CHAPTER 4

Fourier Representation of Signals

Tutorial Problems
1. Solution:
If there exists a fundamental period T , we have

x(t + T ) = x1 (t + T ) + x2 (t + T ) = x1 (t + mT1 ) + x2 (t + nT2 )

= x1 (t) + x2 (t) = x(t), m, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

The condition is a finite T exists that

T = mT1 = nT2 , m, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

2. (a) Solution:
x1 (t) is periodic and its fundamental period is T = 24.
(b) Solution:
x2 (t) is aperiodic.
(c) Solution:
x3 [n] is aperiodic.
(d) Solution:
x4 [n] is periodic and its fundamental period is N = 24.
(e) Solution:
x5 (t) is periodic and its fundamental period is T = 6.
3. (a) x1 (t) = 2 cos(10πt) × 3 cos(20πt), −0.2 ≤ t ≤ 0.2.
(b) x2 (t) = 3 sin(0.2πt) × 5 cos(2πt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 20.
(c) x3 (t) = 5 cos(5πt) × 4 sin(10πt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
(d) x4 (t) = 4 sin(100πt) × 2 cos(400πt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.01.
M ATLAB script:

150
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 151

10

x1(t)
0

−5

−10
−0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2
t

FIGURE 4.1: x1 (t) = 2 cos(10πt) × 3 cos(20πt), −0.2 ≤ t ≤ 0.2.

20

10
x2(t)

−10

−20
0 5 10 15 20
t

FIGURE 4.2: x2 (t) = 3 sin(0.2πt) × 5 cos(2πt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 20.

% P0403: Verify the area under the function is zero

close all; clc
N = 100000;
%% Part (a):
% t = linspace(-0.2,0.2,N);
% x1 = 2*cos(10*pi*t).*3.*cos(20*pi*t);
% hf = figconfg(’P0403’,’small’);
% % hf = figconfg(’P0403’);
% plot(t,x1)
% xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
% ylabel(’x_1(t)’,’fontsize’,LFS)
% sum(x1.*0.4/N)
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 152

20

10

x3(t)
0

−10

−20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t

FIGURE 4.3: x3 (t) = 5 cos(5πt) × 4 sin(10πt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

10

5
x4(t)

−5

−10
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
t

FIGURE 4.4: x4 (t) = 4 sin(100πt) × 2 cos(400πt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.01.

%% Part (b):
% t = linspace(0,20,N);
% x2 = 3*sin(0.2*pi*t).*5.*cos(2*pi*t);
% hf = figconfg(’P0403’,’small’);
% plot(t,x2)
% xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
% ylabel(’x_2(t)’,’fontsize’,LFS)
% sum(x2.*20/N)

%% Part (c):
% t = linspace(0,2,N);
% x3 = 5*cos(5*pi*t).*4.*sin(10*pi*t);
% hf = figconfg(’P0403’,’small’);
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 153

% plot(t,x3)
% xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
% ylabel(’x_3(t)’,’fontsize’,LFS)
% sum(x3.*2/N)

%% Part (d):
t = linspace(0,0.01,N);
x4 = 4*sin(100*pi*t).*2.*cos(400*pi*t);
hf = figconfg(’P0403’,’small’);
plot(t,x4)
xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
ylabel(’x_4(t)’,’fontsize’,LFS)
sum(x4.*0.01/N)
4. (a) Solution:
The fundamental period of x(t) is T = 2.
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
sin(3πt)dt = cos(8πt+π/3)dt = sin(3πt) cos(8πt+π/3)dt = 0
0 0 0

1 2
Z
Pav = |x(t)|2 dt
T 0
1 2 1 2 1 2
Z Z Z
2
= 4dt + 16 cos (3πt − π/2)dt + 36 cos2 (8πt + π/3)dt
2 0 2 0 2 0
Z 2 Z 2
1 − cos(6πt − π) 1 − cos(16πt + 2π/3)
=4+8 dt + 18 dt
0 2 0 2
= 30
(b) Solution:
1
Ω0 = 2π · =π
T
(c) Solution:
π π π π
x(t) = 2e j0πt + 2e− j 2 ej3πt + 2e j 2 e−j3πt + 3e j 3 ej8πt + 3e− j 3 e−j8πt
π π π π
c0 = 2, c3 = 2e− j 2 , c−3 = 2e j 2 , c8 = 3e j 3 , c−8 = 3e− j 3 .

(d) Solution:
∞
X
Pav = |ck |2 = 30
k=−∞
which verifies our computation in part (a).
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 154

Magnitude Response
3

2.5

2
|c |
k 1.5

0.5

0
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
kΩ /π
0

(a)

Phase Response
2

1
k
∠c

−1

−2
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
kΩ /π
0

(b)

Power Spectra
10

6
2
|c |
k

0
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
kΩ /π
0

(c)

FIGURE 4.5: (a) Magnitude response of x(t). (b) Phase response of x(t). (c)
Power spectra of x(t).
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 155

5. Solution:
2π 1 1
T = · = , Ω0 = 20π.
10π 2 10
Z 1
1
Z
20
jkΩ0 t
e j10πt + e− j10πt e jk·2πtdt


ck = cos(10πt)e dt = 5
T T 1
− 20
Z 1 
20

j(2k+1)10πt − j(2k−1)10πt
=5 e +e dt
1
− 20
5 1 5 1
= · e j(2k+1)10πt |−20 1 + · e j(2k−1)10πt |−20 1
j(2k + 1)10π 20 j(2k − 1)10π 20
h i h i
sin (2k+1)π
2 sin (2k−1)π
2
= +
(2k + 1)π (2k − 1)π

Magnitude Response
0.8

0.6

0.4
|ck|

0.2

−0.2
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
kΩ /π
0

(a)

Phase Response
1

0.5
∠ ck

−0.5

−1
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
kΩ /π
0

(b)

FIGURE 4.6: (a) Magnitude response of x(t). (b) Phase response of x(t).
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 156

6. Proof:

! !∗
1 1
Z Z X X
Pav = x(t)x∗ (t)dt = ck e jkΩ0 t cm e jmΩ0 t dt
T0 T0 T0 T0 m
k
1 XX ∗
Z
= ck cm e jkΩ0t e− jmΩ0 t
T0 m T0
k
Z 
jkΩ0 t − jmΩ0 t 0, k 6= m
e e =
T0 T0 , k = m
∞
1 X X
Pav = T0 · ck · c∗k = |ck |2
T0
k k=−∞

7. Solution:
1 1
Z Z
ck = y(t)e− jkΩ0 t dt = h(t)x(t)e− jkΩ0 t dt
T0
T0 T 0 T0
! !
1
Z X X
= am e jmΩ0 t bn e jnΩ0 t e− jkΩ0t dt
T0 T0 m n
1
XX Z
= a m bn · e j(m+n)Ω0 t · e− jkΩ0 t dt
m n
T0 T0

