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PHYSICS-9
CHAPTER- 2

USMAN AZIZ
0334-4912279

STUDENT NAME: …………………………………………. 9th

SCHOOL NAME: ………………………………………….
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CHAPTER-2
KINEMATICS
KINEMATICS:
“Kinematics is the study of motion of an object without discussing the cause of
motion”.

Q-1: What do you mean by rest and motion? Explain with example that rest or motion of a
body is relative? Also describe the types of motion?

REST:
“A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings”.

MOTION:
“A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings”.

Surroundings:
“Surroundings are the places in its neighborhoods where various objects are present”.

State Rest or Motion is Relative:

The state of rest or motion of a body is relative.

For Example:
A passenger sitting in a moving bus is at rest because he/she is not changing his/her position
with respect to other passengers or objects in the bus. But to an observer outside the bus, the
passengers and the objects inside the bus are in motion.

TYPES OF MOTION:
If we observe carefully, we will find that everything in the universe is in motion. However,
different objects move differently. Some objects move along a straight line, some move in a curved
path, and some move in some other way.
There are three types of motion.
1. Translatory motion
2. Rotatory motion
3. Vibratory motion
1. Translatory Motion:
“In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line may
be straight or curved”.

For Example:
Watch how various objects are moving. Do they move along a straight line? Do they move
along a circle?
a) A car moving in a straight line has translational motion.
b) Similarly, an aero plane moving straight is in translational motion.
c) Riders moving in a Ferris wheel are also in translational motion.
Their motion is in a circle without rotation.
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d) The object shown in figure moves along a curved path without rotation. This is the translational
motion of the object.

Types of Translatory Motion:

Translatory motion can be divided into:
i. Linear motion
ii. Circular motion
iii. Random motion

i. Linear Motion:
“Straight line motion of a body is known as its linear motion”.

For Example:
We come across many objects which are moving in a straight line.
a) A car moving on a straight and level road is linear motion.
b) Aero planes flying straight in air.
c) Objects falling vertically down are also the examples of linear motion.

ii. Circular Motion:

“The motion of an object in a circular path is known as circular motion”.

For Example:
a) A stone tied at the end of a string can be made to whirl. The stone
moves in a circle and thus has circular motion.
b) A bicycle or a car moving along a circular track possesses circular
motion.
c) Motion of the Earth around the Sun and motion of the moon around the Earth are also the
examples of circular motions.

iii. Random Motion:

“The disordered or irregular motion of an object is called random motion”.

For Example:
a) The motion of insects and birds are irregular. Thus, motion
of insects and birds is random motion.
b) The motion of dust or smoke particles in the air is also
random motion.
c) The Brownian motion of a gas or liquid molecules along a
zigzag path is also an example of random motion.

2. Rotatory Motion:
“The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called its rotatory motion”.

Axis:
“An axis is a line around which a body rotates”.

For Example:
a) Study the motion of a top. It is spinning about an axis. Particles of the
spinning top move in circles and thus individual particles possess
circular motion. Does the top possess circular motion? The top spins
about its axis passing through it and thus it possesses rotatory
motion.

b) The motion of a wheel about its axis and that of a steering wheel are the examples of rotatory
motion.
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c) The motion of the Earth around the Sun is circular motion and not the spinning motion.
However, the motion of the Earth about its geographic axis that causes day and night is rotator
motion.

Difference between Circular and Rotatory Motion:

In circular motion, the point about which a body goes around is outside the body while in
rotatory motion, the line, around which a body moves about, is passing through the body itself.

3. Vibratory Motion:
“To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as vibratory motion”.
For Example:
a) Consider a baby in a swing as it is pushed, the swing move back and forth about its mean
position. The motion of the baby repeats from one extreme to the other extreme with the
swing.
b) To and fro motion of the pendulum of a clock about its mean position, it is called vibratory
motion.
c) A baby in a cradle moving to and fro motion.
d) To and fro motion of the hammer of a ringing electric bell.
e) The motion of the string of a sitar are some of the examples a vibratory motion.

Q-2: What are scalar and vector quantities? Explain with examples? How can vector quantities
be represented graphically?

SCALARS:
“A scalar quantity is described completely by its magnitude only”.

Explanation:
A physical quantity which can be completely described by its magnitude is called a scalar. The
magnitude of a quantity means its numerical value with an appropriate unit such as 2.5 kg, 40 s, 1.8
m, etc.

For Example:
Examples of scalars are mass, length, time, speed, volume, work and energy etc.

VECTORS:
“A vector quantity is described completely by magnitude and direction”.

Explanation:
A vector can be described completely by magnitude along with its direction. It would be
meaningless to describe vectors without direction e.g. distance of a place from reference point is
insufficient to locate that place. The direction of that place from reference point is also necessary to
locate it.

