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P. -522213
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Ph: 9866583720, 6301086941
You Tube Channel: https://youtube.com/channel/UC6-ghzSpPNrBeT_gvVRxjoA
T.S.S.Naga Pavan Kumar