X ∞
X
= a m bn = aℓ bk−ℓ
m+n=k ℓ=−∞

8. (a) Solution:
Z ∞ Z 1
− j2πF t
X( j2πF ) = x(t)e dt = e−t · e− j2πF t dt
−∞ −1
e−( j2πF +1)t 1 e j2πF +1 − e− j2πF −1
=− =

j2πF + 1 j2πF + 1

−1

1 1
T = 2, F0 = = , Ω0 = 2πF0 = π
T 2
1
1 1
Z Z
− j2πkF0 t
ck = x̃(t)e dt = e−t · e− jπktdt
T T 2 −1
1
1 e−( jkπ+1)t  e jkπ+1 − e− jkπ−1
= ·  =
2 −( jkπ + 1)  2( jkπ + 1)
−1
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 157

(b) Solution:
k k
e j2π 2 +1 − e− j2π 2 −1 1
X( j2πk/T0 ) /T0 = ·
j2π k2 + 1 2
e jkπ+1 − e− jkπ−1
= = ck
2( jkπ + 1)

(c)

Magnitude Response
1.5
|X(j2π F)|/T0
|c |
k
1

0.5

0
−10 −5 0 5 10
k
F/T
0

(a)

Phase Response
80
∠ X(j2π F)
60 ∠ ck

40

20

0
−10 −5 0 5 10
k
F/T
0

(b)

FIGURE 4.7: (a) |X( j2πF ) | and |ck |. (b) ∠X( j2πF ) and ∠ck .
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 158

9. (a) Solution:
∞ ∞
2 sin 2πt − j2πF t
Z Z
− j2πF t
X( j2πF ) = x(t)e dt = e dt
−∞ −∞ 2πt

1, −1 < F < 1
=
0, otherwise

(b) Solution:

1
1
π
e− j2πkF0t  80 sin 10 k
Z
80
− j2πkF0 t
ck = 4 1·e dt = 4 · =
− j2πkF0  1 πk

1
− 80
− 80

(c) Solution:
∞ π
X sin 10 k
Xs ( j2πF ) = · X[ j2π(F − 4k)]
πk
k=−∞
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 159

CTFT X(j2πF)
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
−80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80
F (Hz)
(a)

CTFS c
k
0.15

0.1

0.05

−0.05
−80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80
F (Hz)
(b)

CTFT X (j2πF)
s
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

−0.05
−80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80
F (Hz)
(c)

FIGURE 4.8: (a) Plot of CTFT X( j2πF ). (b) Plot of CTFS coefficients ck . (c)
Plot of CTFT Xs ( j2πF ).
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 160

10. (a) function c = dtfs0(x)

% P0410(a): Write a function c=dtfs0(x) which compute
% the DTFS coefficients (4.67) of a periodic signal
N = length(x);
x = x(:)’;
k = 0:N-1;
n = 0:N-1;
nk = n’*k;
matexp = exp(-j*2*pi/N*nk);
c = x*matexp/N;

(b) function x = idtfs0(c)

% P0410(b): Write a function x=idtfs0(c) which compute
% the inverse DTFS (4.63)
N = length(c);
c = c(:)’;
k = 0:N-1;
n = 0:N-1;
kn = k’*n;
matexp = exp(j*2*pi/N*kn);
x = c*matexp;

(c) % P0410c: Verify functions c=dtfs0(x) and x=idtfs0(c)

% using specification in Example4.9
clc; close all;
x = [1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]; N = length(x);
c1 = fft(x)/N;
c2 = real(dtfs0(x));
x1 = ifft(c1)*N;
x2 = real(idtfs0(c2));

11. (a) Solution:

1 h j 2π 3π 2π
i 1 h j 2π 3π 2π
i
x1 [n] = sin[2π(3/10)n] = e 10 − e− j 10 3π = e 10 − e j 10 7π
2j 2j

1 −jπ 1 jπ
c3 = e 2, c7 = e 2
2 2
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 161

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.5 2

0.4
1
0.3
0
0.2
−1
0.1

0 −2
−10 −5 0 5 10 −10 −5 0 5 10
k k

FIGURE 4.9: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x1 [n] =

sin[2π(3/10)n].

(b) Solution:
5
1X 2π
ck = x2 [n]e− j 6 kn
6
n=0
1 h − j 2π k0 2π 2π 2π 2π
i
= · e 6 + 2e− j 6 k1 − e− j 6 k2 + 0 − e− j 6 k4 + 2e− j 6 k5
6    
1 2π 4π
= 1 + 4 cos k − 2 cos k
6 6 6

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

1 4

0.8
3
0.6
2
0.4
1
0.2

0 0
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
k k

FIGURE 4.10: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x2 [n] =

{1, 2, −1, 0, −1, 2}, 0 ≤ n ≤ 5 (one period).
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 162

(c) Solution:
3
1 Xh  πn i 2π
ck = 1 − sin e− j 4 kn
4 4
n=0
1 h π 2π π 2π
i
= 1 + (1 − sin( )e− j 4 k ) + 0 + (1 − sin( )e− j 4 k3 )
4 4 4
1h π − j 2π k π j 2π k i
= 1 + (1 − sin( )e 4 ) + 0 + (1 − sin( )e 4 )
4 4  4
1 π kπ
1 + 2(1 − sin( )) cos( )
4 4 2

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.4 1

0.3 0.5

0.2 0

0.1 −0.5

0 −1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
k k

FIGURE 4.11: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x3 [n] = 1 −

sin(πn/4), 0 ≤ n ≤ 3 (one period).

(d) Solution:
11
1 Xh  πn i 2π
ck = 1 − sin e− j 4 kn
12 12
n=0

1 π kπ 3π kπ
= 1 + (1 − sin( ))2 cos( ) + (1 − sin( ))2 cos( )
12 4 6 4 2

2kπ 5π 5kπ
+2 cos( ) + (1 − sin( ))2 cos( ) + 2 cos(kπ)
3 4 6
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 163

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.8 4

0.6 3

0.4 2

0.2 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
k k

FIGURE 4.12: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x4 [n] = 1 −

sin(πn/4), 0 ≤ n ≤ 11 (one period).

(e) Solution:
7
1X 2π
ck = x5 [n]e− j 8 kn
8 n=0
1h 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π
i
= 1 + e− j 8 k + e− j 8 k3 + e− j 8 k4 + e− j 8 k5 + e− j 8 k7
8 
1 kπ 3kπ
= 1 + 2 cos( ) + 2 cos( ) + cos(kπ)
8 4 4

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.8 4

0.6 3

0.4 2

0.2 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
k k

FIGURE 4.13: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x5 [n] =

{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1}, 0 ≤ n ≤ 7 (one period).

(f) Solution:
N0 −1
1 X − j 2π kn
ck = 1 · e N0 = δ[k]
N0
n=0
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 164

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

1 1

0.8
0.5
0.6
0
0.4
−0.5
0.2

0 −1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
k k

FIGURE 4.14: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x6 [n] = 1 for all
n.

12. Solution:
(a)
∞
1 X
X1 (ω) = + πδ(ω − 2kπ)
1 − e− jω
k=−∞

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

40 2

30 1

20 0

10 −1

0 −2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.15: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x1 [n] = u[n].
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 165

(b)
1 jω0 n
+ e− jω0 n u[n]


x2 [n] = e
2
∞
1/2 1 X π
= − j(ω− π3 )
+ πδ(ω − − 2kπ)
1−e 2 3
k=−∞
∞
1/2 1 X π
− j(ω+ π3 )
+ πδ(ω + − 2kπ)
1−e 2 3
k=−∞

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

20 2

15 1

10 0

5 −1

0 −2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.16: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x2 [n] = cos(ω0 n)u[n],
ω0 = π/3.