For Example:
Examples of vectors are velocity, displacement, force,
momentum and torques.
Importance of Vector Quantities:
Consider a table shown in figure (a). Two forces F1 and F2 are acting on
it. Does it make any difference if the two forces acting in opposite
direction such as indicated in figure (b)?
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Certainly the two situations differ from each other. They differ due to the direction of the forces acting on
the table. Thus the description of a force would be incomplete if direction is not given.
Two forces F1 and F2in figure (a) both acting in the same direction. In figure (b) both are acting
in opposite directions.
Similarly when we say, we are walking at the rate of 3 kmh–1towards north then we are talking
about a vector.

Representation of Vectors:
To differentiate a vector from a scalar quantity, we generally use bold letters to represent
vector quantities such as F, a, d or a bar or arrow over their symbols such as F , a , d or F , a , d etc.

Graphical Representation of Vectors:

Graphically, a vector can be represented by a line segment with an
arrow head. In figure the line AB with arrow head at B represents a vector V.
The length of the line AB gives the magnitude of the vector V on a selected
scale. While the direction of the line from A to B gives the direction of the
vector V.

Q-3: What are the terms associated with motion?

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH MOTION:

When dealing with motion, we come across various terms such as
i. Position
ii. Distance
iii. Displacement
iv. Speed
v. Velocity
vi. Acceleration

Q-4: Write a short note on position?

POSITION:
“The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect to some
reference point called origin”.

For Example:
We want to describe the position of our school from home. Let
the school be represented by S and home by H. The position of our
school from our home will be represented by a straight line HS in the
direction from H to S.

Q-5: Write a note on distance and displacement?

DISTANCE:
“Length of a path between two points is called the distance between those points”.

Explanation:
Consider a curved path. Let S be the length of the curved path between two points A and B on
it. Then S is the distance between points A and B.

Quantity, Unit and Representation:

Distance is a scalar quantity its unit is meter (m) and is represented by S.
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DISPLACEMENT:

“Displacement is the shortest distance between two points which has magnitude and
direction”.

Explanation:
Consider a body that moves from point A to point B along the
curved path. Join points A and B by a straight line. The straight line AB
gives the distance which is the shortest between A and B.
This shortest distance has magnitude d and direction from point A to B. This shortest distance
d in a particular direction is called displacement.

Quantity, Unit and Representation:

It is a vector quantity its unit is meter (m) and is represented by d.

Q-6: Write a note on speed?

SPEED:
“The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed”.

Explanation:
Speed of an object is the rate at which it is moving. In other words, the distance moved by an
object in unit time is its speed. This unit time may be a second, an hour, a day or a year.

Mathematically:
Distance
Speed =
Time
S
or v=
t
or S =vt
Here S is the distance covered by the object, v is its speed and t is the time taken by it.

Quantity:
Distance is a scalar therefore, speed is also a scalar.
Unit:
SI unit of speed is meter per second (ms–1).
Uniform Speed:
“A body has uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time
however short the interval may be”.
Explanation:
In equation S = vt, v is the average speed of a body during time t. It is because the speed of
the body may be changing during the time interval t. However, if the speed of a body does not vary
and has the same value then the body is said to possess uniform speed.

Q-7: Write a note on velocity?

VELOCITY:
“The rate of displacement of a body is called its velocity”.
Explanation:
The velocity tells us not only the speed of a body but also the direction along which the body is
moving. It is equal to the displacement of a body in unit time.

Mathematically:
Displacement
Velocity =
Time
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d
Or v=
t
Or d =vt
Here d is the displacement of the body,v is its velocity and t is the time taken by it.

Quantity:
Displacement is a vector therefore, velocity is also a vector.
Unit:
SI unit of velocity is the same as speed i.e., meter per second (ms–1)

Uniform Velocity:
“A body has uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time
however short the interval may be”.

Explanation:
In equation d = v t, v is the average velocity of a body during time t. It is because the velocity of
the body may be changing during the time interval t. However, in many cases the speed and direction
of a body does not change. In such a case the body possesses uniform velocity. That is the velocity
of a body during any interval of time has the same magnitude and direction.

Q-8: Write a note on acceleration?

ACCELERATION:
“The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration”.

Explanation:
In many cases the velocity of a body changes due to a change either in its magnitude or
direction or both. The change in the velocity of a body causes acceleration in it.

Mathematically:
Change of velocity
Acceleration =
time
final velocity – initial velocity
or a=
time
V V
or a= f– i
t
Here acceleration is taken as a, initial velocity as Vi, final velocity as Vf and time interval as t.

Quantity:
Velocity is a vector therefore, acceleration is also a vector.

Unit:
SI unit of acceleration is meter per second per second (ms–2).

Uniform Acceleration:
“A body has uniform acceleration if it has equal changes in velocity in equal intervals of
time however short the interval may be”.
Explanation:
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Vf – Vi
The average acceleration of a body given by equation a = is a during time t. Let the
t
Time t is divided into many smaller intervals of time. If the rate of change of velocity during all these
intervals remains constant then the acceleration also remains constant. Such a body is said to
possess uniform acceleration.

Positive Acceleration:
“Acceleration of a body is positive if its velocity increases with time. The direction of this
acceleration is the same in which the body is moving without change in its direction”.

Negative Acceleration:
“Acceleration of a body is negative if velocity of the body decreases with time. The direction of
negative acceleration is opposite to the direction in which the body is moving. Negative acceleration
is also called deceleration or retardation”.

Q-9: Write a note on:

1. Graph
2. Distance time graph
3. Speed time graph

1. GRAPH:
“Graph is a pictorial way of presenting information about the relation between various
quantities”.

Variables:
The quantities between which a graph is plotted are called the variables.

Independent and Dependent Variables:

One of the quantities is called the independent quantity and the other quantity, the value of
which varies with the independent quantity is called the dependent quantity.

2. DISTANCE-TIMEGRAPH:
It is useful to represent the motion of objects using graphs. The terms distance and
displacement are used interchangeably when the motion is in a straight line. Similarly if the motion is
in a straight line then speed and velocity are also used interchangeably.
In a distance-time graph, time is taken along horizontal axis
while vertical axis shows the distance covered by the object.

Object at Rest:
In the graph, the distance moved by the object with time is zero.
That is, the object is at rest. Thus a horizontal line parallel to time axis
on a distance-time graph shows that speed of the object is zero.

Object Moving with Constant Speed:

The speed of an object is said to be constant if it covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time. The distance-time graph is a straight
line. Its slope gives the speed of the object.
Consider two points A and B on the graph.
Speed of the object = slope of line AB
distance EF
=
time CD
20 m
=
10 s

= 2 ms–1
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The speed found from the graph is 2 ms–1.

Object Moving with Variable Speed:

When an object does not cover equal distances in equal intervals
of time then its speed is not constant. In this case the distance-time
graph is not a straight line.
The slope of the curve at any point can be found from the slope of
the tangent at that point. As
RS
Slope of the tangent at P =
QS
30 m
=
10 s
= 3 ms–1
Thus, speed of the object at P is 3 ms–1.

Note:
The speed is higher at instants when slope is greater, speed is zero at instants when slope is
Horizontal.

3. SPEED-TIMEGRAPH:
In a speed-time graph, time is taken along x-axis and speed is
taken along y-axis.

Object Moving with Constant Speed:

When the speed of an object is constant (4 ms–1) with time, then
the speed-time graph will be a horizontal line parallel to time-axis along
x-axis. In other words, a straight line parallel to time axis represents
constant speed of the object.

Object Moving with Uniformly Changing Speed (Uniform Acceleration):

Let the speed of an object be changing uniformly. In such a case
speed is changing at constant rate. Thus its speed-time graph would be
a straight line. A straight line means that the object is moving with
uniform acceleration. Slope of the line gives the magnitude of its
acceleration.

Distance Travelled by a Moving Object:

The area under a speed-time graph represents the distance
travelled by the object. If the motion is uniform then the area can be calculated using appropriate
formula for geometrical shapes represented by the graph.

Q-10: Derive three equations of motion?

EQUATIONS OF MOTION:
There are three basic equations of motion for bodies moving with uniform acceleration. These
equations relate initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time and distance covered by a moving
body.

Conditions to Derive Three Equation of Motion:

To simplify the derivation of these equations, we assume that the motion is along a straight
line. Hence we consider only the magnitude of displacements, velocities, and acceleration.
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Derivation:
Consider a body moving with initial velocity vi in a straight line with uniform acceleration a.
Its velocity becomes vf after time t.
The motion of body is described by speed-time graph by line AB.
i. The slope of line AB is acceleration a.
ii. The total distance covered by the body is shown by the shaded
area under the line AB.
Equations of motion can be obtained easily from this graph.
First Equation of Motion:
Speed-time graph for the motion of a body is shown in figure. Slope of line AB gives the
acceleration a of the body.
BC
Slop of line AB = a =
AC
BD – CD
a =
OD
Where BD=vf, CD=vi OD = t
v f vi
Then a = –
t
Or at=vf – vi
Or vi + at =vf
∴ vf = vi +at
It called first equation of motion.

Second Equation of Motion:

In speed-time graph shown in figure, the total distance S travelled by the body is equal to the
total area OABD under the graph. That is
Total distance S = Total area of OABD
= Area of rectangle OACD + Area of triangle ABC …………. (1)
Where
Area of rectangle OACD = OA x OD
= vi x t = vi t
1
Area of triangle ABC = (AC x BC)
2
1 1
= (t x at) = at2
2 2
Putting these values in equation (1), we get
1
S = vi t + at2
2
It called second equation of motion.