13. (a) Solution:

 
|n| 1 jπ(n−1)/8 1 − jπ(n−1)/8
x1 [n] = (1/2) e + e
2 2
n o ∞
X
DTFT (1/2)|n| = (1/2)|n| e− jωn
n=−∞
−1
X ∞
X
−n − jωn
= (1/2) e +1+ (1/2)n e− jωn
n=−∞ n=1
3/2
=
5/4 − cos ω
1 3/2 1 3/2
X1 (ω) = e jπ/8 + e− jπ/8
2 5/4 − cos(ω − π/8) 2 5/4 − cos(ω + π/8)
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 166

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

5 0.2

4
0.1
3
0
2
−0.1
1

0 −0.2
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.17: Magnitude and phase spectra of signal x1 [n] = (1/2)|n| cos(π(n −
1)/8).

(b) Solution:
3
X
X2 (ω) = ne− jωn = −2 j sin(ω) − 4 j sin(2ω) − 6 j sin(3ω)
n=−3

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

15 2

1
10

5
−1

0 −2
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.18: Magnitude and phase spectra of signal x2 [n] = n(u[n + 3] − u[n −
4]).

(c) Solution:
4
X
X3 (ω) = (2 − n/2)e− jωn
n=−4
7 5 3 1
= 4e4 jω + e3 jω + 3e2 jω + e jω + 2 + e− jω + e−2 jω + e−3 jω
2 2 2 2
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 167

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

20 4

15 2

10 0

5 −2

0 −4
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.19: Magnitude and phase spectra of signal x3 [n] = (2 − n/2)(u[n +

4] − u[n − 5]).

14. (a) Solution:

X1 e jω = cos2 (ω) + sin2 (3ω)

1 2 jω
1 6 jω
e + e−2 jω − e + e−6 jω


=1+
4 4
1 1 1 1
x1 [n] = {− , 0, 0, 0, , 0, 1, 0, , 0, 0, 0, − }
4 4 ↑ 4 4

(b) Solution:
Z π
1
X2 e jω e jωn dω


x2 [n] =
2π −π
Z −ωc Z π 
1 jωn jωn − sin ωc n
= e dω + e dω =
2π −π ωc πn

(c) Solution:
π
1
Z
X3 e jω e jωn dω


x3 [n] =
2π
"−π
Z 0 #
π/2
1
Z
= (1 + 2ω/π)e jωn dω + (1 − 2ω/π)e jωn dω
2π −π/2 0
−2 sin( π2 n)
=
(πn)2
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 168

(d) Solution:
π
1
Z
X4 e jω e jωn dω


x4 [n] =
2π
"−π
Z −ωc + ∆ ωc + ∆
#
1
Z
2 2
= e jωn dω + e jωn dω
2π −ωc − ∆ ωc − ∆
2 2

2 sin( ∆
2 n) cos(ωc n)
=
πn

15. (a) Solution:

Time-shifting, Folding, and Linearity

X1 (ω) = e jω X(ω) + e jω X(−ω)

(b) Solution:

Conjugation and Linearity

X2 (ω) = (X(ω) + X ∗ (−ω)) /2

(c) Solution:

Differentiation and Linearity

dX(ω) d2 X(ω)
X3 (ω) = X(ω) + 2 j +
dω dω 2

16. Solution:
(a)

X
X e j0 = x[n] = −1
n

(b)

x[n] real and even =⇒ X e jω real and even =⇒ ∠X e jω = 0

(c)
Z π
X e jω dω = 2πx[0] = −6π


−π
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 169

(d)

X X
X e jπ = x[n]e− jπn = x[n] cos(πn) = −1 − 2 − 3 − 4 − 1 = −9
n n

(e)
Z π X
|X e jω |2 dω = 2π |x[n]|2 = 38π,


Parseval’s Theorem
−π n

17. (a) Solution:

∞
X
rxy [ℓ] = x[n]y[n − ℓ]
n=−∞
x[n] = [1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
↑

y[n] = [2, 1, 0, −1, −2]

↑

ℓ = 1,y[n − 1] = [2, 1, 0, −1, −2], rxy [1] = 6

↑

Compute rxy [ℓ] for ℓ ∈ [−4, 4], we have

rxy [ℓ] = [−2, −5, −8, −6, 0, 6, 8, 5, 2]

↑

(b) Solution:

rxy [ℓ]
ρxy [ℓ] = √ p
Ex Ey
X X
Ex = |x[n]|2 = 19, Ey = |y[n]|2 = 10
n n
1
ρxy [ℓ] = √ [−2, −5, −8, −6, 0, 6, 8, 5, 2]
190 ↑

(c) Comments:
The two signal has exactly the same shape and only differs by a scale
factor.
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 170

Correlation r [l] Correlation Coefficient ρ [l]

xy xy
10 1

5 0.5

0 0

−5 −0.5

−10 −1
−5 0 5 −5 0 5
lag l lag l

FIGURE 4.20: Plot of the correlation rxy [ℓ] and correlation coefficient ρxy [ℓ] be-
tween the two signals.

18. (a) Solution:

∞
X
rxy [ℓ] = (0.9)n u[n](0.9)n−ℓ u[n − ℓ]
n=−∞
∞
X ℓ
X
2n−ℓ
= u[−ℓ − 1] (0.9) + u[ℓ] (0.9)ℓ
n=0 n=0
1 
−ℓ ℓ

= 0.9 u[−ℓ − 1] + 0.9 u[ℓ]
1 − 0.92
∞
X 1
Ex = |(0.9)n |2 = , Ey = Ex
1 − 0.92
n=0
rxy [ℓ]
ρxy [ℓ] = √ p = 0.9−ℓ u[−ℓ − 1] + 0.9ℓ u[ℓ]
Ex Ey

(b) Solution:
∞
X
rxy [ℓ] = (0.9)n u[n](0.9)−n+ℓ u[−n + ℓ]
n=−∞
∞
X
= u[ℓ] (0.9)2n−ℓ = (ℓ + 1)(0.9)ℓ u[ℓ]
n=ℓ
∞
X 1
Ex = |(0.9)n |2 = , Ey = Ex
1 − 0.92
n=0
rxy [ℓ]
ρxy [ℓ] = √ p = (1 − 0.9)2 (ℓ + 1)(0.9)ℓ u[ℓ]
Ex Ey
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 171

(c) Solution:
∞
X
rxy [ℓ] = (0.9)n u[n](0.9)n+5−ℓ u[n + 5 − ℓ]
n=−∞
∞
X ∞
X
= u[−ℓ + 4] (0.9)2n+5−ℓ + u[ℓ − 5] (0.9)2n+5−ℓ
n=0 n=ℓ−5
1 
5−ℓ ℓ−5

= 0.9 u[−ℓ + 4] + 0.9 u[ℓ − 5]
1 − 0.92
∞
X 1
Ex = |(0.9)n |2 = , Ey = Ex
1 − 0.92
n=0
 
ρxy [ℓ] = 0.95−ℓ u[−ℓ + 4] + 0.9ℓ−5 u[ℓ − 5]

19. function [rxy,l] = ccrs(x,nx,y,ny)

% P0419: Define function computing correlation rxy
% between two finite length signals
% % Verification:
% nx = -2:2;
% ny = -2:2;
% x = [1 2 3 2 1];
% y = [2 1 0 -1 -2];
[rxy l] = conv0(x(:),nx(:),flipud(y(:)),sort(-ny));
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 172

Basic Problems
20. Solution:

x1 [n] = x1 [n + mN1 ], x2 [n] = x1 [n + mN2 ], m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

x[n + N1 N2 ] = x1 [n + N1 N2 ] + x2 [n + N1 N2 ] = x1 [n] + x2 [n] = x[n]

x[n] is always periodic, and the fundamental period N is the least common
multiple of N1 , N2 .