Third Equation of Motion:

In speed-time graph shown in figure, the total distance S travelled by the body is equal to the
total area OABD under the graph. That is
Total distance S = Total area of trapezium OABD
1
= sum of parallel sides x height
2
1
= (OA + BD) x OD
2
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Or 2S = (BD +OA) x OD
BC,
Multiply both sides by we get
OD
BC BC
2S x = (BD +OA) x OD x
OD OD
BC
2S x = (BD+OA) x BC ……………………. (1)
OD
BC
Where =a OA =vi BD=vf BC = vf –vi
OD
Putting these values in equation (1), we get
2S x a = (vf + vi) x (vf – vi)
2aS = vf2 – vi2
It called third equation of motion.

Q-11: Write a note on motion of freely falling bodies?

MOTION OF FREELY FALLING BODIES:

Galileo was the first scientist to notice that all the freely falling objects have the same
acceleration independent of their masses. He dropped various objects of different masses from the
leaning tower of Pisa. He found that all of them reach the ground at the same time.

Gravitational Acceleration:
The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration. It is denoted by g.
On the surface of the Earth, its value is approximately 10 ms–2.

Note:
i. For bodies falling down freely g is positive
ii. For bodies moving up g is negative.

Equations of Motion for Bodies Moving Under Gravity:

vf = vi + gt
1
h = vi t + gt2
2
2gh = vf2 –vi2

MINI EXERCISE

1. When a body is said to be at rest?

Ans: A body is said to be at rest when it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.

2. Give an example of a body that is at rest and is in motion at the same time?
Ans: A passenger sitting in a moving bus is at rest because he is not changing his position with
respect to other passengers or objects in the bus. But to an observer outside the bus, the passengers
and the objects inside the bus are in motion.

3. Mention the type of motion in each of the following:

Sr. No. Motions Types of Motion

i. A ball moving vertically upward. Linear motion
ii. A child moving down a slide. Linear motion
iii. Movement of a player in a football ground. Random motion
iv. The flight of a butterfly. Random motion
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v. An athlete running in a circular track. Circular motion
vi. The motion of a wheel. Circular motion
vii. The motion of cradle. Vibratory motion

DO YOU KNOW

1. What is the speed of falcon?

Ans: Falcon can fly at speed of 200 kmh–1.

2. What is the speed of Cheetah?

Ans: Cheetah can run at a speed of 70 kmh–1.
3. What is a Lidar gun? How speed of a vehicle is calculated by it on motorway?
Ans: A Lidar gun is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time taken by laser pulseto
make a series of measurements of vehicle’s distance from the gun. The data is then used to calculate
the vehicle’s speed.

4. With which velocity a paratrooper comes to ground?

Ans: A paratrooper attains a uniform velocity called terminal velocity with which it comes to ground.

5. What is the direction of acceleration of moving object with respect to velocity?

Ans: Acceleration of a moving object is in the direction of velocity if its velocity
is increasing. While acceleration of the object is opposite to the direction of
velocity if its velocity is decreasing.

6. Give few uses of graph?

Ans: A graph maybe used in everyday life such as to show year wise growth
or decline of export, month wise rainfall, a patient’s temperature record or runs
per over scored by a team and soon.

7. How to Convert the following units:

Ans: i. To convert ms–1 to kmh–1:
As 1 ms–1 = 0.001 km x 3600 h–1 = 3.6kmh–1
Thus multiply speed in ms–1 by 3.6 to get speed in kmh–1, e.g.
20ms–1 = 20 x 3.6kmh–1
= 72 kmh–1
ii. To convert kmh–1 to ms–1:
Similarly divide speed in kmh–1 by 3.6 to get speed in ms–1, e.g.
72
72kmh–1 = ms–1
3.6
= 20ms–1

iii. To convert ms–2 to kmh–2:

As 1 ms–2 = 0.001 km x 3600 h–13600 h–1= 12960kmh–2
Thus multiply acceleration in ms–2 by 12960 to get acceleration in kmh–2, e.g.
2 ms–2 = 2 x 12960 kmh–2
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= 25920 kmh–2

iv. To convert kmh–2 toms–2:

Similarly divide acceleration in kmh–2 by 12960 to get acceleration in ms–2, e.g.
25920
25920 kmh–2 = ms–2
12960
= 2 ms–2
‫۔‬
MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISE

Q-2.1: Encircle the correct answer from the given choices:

1. A body has translatory motion if it moves along a…………………
a) Straight line b) circle
c) line without rotation d) curved path

2. The motion of a body about an axis is called……………………

a) Circular motion b) rotatory motion
c) vibratory motion d) random motion

3. Which of the following is a vector quantity?

a) speed b) distance
c) displacement d) power

4. If an object is moving with constant speed then its distance time graph will be a straight
line ……………………
a) along time axis b) along distance axis
c) Parallel to time axis d) inclined to time axis