21. (a) Solution:

2π 2 2π π
T1 = = , T2 = =
3π 3 4 2
x1 (t) is aperiodic.
(b) Solution:
2π
N= = 20
0.1π
x2 [n] is periodic with fundamental period N = 20.
(c) Solution:
2π 1 2π 1
T1 = = , T2 = =
3000π 1500 2000π 1000
1
x3 (t) is periodic with fundamental period T = 500 .
(d) Solution:
2π
N1 = = 22π
1/11
x4 [n] is aperiodic.
(e) Solution:
2π 2π 2π
N1 = = 10, N2 = = 12, N= =4
π/5 π/6 π/2

x5 [n] is periodic with fundamental period N = 60.

22. (a) Solution:

x(t) = cos(15πt) =⇒ x[n] = x(nT ) = cos(15πnT )

2π 2
N= =
15πT 15T
T is a rational number so that x[n] is periodic.
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 173

(b) Solution:
2 4
T = 0.1 =⇒ N =
=
15T 3
Hence, the fundamental period of the sequence x[n] is N = 4.

23. Solution:
1 1
Z
ck = x(t)e− j2πkF0 t dt, F0 =
T0 T0 T0

T0 !
0
1
Z Z
− j2πk T1 t 2 − j2πk T1 t
ck = A (1 + 2t/T0 )e 0 dt + A (1 − 2t/T0 )e 0 dt
T0 −
T0
0
2
T0 !
2A 1 A(1 − cos πk)
Z
2
= (1 − 2t/T0 ) cos 2πk tdt =
T0 0 T0 (πk)2

(a)

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.5 1

0.4
0.5
0.3
0
0.2
−0.5
0.1

0 −1
−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15
kF kF
0 0

(a) (b)

FIGURE 4.21: (a) Magnitude spectra of x(t) for A = 1 and T0 = 1. (b) Phase
spectra of x(t) for A = 1 and T0 = 1.

(b)
M ATLAB script:
% Determine the Fourier series coefficients
% and plot its magnitude and phase spectra
close all; clc
%% Plot spectra
T0 = 1; F = 1/T0;
A = 1;
m = 15;
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 174

x(t) x5(t)
1
1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2
t t
(a) (b)

x10(t) x30(t)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2
t t
(c) (d)

FIGURE 4.22: (a) x(t) for A = 1 and T0 = 1. (b) x5 (t). (c) x10 (t). (b) x30 (t).

% m = 10;
% m = 30;
k = -m:m;
ck = A*(1-cos(pi*k))./(pi*k).^2;
ck(k==0) = A/2;
ck_mag = abs(ck);
ck_phase = angle(ck);
hfa = figconfg(’P0423a’,’small’);
stem(k,ck_mag,’filled’)
xlabel(’kF_0’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title(’Magnitude Spectra’,’fontsize’,TFS)
hfb = figconfg(’P0423b’,’small’);
stem(k,ck_phase,’filled’)
xlabel(’kF_0’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title(’Phase Spectra’,’fontsize’,TFS)
%% Part (b):
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 175

t = linspace(-2*T0,2*T0,1000)’;
tt = t;
while any(tt<-T0/2)
tt(tt<-T0/2) = tt(tt<-T0/2)+T0;
end
while any(tt>T0/2)
tt(tt>T0/2) = tt(tt>T0/2)-T0;
end
xt = A*(1-2*abs(tt)/T0);
xmt = real(exp(j*2*pi*F*t*k)*ck(:));
hfc = figconfg(’P0423c’,’small’);
plot(t,xt,’linewidth’,2)
xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title(’x(t)’,’fontsize’,TFS)
hfd = figconfg(’P0423d’,’small’);
plot(t,xmt,’linewidth’,2)
xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title([’x_{’,num2str(m),’}(t)’],’fontsize’,TFS)

24. (a) Solution:

Z ∞ Z ∞
− j2πF t
X(F ) = x1 (t)e dt = (1 − t2 )[u(t) − u(t − 1)]e− j2πF t dt
−∞ −∞
1 2e− j2πF 2(e− j2πF − 1)
= + +
j2πF ( j2πF )2 ( j2πF )3

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.8 2

0.6 1

0.4 0

0.2 −1

0 −2
−10 −5 0 5 10 −10 −5 0 5 10
F F
(a) (b)

FIGURE 4.23: (a) Magnitude and phase spectra of signal x1 (t) = (1 − t2 )[u(t) −
u(t − 1)].
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 176

(b) Solution:
Z ∞ Z ∞
− j2πF t
X(F ) = x2 (t)e dt = e−3|t| sin 2πte− j2πF t dt
−∞ −∞
−48 jπ 2 F
=
(4π F + 12 jπF − 9 − 4π 2 )(4π 2 F 2 − 12 jπF − 9 − 4π 2 )
2 2

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.4 2

0.3 1

0.2 0

0.1 −1

0 −2
−10 −5 0 5 10 −10 −5 0 5 10
F F
(a) (b)

FIGURE 4.24: (a) Magnitude and phase spectra of signal x2 (t) = e−3|t| sin 2πt.

(c) Solution:
sin πt sin 2πt
x3 (t) = 2 = 2sinc(t)sinc(2t)
πt 2πt

− 12 ≤ F ≤ 12

1,
CTFT(sinc(t)) =
0, otherwise
1

CTFT(sinc(2t)) = 2, −1 ≤ F ≤ 1
, Time Scaling Property
0, otherwise
X3 (F ) = 2 · CTFT(sinc(t)) ∗ CTFT(sinc(2t))
− 21 ≤ F ≤ 12

 1,
3
− 23 ≤ F ≤ − 12

F + 2,

=

 −F + 32 , 1
2 ≤F ≤ 2
3

0, otherwise

CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 177

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

2 1

1.5 0.5

1 0

0.5 −0.5

0 −1
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2
F F
(a) (b)

sin πt sin 2πt

FIGURE 4.25: (a) Magnitude and phase spectra of signal x3 (t) = πt πt .