5. A straight line parallel to time axis on a distance time graph tells that the objects is…....
a) Moving with constant speed b) at rest
c) Moving with variable speed d) in motion
6. The speed time graph of a car is shown in the figure, which of the following statement is
true?
a) car has an acceleration of 1.5ms–1
b) car has constant speed of 7.5ms–1
c) distance travelled by the car is 75m
d) average speed of the car is 15ms–1

7. Which one of the following graphs is representing uniformacceleration?

a) b)

c) d)
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8. By dividing displacement of a moving body with time, we obtain…………………

a) Speed b) acceleration
c) Velocity d) deceleration

9. A ball is thrown vertically upward, its velocity at the highest point is………………….
a) –10ms–1 b) zero
c) 10ms –2 d) none of these

10. A change in position is called ……………………………

a) Speed b) velocity
c) Displacement d) distance

11. A train is moving at a speed of 36 kmh–1. Its speed expressed in ms–1 is…………………
a) 10ms–1 b) 20ms–1
c) 25ms–1 d) 30ms–1

12. A car starts from rest. It acquires a speed of 25 ms–1 after 20 seconds. The distance
moved by the car during this time is ……………………
a) 31.25m b) 250m
c) 500m d) 5000 m

CHAPTER-2 9thPHYSICS MCQS ANSWERS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
c b c d B c a c b c a b

REMAINING EXERCISE

Q-2.2: Explain translatory motion and give examples of various types of translatory motion.
Ans: See Notes Q-1

Q-2.3: Differentiate between the following:

i. Rest and motion
ii. Circular motion and rotatory motion
iii. Distance and displacement
iv. Speed and velocity
v. Linear and random motion
vi. Scalars and vectors
Ans: See Notes Q-1, 2, 5, 6,7

Q-2.4: Define the terms speed, velocity and acceleration.

Ans: See Notes Q-6, 7, 8

Q-2.5: Can a body moving at a constant speed have acceleration?

Ans: Yes, a body moving at constant speed has acceleration. Because the magnitude of velocity
remains constant but its direction may be changing. Therefore, velocity is changing.

Q-2.6: How do riders in a ferris wheel possess rotatory motion but not circular motion?
Ans: In circular motion, the point about which a body goes around is outside the body while in
rotatory motion, the line, around which a body moves about, is passing through the bodyitself.
Riders in ferris wheel have rotatory motion because the axis about which a rider moves is
passing through the rider itself.
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Q-2.7: Sketch a distance time graph for a body starting from rest. How will you determine the
speed of a body from the graph?
Ans: See notesQ-9

Q-2.8: What would be the shape of distance time graph of a body moving with variable
speed? Ans: See notesQ-9

Q-2.9: Which of the following can be obtained from speed time graph of a body?
a) Initial speed b) final speed
c) distance covered in time t d) acceleration of motion
Ans: All these can be determined from speed time graph of a body.

Q-2.10: How can vector quantities be represented graphically?

Ans: See notes Q-2
Q-2.11: Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?
Ans: Vector quantities cannot be added or subtracted like scalars because vector has magnitude as
well direction, there for vectors are not added or subtracted by ordinary arithmetical rules. When
vectors are added or subtracted we get a resultant vector. One of the methods of vectors addition is
called head to tail rule.

Q-2.12: How are vector quantities important to use in our daily life?
Ans: See notes Q-2

Q-2.13: Derive equations of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion?

Ans: See notes Q-10

Q-2.14: Sketch a speed/velocity time graph for the motion of the body. From the graph
explaining each step, calculate total distance covered by the body.
Ans: See notes Q-9
EXAMPLES
Example 2.1: Represent a force of 80 N acting towards North of East.
Sol:
Step-1: Draw two lines perpendicular to each other. Horizontal line
represents East-West and vertical line represents North-South direction.
Step-2: Select a suitable scale to represent the given vector. In this case we
may take a scale which represent as:
20 N = 1cm
Then 80 N = 4cm
Step-3:Draw a line according to scale in the direction of the vector. In this
case, draw a vector line OA of length 4 cm along North-East.
Step-4:Put an arrow head at the end of the line. In this case arrow head is at
point A. Thus the line OA will represent a vector i.e. force of 80 N acting
towards North-East.

Example 2.2: A sprinter completes its 100m race in 12s. Find its average speed.
Sol: Total distance = S =100m
Total time =t = 12s
Average speed = Vav=?
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
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100
=
12
= 8.33 ms–1

Example 2.3: A cyclist complete half round of a circular track of radius 318 m in 1.5 minutes.
Find its speed and velocity.
Sol: Radius of track = r= 318m
Time taken =t = 1.5 mint = 90s
Speed = V =?
Velocity = V =?
Firstly:
Distance covered = πr
= 3.14 x 318
=999 m
Secondly:
Displacement =2r
= 2 x 318
= 636 m
Now
Distance
Speed =
Time
999
=
90
= 11.1 ms–1
Also
Displacement
Velocity =
Time
636
=
90
= 7.07 ms–1
Conclusion: Thus speed of the cyclist is 11.1 ms–1 along the track and its velocity is about 7.1
ms–1 along the diameter AB of the track.