25. (a) Solution:

% Compute partial sum defined in P0425
close all; clc
%% Part (a):
L = 2; N = 9;
M = [1,2,3,4];
ind = 4;
k = -M(ind):M(ind);
ak = (2*L+1)/N*ones(1,length(k));
indk = mod(k,N)~=0;
ak(indk) = sin(k(indk)*(L+1/2)*2*pi/N)./sin(k(indk)*pi/N)/N;
n = -20:20;
xhatM = ak*exp(j*2*pi*k(:)*n/N);
isreal(xhatM)
% Plot
hfa = figconfg(’P0425’,’small’);
stem(n,xhatM,’filled’)
xlabel(’n’,’fontsize’,LFS)
ylabel(’x_M[n]’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title([’M = ’,num2str(M(ind))],’fontsize’,TFS)
(b) tba
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 178

M=1 M=2
1.5 1.5

1 1
x [n]

xM[n]
0.5 0.5
M

0 0

−0.5 −0.5
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n
(a) (b)

M=3 M=4
1.5 1.5

1 1
x [n]

xM[n]
0.5 0.5
M

0 0

−0.5 −0.5
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n
(c) (d)

FIGURE 4.26: Sequences x̂M [n]. (a) M = 1. (b) M = 2. (c) M = 3. (d) M = 4.

26. (a) Solution:

x1 [n] = 4 cos(1.2πn + 60◦ ) + 6 sin(0.4πn − 30◦ )
 π 2π π 2π
  π 2π π 2π

= 4 e j 3 e j 5 3n + e− j 3 e j 5 (−3)n + 6 e− j 6 e j 5 n − e j 6 e j 5 (−1)n

0,

 k = 5m
 − j π6


 6e , k = 5m + 1
− j π3
ck = 4e , k = 5m + 2 m = 0, ±1, ±2
j π3 k = 5m + 3
4e ,



 π
−6e j 6 , k = 5m + 4


(b) Solution:
3
1X 2π
ck = x2 [n]e− j 4 kn
4
n=0
 
1 π −jπ k 3π − j 3π k 1 π π 
= 1 + cos e 2 + 0 − cos e 2 = 1 + 2 cos cos k
4 4 4 4 4 2
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 179

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

6 2

5
1
4

3 0

2
−1
1

0 −2
−10 −5 0 5 10 −10 −5 0 5 10
k k

FIGURE 4.27: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x1 [n] =

4 cos(1.2πn + 60◦ ) + 6 sin(0.4πn − 30◦ ).

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.8 4

0.6 3

0.4 2

0.2 1

0 0
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 −10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k k

FIGURE 4.28: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x2 [n] =

| cos(0.25πn)|, 0 ≤ n ≤ 3.

(c) Solution:
7
1X 2π
ck = x5 [n]e− j 8 kn
8
n=0
1h − j 2π k − j 2π k3 − j 2π k4 − j 2π k5 − j 2π k7
i
= 1+e 8 + e 8 + e 8 + e 8 + e 8
8 
1 kπ 3kπ
= 1 + 2 cos( ) + 2 cos( ) + cos(kπ)
8 4 4
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 180

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.8 4

0.6 3

0.4 2

0.2 1

0 0
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 −10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k k

FIGURE 4.29: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x3 [n].

(d) Solution:
11
1 Xh  πn i 2π
ck = 1 − sin e− j 4 kn
12 n=0 12

1 π kπ 3π kπ
= 1 + (1 − sin( ))2 cos( ) + (1 − sin( ))2 cos( )
12 4 6 4 2

2kπ 5π 5kπ
+2 cos( ) + (1 − sin( ))2 cos( ) + 2 cos(kπ)
3 4 6

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.8 4

0.6 3

0.4 2

0.2 1

0 0
−10 −5 0 5 10 −10 −5 0 5 10
k k

FIGURE 4.30: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x4 [n] = 1 −

sin(πn/4), 0 ≤ n ≤ 11 (one period).

(e) Solution:
6
1X 2π
ck = x5 [n]e− j 7 kn
7 n=0
1 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π

= 1 − 2e−j 7 k + e−j 7 k·2 − e−j 7 k·4 + 2e−j 7 k·5 − e−j 7 k·6
7
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 181

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

1 4

0.8
2
0.6
0
0.4
−2
0.2

0 −4
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 −10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k k

FIGURE 4.31: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x5 [n].

27. (a) Solution:

N −1 N −1+n
X 0
1 X 2π 1 2π 2π 2π
x[n−n0 ]e− j N kn = x[n]e− j N kn ·e j N kn0 = e− j N kn0 ak
N n=0 N n=n0

(b) Solution:
N −1
1 X 2π 2π
(x[n] − x[n − 1])e− j N kn = ak − e j N k ak
N n=0

(c) Solution:
N −1 N −1
1 X n − j 2π kn 1 X jnπ 2π
(−1) x[n]e N = e x[n]e− j N kn
N n=0 N n=0
N −1
1 X 2π
x[n]e− j N (k− 2 )n = ak− N
N
=
N 2
n=0

(d) tba

28. (a) Solution:

y[n] = |x[n]|2 = x[n] · x∗ [n]
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 182

N −1 N −1
1 X − j 2π kn 1 X 2π
bk = y[n]e N = x[n] · x∗ [n]e− j N kn
N n=0 N n=0
N −1 N −1
!
1 X X 2π 2π
= am e j N mn · x∗ [n]e− j N kn
N
n=0 m=0
N −1 N −1
!
X 1 X ∗ 2π
= am x [n]e− j N (k−m)n
m=0
N n=0
N
X −1
= am · a∗m−k
m=0

(b) Solution:
If ak are real, we can claim that bk are real as well.

29. (a) Proof:

N −1 N −1
1 X − j 2π kn 1 X 2π
ck = y[n]e N = h[n]x[n]e− j N kn
N n=0 N n=0
N −1 N −1
!
1 X X 2π 2π
= aℓ e j N ℓn x[n]e− j N kn
N
n=0 ℓ=0
N −1 N −1
!
X 1 X 2π
= aℓ x[n]e− j N (k−ℓ)n
N n=0
ℓ=0
N
X −1
= aℓ bk−ℓ
ℓ=0
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 183

(b) Solution:
7 3
1X 2π 1X π
ck = h[n]x[n]e− j 8 kn = sin(3πn/4)e− j 4 kn
8 n=0 8 n=0
       
1 3π π 3π π 9π 3π
= sin · e− j 4 k + sin · e− j 2 k + sin · e− j 4 k
8 4 2 4
 
1 1
ak = 0, 0, 0, , 0, − , 0, 0 , 0 ≤ k ≤ 7
2j 2j
1 π π 3π

bk = 1 + e− j 4 k + e− j 2 k + +e− j 4 k
8
7
X 1 1 π π 3π

aℓ bk−ℓ = 1 + e− j 4 (k−3) + e− j 2 (k−3) + +e− j 4 (k−3)
2j 8
ℓ=0
1 1 π π 3π

− 1 + e− j 4 (k+3) + e− j 2 (k+3) + +e− j 4 (k+3)
2j 8
       
1 3π − j π4 k 3π − j π2 k 9π − j 3π k
= sin ·e + sin ·e + sin ·e 4
8 4 2 4
= ck

30. (a) Solution:  n−1

1 1
x1 [n] = u[n − 1]
3 3
1 − jω
3e
X1 e jω =


1 − 31 e− jω

(b) Solution:
 5  n
1 1  
x2 [n] = u[n] e jπn/4 + e− jπn/4
2 4

 5 " #
jω

1 e−2 j(ω−π/4) e−2 j(ω+π/4)
X2 e = +
2 1 − 14 e− j(ω−π/4) 1 − 14 e− j(ω+π/4)

(c) Solution:
16 − j4ω 2
0 ≤ |ω| ≤ π4

jω


π2
e ,
X3 e = π2
0, 4 < |ω| < π
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 184

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.5 4

0.45
2
0.4
0
0.35
−2
0.3

0.25 −4
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.32: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x1 [n] = (1/3)n u[n −
1].

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.016 4

0.014
2
0.012
0
0.01
−2
0.008

0.006 −4
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.33: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x2 [n] =

(1/4)n cos(πn/4)u[n − 2].

(d) Solution:
9

X 1
X4 e jω = e j0.1πn − e− j0.1πn e− jnω


2j
n=0
" #
1 1 − e−10 j(ω−0.1π) 1 − e−10 j(ω+0.1π)
= −
2 j 1 − e− j(ω−0.1π) 1 − e− j(ω+0.1π)

(e) Solution:
(
8 π2 2
jω

( − |ω|),
π3 2 0 ≤ |ω| ≤ |2π − π2 |
X5 e = 8(π−2) 2
π2
, |2π − π2 | < |ω| < π
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 185

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

2 4

1.5 2

1 0

0.5 −2

0 −4
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.34: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x3 [n] = sinc(2πn/8)∗
sinc{2π(n − 4)/8}.

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

8 4

6 2

4 0

2 −2

0 −4
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.35: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x4 [n] =

sin(0.1πn)(u[n] − u[n − 10]).

31. (a) Solution:

1  π π
 1  π 
x1 [n] = 1 − e j 2 n − e− j 2 n = 1 − 2 cos n
2π 2π 2
(b) Solution:
1 n
x2 [n] = sinc
5 5
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 186

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

1.5 1

0.5
1

0.5
−0.5

0 −1
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.36: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x5 [n] = sinc2 (πn/4).

(c) Solution:
π
!
0
1 −2ω jnω 2ω jnω
Z Z
2
x3 [n] = e dω + e dω
2π − π2 π 0 π
π
1 2ω
Z
2
= 2 j sin(nω)dω
2π 0 π
−j π 2j π
= cos( n) + 2 2 sin( n)
nπ 2 n π 2
(d) Solution:
−ωc − ∆ω 0 ωc − ∆ω
1
Z Z Z
2 2
jnω jnω
x4 [n] = e dω + e dω + e jnω dω
2π −π −ωc + ∆ω 0
2
Z π !
+ e jnω dω
ωc + ∆ω
2

ωc − ∆ω
!
π
1
Z Z
2
= 2 j sin(nω)dω + 2 j sin(nω)dω
2π ωc + ∆ω 0
2
 
j ∆ω ∆ω
= 1 − cos(πn) + cos[(ωc + )n] − cos[(ωc − )n]
πn 2 2

32. (a) Solution:

X1 e jω = 2e2 jω X e jω + 3e−3 jω X e jω

(b) Solution:
1  j π j0.2πn π
 1 π π

x2 [n] = e 6e + e− j 6 e− j0.2πn + e j 6 e j0.2πn + e− j 6 e− j0.2πn x[n]
2 2
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 187

1 π π 1 π π 1 π π
1 π π

X2 e jω = e j 6 δ(ω− )+ e− j 6 δ(ω+ )+ e j 6 X e j(ω− 5 ) + e− j 6 X e j(ω+ 5 )
2 5 2 5 2 2
(c) Solution:
x3 [n] = (2e− jπ )e j0.5πn x[n + 2]
X3 e jω = −2e j2(ω−0.5π) X e j(ω−0.5π)

(d) Solution:

1
1
∗
X4 e jω = X e jω − X e jω
2 2
(e) Solution:
π π
x5 [n] = e j 2 n x[n + 1] + e− j 2 n x[n − 1]
π
π π
π
X5 e jω = X e j(ω− 2 ) e j(ω− 2 ) + X e j(ω+ 2 ) e− j(ω+ 2 )

33. (a) Solution:

π
jω

j(ω− π2 )

2 j(ω− π2 ) e2 j(ω− 2 )
X1 e =X e e = π
1 + 0.8e− j(ω− 2 )

(b) Solution:  
1 j0.4πn 1 − j0.4πn
x2 [n] = x[n] e + e
2 2

1
1
X2 e jω = X e j(ω−0.4π) + X e j(ω−0.4π)


2 2
1 1
2 2
= +
1+ 0.8e− j(ω−0.4π) 1 + 0.8e− j(ω+0.4π)

(c) Solution:
1 1
X3 e jω = X e jω X e− jω =




− jω
·
1 + 0.8e 1 + 0.8e jω
1
=
1 + 1.6 cos(ω) + 0.64

(d) Solution:
∞ ∞
X X ω ω
jω − jωn
x[n]e− j 2 n = X e j 2



X4 e = x[2n]e =
n=−∞ n=−∞
1
= ω
1 + 0.8e− j 2
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 188

(e) Solution:
x[n] = (−0.8)n u[n]
∞
jω
X 1
(−0.8)2m e− jω2m =


X5 e =
1 − 0.82 e− j2ω
m=0

34. (a) Solution:

∞
X
jω


XR e = xI [n] sin(ωn), odd symmetric
n=−∞

∞
X
jω


XI e = xI [n] cos(ωn), even symmetric
n=−∞

xR [n] = 0,
1
Z
[XR e jω sin(ωn)+XI e jω cos(ωn)]dω,



xI [n] = nonsymmetric
2π 2π

(b) Solution:
∞
X
XR e jω =


xI [n] sin(ωn), odd symmetric
n=−∞

∞
X
XI e jω =


xI [n] cos(ωn), even symmetric
n=−∞

xR [n] = 0,
1
Z
[XR e jω sin(ωn)+XI e jω cos(ωn)]dω,



xI [n] = even symmetric
2π 2π

(c) Solution:
∞
X
XR e jω =


xI [n] sin(ωn), odd symmetric
n=−∞

∞
X
XI e jω =


xI [n] cos(ωn), even symmetric
n=−∞

xR [n] = 0,
1
Z
[XR e jω sin(ωn)+XI e jω cos(ωn)]dω,



xI [n] = odd symmetric
2π 2π
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 189

35. (a) Proof:

∞
X
rxy [ℓ] = x[n]y[n − ℓ], −∞ ≤ ℓ ≤ ∞
n=−∞

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
Rxy (ω) = rxy [ℓ]e− jωℓ = x[n]y[n − ℓ]e− jωℓ
ℓ=−∞ ℓ=−∞ n=−∞
∞ ∞
!
X X
= x[n] y[n − ℓ]e− jωℓ
n=−∞ ℓ=−∞
∞ ∞
!
X X
= x[n]e− jωn y[n − ℓ]e− jω(ℓ−n)
n=−∞ ℓ=−∞
∞ ∞
! !
X X
− jωn jωm
= x[n]e y[m]e
n=−∞ m=−∞
jω
Y e− jω



=X e

(b) Proof:
Rx (ω) = X e jω X e− jω




∗
Since x[n] is real, X e− jω = X e jω , hence

Rx (ω) = |X e jω |2

36. (a) See plot below.

(b) Comments:
The larger the delay D is, the smaller the correspondent rxy [ℓ] will be.
Hence, we can distinguish the delay D from the observation of rxy [ℓ].