Example 2.4: A car starts from rest. Its velocity becomes 20 ms–1 in 8 s. Find its acceleration.
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi= 0ms–1
Final velocity = Vf= 20ms–1
Time taken =t=8s
Acceleration = a=?
Now
V V
a = f– i
t
20 – 0
=
8
= 2.5 ms–2
Example 2.5: Find the retardation produced when a car moving at a velocity of 30 ms –1 slows
down uniformly to 15 ms–1 in 5 s.
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 30 ms–1
Final velocity = Vf= 15ms–1
Time taken = t = 5s
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Retardation = a =?
Now
V V
a = f – i
t
15 – 30
=
5
= –3 ms–2
Conclusion: Since negative acceleration is called as retardation. Thus retardation is 3 ms –2.

Example 2.6: Figure shows the distance time graph of a moving car. From the graph, find
a. The distance car has travelled
b. The speed during the first five seconds
c. Average speed of the car
d. Speed during the last five second
Sol: a) Total distance travelled = 40 m

b) Distance travelled during first five seconds = 35m

Distance
∴ Speed =
Time
35
=
5
= 7 ms–1

Total distance
c) Average speed =
Total time
40
=
10
= 4 ms–1

d) Distance travelled during last five seconds =5m

Distance
∴ Speed =
Time
5
=
5
= 1 ms–1

Example 2.7: Find the acceleration from the speed time graph shown in figure.
Sol: On the graph
Point A gives speed of the object as 2 ms–1 after 5 s
Point B gives speed of the object as 4 ms–1 after 10 s
As acceleration = slope of AB
Change in velocity
=
time
4ms–1 – 2ms–1
=
10s – 5s
2
=
5
= 0.4 ms–2
Conclusion: Therefore from speed time graph acceleration is 0.4 m s–2.
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Example 2.8: Find the acceleration from the speed time graph shown in figure.
Sol: Graph shows that speed of the object is decreasing with time.
On the graph
Point C gives speed of the object as 4 ms–1 after 5 s
Point D gives speed of the object as 2 ms–1 after 10 s
As acceleration = slope of CD
Change in velocity
=
time
2ms–1 – 4ms–1
=
10s – 5s
2
=–
5
= –0.4 ms–2
Conclusion: Therefore from speed time graph deceleration is 0.4 ms–2.

Example 2.9: A car moves in a straight line. The speed time graph of its motion is shown in
figure. From the graph find

a. Its acceleration during the first 10seconds

b. Its deceleration during the last 2seconds
c. Total distance travelled
d. Average speed of the car during its journey
Sol: a) Acceleration during the first 10seconds
As acceleration = slope of OA
Change in velocity
=
time
16ms–1 – 0ms–1
=
10
16
=
10
= 1.6 ms–2

b) Deceleration during the last 2 seconds

As acceleration = slope of BC
Change in velocity
=
time
0ms–1 – 16ms–1
=
2
16
=–
2
= –8 ms–2

c) Total distance travelled

Total distance travelled = area under the graph (trapezium OABC)
1
= (sum of parallel sides)x height
2
= 1 (18 + 30) x 16
2
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= 1 (48) x 16
2

= 384 m

d) Average speed of the car during its journey

Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
384
=
30
= 12.8 ms–1

Example 2.10: A car travelling at 10 ms–1 accelerates uniformly at 2 ms–2. Calculate its velocity
after 5 s.
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 10 ms–1
Acceleration = a = 2ms–2
Time taken = t = 5s
Final velocity = Vf=?
By first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +at
= 10 + (2)(5)
= 10 +10
vf = 20ms–1

Example 2.11: A train slows down from 80 kmh–1 with uniform retardation of 2 ms–2. How long
will it take to attain a speed of 20 kmh–1?
80 x 1000
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 80 kmh–1= = 22.2ms–1
3600
20 x 1000
Final velocity =Vf = 20 kmh–1= = 5.6ms–1
3600
Retardation = a =–2ms –2

Time taken = t =?
By first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +at
5.6 = 22.2 + (–2)t
5.6 = 22.2 – 2t
5.6 – 22.2 =–2t
–16.6 =–2t
16.6 = 2t
16.6
t =
2
t = 8.3 s

Example 2.12: A bicycle accelerates at 1 ms–2 from an initial velocity of 4 ms–1 for 10s.Find the
distance moved by it during this interval of time.
Sol: Acceleration = a = 1 ms–2
Initial velocity = Vi = 4 ms–1
Time = t=10s
Distance = S=?