% P0436: Compute and plot correlation between x[n] and y[n]

% close all; clc
nx = -200:200;
xn = sin(0.2*pi*nx);
wn = randn(1,length(xn));
wn = sqrt(0.1)*wn;

D = 10;
% D = 20;
% D = 50;
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 190

ny = nx+D;
yn = xn + wn;

[c lagc] = xcorr(xn(1+D:end),yn(1:end-D),100);
% Plot:
hf = figconfg(’P0436’,’long’);
plot(lagc,c)
xlabel(’lag l’,’fontsize’,LFS)
ylabel(’r_{xy}[l]’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title([’Cross Correlation: D = ’,num2str(D)],’fontsize’,TFS)
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 191

Cross Correlation: D = 10
200

100
r [l]

0
xy

−100

−200
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
lag l
(a)

Cross Correlation: D = 20
200

100
r [l]

0
xy

−100

−200
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
lag l
(b)

Cross Correlation: D = 50
200

100
r [l]

0
xy

−100

−200
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
lag l
(c)

FIGURE 4.37: Cross correlation rxy [ℓ] plot of (a) D = 10. (b) D = 20. (c)
D = 50.
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 192

Assessment Problems
37.
Periodic Signal x1(t)
0.4

0.2
x1(t)

−0.2

−0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t
(a)

Aperiodic Signal x2(t)

0.5
x2(t)

−0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t
(b)

FIGURE 4.38: Examples of (a) a periodic signal x1 (t) and (b) an “almost”-periodic
signal x2 (t).

% P0437: Generate and plot signals given in Figure4.3

close all; clc
t = linspace(0,1,1000);
F0 = 10;
x1 = cos(2*pi*F0*t)/3 - cos(2*pi*3*F0*t)/10 + ...
cos(2*pi*5*F0*t)/20;
x2 = cos(2*pi*F0*t)/3 - cos(2*pi*sqrt(8)*F0*t)/10 + ...
cos(2*pi*sqrt(51)*F0*t)/20;

% Plot:
hfa = figconfg(’P0437a’,’long’);
plot(t,x1)
xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 193

ylabel(’x_1(t)’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title(’Periodic Signal x_1(t)’,’fontsize’,TFS)
hfb = figconfg(’P0437b’,’long’);
plot(t,x2)
xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
ylabel(’x_2(t)’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title(’Aperiodic Signal x_2(t)’,’fontsize’,TFS)

38. (a) Solution:

2π 2 2π 2
T1 = = , T2 = = , T =2
7π 7 11π 11
x1 (t) is periodic with fundamental period T = 2.
(b) Solution:
√
2π √ 2π 2 √
T1 = √ = 2π, T2 = √ = π, T = 2π
2 2 2 2
√
x2 (t) is periodic with fundamental period T = 2π.
(c) Solution:

T1 = 22π, T2 = 158π, T3 = 68π, T1 = 22π, T = 2×11×79×31π

x3 (t) is periodic with fundamental period T = 2 × 11 × 79 × 31π =

53, 878π.
(d) Solution:
2π 2π
N1 = = 14, N2 = = 22, N = 154
π/7 π/11

x4 [n] is periodic with fundamental period N = 154.

(e) Solution:
2π 1 2π
N1 = × = 10, N2 = = 11, N = 110
0.1π 2 2π/11

x5 [n] is periodic with fundamental period N = 110.

CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 194

39. Proof:
N −1
X X 2π 2π X 2π
sk [n]s∗m [n] = e j N kn e− j N mn = e j N (k−m)n
n=<N > n=<N > n=0

if k − m 6= 0,
2π
X 1 − e j N (k−m)N 1−1
sk [n]s∗m [n] = = =0
j 2π (k−m) 2π
n=<N > 1−e N 1 − e j N (k−m)
if k − m = 0,
X N
X −1
sk [n]s∗m [n] = 1=N
n=<N > n=0

40.
M ATLAB script:

% P0440: Generate and plot signals given in Figure4.12

close all; clc
tau = 0.4;
F0 = 1;
T0 = 1/F0;
t = linspace(-T0,T0,1000);
A = 1;
% m = [5,7,59];
m = 59;
k = -100:100;
c = A*tau*F0*sinc(k*F0*tau);
temp = repmat(c,length(t),1).*exp(j*2*pi*F0*t’*k);
ind = (k>=-m)&(k<=m);
xm = sum(temp(:,ind),2);
% Plot:
hf = figconfg(’P0440’,’long’);
plot(t,xm)
set(gca,’Xtick’,[-T0,-tau/2,0,tau/2,T0])
set(gca,’XtickLabel’,{’-T_0’,’-\tau/2’,’0’,’\tau/2’,’T_0’})
xlabel(’t’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title([’x_{’,num2str(m),’}(t)’],’fontsize’,TFS)
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 195

x5(t)
1.5

0.5

−0.5
−T_0 −\tau/2 0 \tau/2 T_0
t
(a)

x7(t)
1.5

0.5

−0.5
−T_0 −\tau/2 0 \tau/2 T_0
t
(b)

x59(t)
1.5

0.5

−0.5
−T_0 −\tau/2 0 \tau/2 T_0
t
(c)

FIGURE 4.39: Fourier series approximation of a rectangular pulse train.

CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 196

41. Proof:
N −1 N −1
1 X 1 X
Pav = |x[n]|2 = x[n] · x∗ [n]
N n=0 N n=0
N −1 N −1
! N −1 !
1 X X 2π X 2π
= ck e j N kn c∗m e− j N mn
N
n=0 k=0 m=0
N −1 N −1 N −1
!
1 X X ∗
X 2π
j N kn − j 2π mn
= ck cm e e N
N m=0 n=0
k=0
N −1
1 X
= ck c∗k N
N
k=0
N
X −1
= |ck |2
k=0

42. Comments:
The fundamental period for L = 6 is 4π and the fundamental period for
L = 7 is 2π.

% P0442: Compute and plot the Dirichlet function

% defined in (4.80)
close all; clc
L = 6;
% L = 7;
% w = linspace(-3*pi,3*pi,1000);
w = linspace(-4*pi,4*pi,1000);
D = diric(w,L);
% Plot:
hf = figconfg(’P0442’,’long’);
plot(w/pi,D)
xlabel(’\omega/\pi’,’fontsize’,LFS)
ylabel(’X(e^{j\omega})’,’fontsize’,LFS)
title([’Dirichlet Function: L = ’,num2str(L)],’fontsize’,TFS)
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 197

Dirichlet Function: L = 6
1

X(ejω) 0.5

−0.5

−1
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
ω/π

(a)

Dirichlet Function: L = 7
1

0.5
X(ejω)

−0.5
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
ω/π

(b)

FIGURE 4.40: The Dirichlet function for (a) L = 6 and (b) L = 7.

43. Solution:
N
X −1
jω
x[n]e− jωn


X e =
n=0

The linear system is

e− jω0 ·0 e− jω0 ·1 e− jω0 ·(N −1) X e jω0

   

··· x[0]
 e− jω1 ·0 e− jω1 ·1 ··· e− jω1 ·(N −1)  x[1]   X e jω1 
.. .. .. .. = ..
    