By second equation of motion

1
S = Vit + at2
2
1
= (4)(10) + (1)(10)2
2
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1
= 40 + (1)(100)
2
= 40 + 50
= 90 m

Example 2.13: A car travel with a velocity of 5 ms–1. It then accelerates uniformly and travels a
distance of 50 m. If the velocity reached is 15 ms –1, find the acceleration and the time to travel
this distance.
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 5 ms–1
Final velocity = Vf = 15ms–1
Distance = S =50m
Acceleration = a =?
Time taken = t =?
Firstly by third equation of motion
2aS = Vf2– Vi2
2a (50) = (15)2 – (5)2
100a = 225 – 25

100a = 200
200
a =
100
a = 2 ms–2
Secondly by first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +at
15 = 5 + 2t
15 –5 =2t
10 =2t
10
=t
2
t =5s
Example 2.14: A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. The stone hits the ground after 5
seconds. Find
a) The height of the tower
b) The velocity with which the stone hits the ground
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 0 ms–1
Time taken =t = 5 sec
Gravitational acceleration = g=10 ms–2
Height of the tower = h= S = ?
Final velocity = Vf=?
Firstly by second equation of motion
1
h= Vit + gt2
2
1
= (0)(5) + (10)(5)2
2
1
= 0 + (10)(25)
2
= 125m
Secondly by first equation of motion

Vf= Vi + gt
= 0 + (10)(5)
= 50 ms–1
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Example 2.15: A boy throws a ball vertically up. It returns to ground5 s. Find
i. The maximum height reached by the ball.
ii. The velocity with which the ball is thrown up.
5
Sol: Time taken to reach maximum height =t = = 2.5sec
2
Gravitational acceleration = g =–10ms –1 (For upward motion)
–1
Final velocity = Vf = 0ms
Initial velocity = Vi=?
Maximum Height = h = S =?
Firstly by first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +gt
0 = Vi + (–10)(2.5)
0 = Vi – 25
Vi = 25 ms–1
Secondly by second equation of motion
1 2
h = V it + gt
2
1
= (25)(2.5) + (–10)(2.5)2
2
= 62.5 – (5)(6.25)
= 62.5 – 31.25
h = 31.25 m

PROBLEMS

Problem 2.1: A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36 kmh–1 for 10 s. Find the distance
travelled by it.
36
Sol: Velocity = v = 36 kmh–1 = = 10ms–1
3.6
Time =t = 10 s
Distance = S=?
Now
S =vt
= 10 x 10
= 100m
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Problem 2.2: A train starts from rest. It moves through 1 km in 100 s with uniform acceleration.
What will be its speed at the end of 100 s.
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 0 ms–1
Distance = S =1km = 1000m
Time taken =t = 100 s
Final velocity = Vf=?
Firstly by second equation of motion
1 2
S = V it + at
2
1
1000 = (0)(100) + a(100)2
2
1
1000 = 0 + a (10000)
2
1000 = 5000a
1000
a =
5000
= 0.2 ms–2
Secondly by first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +at
= 0 + (0.2)(100)
= 20 ms–1

Problem 2.3: A car has a velocity of 10 ms–1.It accelerates at 0.2 ms–2 for half m i n u t e . F i n d
t h e d i s t a n c e travelled during this time and the final velocity of the car.
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 10 ms–1
Acceleration = a = 0.2ms–2
Time taken =t = 0.5 min = 30 s
Distance = S =?
Final velocity = Vf=?
Firstly by second equation of motion
1
S = V it + at2
2
1
= (10)(30) + (0.2)(30)2
2
= 300 + (0.1)(900)
= 300 + 90
S = 390m
Secondly by first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +at
= 10 + (0.2)(30)
= 10 + 6
= 16 ms–1

Problem 2.4: A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a velocity of 30 ms–1.It takes 3 s to reach
the highest point. Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. How long it will take to
return to ground?
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 30ms–1
G.acceleration = g=–10ms–2 (for upward motion)
Time taken to reach maximum height =t = 3s
–1
Final velocity = Vf = 0 ms
Maximum height = h =?
Total time taken to return the ground = tT =?
Firstly by second equation of motion
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1
h = V it + gt2
2
1
= (30)(3) + (–10)(3)2
2

= 90 – (5)(9)
= 90 – 45
h = 45 m
Secondly, since the ball takes 3s to reach the maximum height. It will take the same time to return the
ground from the maximum height. Thus
Total time =tT = time taken to reach maximum height + time taken to return ground
= 3 + 3
= 6s
Problem 2.5: A c a r m o v e s w i t h u n i f o r m velocity of 40 ms– 1 for 5 s. It comes to rest
in the next 10s with uniform deceleration. Find
i. Deceleration
ii. Total distance travelled by the car
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 40 ms–1
Time =t = 10 s
Final velocity = Vf = 0ms–1
Deceleration = a = ?
Total distance =S=?
Firstly by first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +at
0 = 40 +a(10)
0 – 40 =10a
–40 = 10a

–40
a =
10
Deceleration = a = –4ms–2
Secondly,to find total distance two types of motions were studied as:
Case-I: When car moves with uniform velocity
Velocity = V = 40ms–1
Time =t = 5s
Distance = S1 =?
Now
S1 =vt
= 40x5
S1 = 200 m
Case-II: When car moves with deceleration
Initial velocity = Vi= 40ms–1
Time =t = 10 s
Deceleration = a = –4 ms–2
Distance = S2 =?
nd
Now by 2 equation of motion
1
S2 = Vit + at2
2
1
= (40)(10) + (–4)(10)2
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2
= 400 – (2)(100)
= 400 – 200
S2 = 200m
Total distance =S = S 1 + S2
= 200 + 200
= 400 m
Problem 2.6: A train starts from rest with an acceleration of 0.5 ms–2. Find its speed in kmh–1 ,
when it has moved through 100 m.
Sol: Initial velocity = Vi = 0 ms–1
acceleration = a = 0.5 ms–2
Distance = S = 100m
Final velocity = Vf=?
By third equation of motion
2aS = Vf2– Vi2
2(0.5)(100) = Vf 2 –(0)2
100 = Vf2
100 = Vf2
Vf = 10 ms–1
Now convert ms–1 to kmh–1
Multiply speed in ms–1 by 3.6 to get speed in kmh–1, i.e.
10ms–1 = 10 x 3.6kmh–1
= 36 kmh–1

Problem 2.7: A train from rest, accelerates uniformly and attains a velocity 48 kmh –1 in 2
minutes. It travels at this speed for 5 minutes. Finally it moves with uniform retardation and is
stopped after 3 minutes. Find the total distance travelled by the train.

Sol: Total distance travelled =?

See the trapezium OABC
Total distance travelled = Area under the graph
(trapezium OABC)
1
= (Sum of parallel sides) x height
2
1
= (OC + AB) x AD
2
1 10 5 )h x 48kmh–1
= ( +
2 60 60
1 15
= ( ) x 48 km
2 60
= 6km
= 6 x 1000 m
= 6000 m

Problem 2.8: A cricket ball is hit vertically upwards and returns to ground6 s later.
Calculate:
i. Maximum height reached by the ball.
ii. Initial velocity of the ball.
6
Sol: Time taken to reach maximum height =t = = 3sec
2
Gravitational acceleration = g=–10ms –1 (For upward motion)
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Final velocity = Vf= 0ms–1
Initial velocity = Vi=?
Maximum Height =h=S=?
Firstly by first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +gt
0 = Vi + (–10)(3)
0 = Vi –30
Vi = 30 ms–1
Secondly by second equation of motion
1
h = Vit + gt2
2
1
= (30)(3) + (–10)(3)2
2
= 90 – (5)(9)
= 90 – 45
h = 45 m
1
Problem 2.9: When brakes are applied, the speed of a train decreases from96 kmh –1 to 48 kmh-
in 800 m. How much further will the train move before coming to rest?
(Assuming the retardation to be constant).
96
Sol: Firstly Initial velocity = Vi = 96kmh–1 = = 26.667ms–1
3.6
48
Final velocity = Vf = 48kmh–1 = = 13.333ms–1
3.6
Distance = S =800m
Acceleration =a=?
By third equation of motion
2aS=Vf 2- vi2

2a (800) = (13.333)2 – (26.667)2

1600a = 177.769 –711.129
1600a = –533.36
533.36
a =–
1600
a = –0.33335ms–2
Secondly
Initial velocity = Vi = 13.333 ms–1
Final velocity = Vf = 0 ms–1
Acceleration = a = –0.33335 ms–2
Distance = S =?
By third equation of motion
2aS = Vf2– Vi2
2(–0.33335)S = 0 –(13.333)2
–0.6667S = –177.76889
0.6667S = 177.76889
177.76889
S =
0.6667
S = 266.66m
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Problem 2.10: In the above problem, find the time taken by the train to stop after the application
of brakes.
96
Sol: Firstly Initial velocity = Vi = 96 kmh–1 = = 26.667ms–1
3.6
–1 48
Final velocity = Vf = 48 kmh = = 13.333ms–1
3.6
Distance = S = 800m
Acceleration =a=?
By third equation of motion
2aS=Vf 2- vi2
i
2a (800) = (13.333)2 –(26.667)2
1600a = 177.769 –711.129
1600a = –533.36
533.36
a =–
1600
a = –0.33335ms–2
96
Secondly Initial velocity = Vi = 96 kmh–1 = = 26.667ms–1
3.6
Final velocity = Vf = 0 ms–1
Acceleration = a = –0.33335ms–2

Time = t =?
By first equation of motion
Vf = Vi +at
0 = 26.667+ (–0.33335)t
–26.667 =– 0.33335t
26.667 = 0.33335t
26.667
t =
0.33335
=80 s

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