 ..  
 . . . .  .   . 
X e jωN−1


e− jωN−1 ·0 e− jωN−1 ·1 · · · e− jωN−1 ·(N −1) x[N − 1]

The N samples of x[n] can be solved by

−1 
e− jω0 ·0 e− jω0 ·1 e− jω0 ·(N −1) X e jω0



···
   
x[0]
 x[1]   e− jω1 ·0 e− jω1 ·1 ··· e− jω1 ·(N −1)   X e jω1 
.. = ..
     
 .. .. .. ..   
 .   . . . .   . 
e− jωN−1 ·0 e− jωN−1 ·1 · · · e− jωN−1 ·(N −1) X e jωN−1


x[N − 1]
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 198

44. (a) Solution:

5
1 X 2π
ck = x1 [n]e− j 7 kn
7 n=−1
1  j 2π k 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π

= e 7 + 2 + 3e− j 7 k + 3e− j 7 k·2 + 3e− j 7 k·3 + 2e− j 7 k·4 + e− j 7 k·5
7

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

2.5 4

2
2
1.5
0
1
−2
0.5

0 −4
−2 0 2 4 6 −2 0 2 4 6
k k

FIGURE 4.41: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x1 [n].

(b) Solution:
4
1 X 2π
ck = x2 [n]e− j 10 kn
10
n=−5
4
j X
= (− ) sin(0.2πn) sin(0.2πkn)
5 n=1

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

0.5 2

0.4
1
0.3
0
0.2
−1
0.1

0 −2
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
k k

FIGURE 4.42: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x2 [n].

CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 199

(c) Solution:

x3 [n] = e j2πn/7 + e jπn/3 + e jπn/7

2π 2π 2π
= e j 42 n·6 + e j 42 n·7 + e j 42 n·3

ck = 1, k = 3, 6, 7

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

1 1

0.8
0.5
0.6
0
0.4
−0.5
0.2

0 −1
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
k k

FIGURE 4.43: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x3 [n].

(d) Solution:
7
1X 2π
ck = x4 [n]e− j 8 kn
8 n=0
1 π π π π π π π

= 1 + 2e− j 4 k + 3e− j 4 k·2 + 4e− j 4 k·3 + 5e− j 4 k·4 + 6e− j 4 k·5 + 7e− j 4 k·6 + 8e− j 4 k·7
8

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
k k

FIGURE 4.44: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x4 [n].

CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 200

(e) Solution:
1
1X 2π
ck = x5 [n]e− j 2 kn
2
n=0
1 1
= (1 · 1 − 1 · e− jπk ) = (1 − cos πk)
2 2

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

1 1

0.8
0.5
0.6
0
0.4
−0.5
0.2

0 −1
0 1 0 1
k k

FIGURE 4.45: Magnitude and phase spectra of periodic sequence x5 [n].

45. (a) Solution:

2π 2π 2π
bk = ak (e jk N + 2 + e− jk N ) = 2ak (1 + cos( k))
N
(b) Solution:
2π
e− j6πn/N x[n − 2] = e− j N n3 x[n − 2]
2π
bk = ak+3 e− j N (k+3)2

(c) Solution:
3  j 2π n5 2π

3 cos(2π5n/N )x[−n] = e N + e− j N n5 x[−n]
2
3 3
bk = a−(k−5) + a−(k+5)
2 2
(d) Solution:
bk = ak + a∗k
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 201

46. Proof:
∞ ∞  
1
X X Z
x1 [n]x∗2 [n] X1 e e dω x∗2 [n]
jω

jωn
=
n=−∞ n=−∞
2π 2π
∞
!
1
Z
jω

X ∗ jωn
= X1 e x2 [n]e dω
2π 2π n=−∞
∞
!∗
1
Z X
X1 e jω x2 [n]e− jωn dω


=
2π 2π n=−∞
1
Z

∗
X1 e jω X2 e jω dω


=
2π 2π

47. tba

48. (a) Solution:

3
X1 e jω =


1 − 0.9e− jω

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

30 2

25
1
20

15 0

10
−1
5

0 −2
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.46: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x1 [n] = 3(0.9)n u[n].

(b) Solution:
x2 [n] = 2 · 0.84 (−0.8)n−2 u[n − 2]

2 · 0.84 e− j2ω
X2 e jω =
1 + 0.8e− jω
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 202

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

5 4

4
2
3
0
2
−2
1

0 −4
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.47: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x2 [n] =

2(−0.8)n+2 u[n − 2].

(c) Solution:
x3 [n] = (−0.7)(n−2)(−0.7)n−2 u[n−2]+4·(−0.7)(−0.7)n−2 u[n−2]

0.72 e− j3ω 4 · 0.7 · e− j2ω

X3 e jω =


−
(1 + 0.7e− jω )2 1 + 0.7e− jω

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

15 4

2
10

5
−2

0 −4
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.48: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x3 [n] = (n +

2)(−0.7)n−1 u[n − 2].

(d) Solution:
5
xr [n] = · (−0.8)n (e j0.1πn + e− j0.1πn )u[n]
2
 
jω

5 1 1
X4 e = +
2 1 + 0.8e− j(ω−0.1π) 1 + 0.8e− j(ω+0.1π)
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 203

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

20 1

15 0.5

10 0

5 −0.5

0 −1
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.49: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x4 [n] =

5(−0.8)n cos(0.1πn)u[n].

(e) Solution:
10
X 10
X 10
X
X5 e jω = (0.7).|n| e− jnω = (0.7).n e jnω + 1 + (0.7).n e− jnω


n=−10 n=1 n=1
0.7e jω (1 − 10
0.7 e j10ω ) 0.7e− jω (1
− 0.710 e− j10ω )
= +1+
1 − 0.7e jω 1 − 0.7e− jω

Magnitude Spectra Phase Spectra

6 1

5
0.5
4

3 0

2
−0.5
1

0 −1
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
ω/π ω/π

FIGURE 4.50: Magnitude and phase response for sequence x4 [n] =

5(−0.8)n cos(0.1πn)u[n].
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 204

49. (a) Solution:

3
X1 e jω = 2 + (e jω + e− jω ) + 2(e j3ω + e− j3ω )


2
3
x1 [n] = 2δ[n] + (δ[n + 1] + δ[n − 1]) + 2(δ[n + 3] + δ[n − 3])
2
(b) Solution:
 
5
X2 e jω = 1 + (e j2ω + e− j2ω ) + 4(e j4ω + e− j4ω ) e− j3ω


2

5
x2 [n] = δ[n − 3] + (δ[n − 1] + δ[n − 5]) + 4(δ[n + 1] + δ[n − 7])
2
(c) Solution:
 
jω

− j4ω 3 jω − jω 1 j2ω − j2ω
X3 e = je 2 + (e + e ) + (e +e )
2 2

3 1
x3 [n] = 2 jδ[n − 4] + j(δ[n − 3] + δ[n − 5]) + j(δ[n − 2] + δ[n − 6])
2 2
(d) Solution:
 
jω

1, 0 ≤ |ω| ≤ π/8 1, 0 ≤ |ω| ≤ 3π/4
X4 e = +
0, π/8 ≤ |ω| ≤ π 0, 3π/4 ≤ |ω| ≤ π

1 n 3 3n
x4 [n] = sinc( ) + sinc( )
8 8 4 4
(e) Solution:
X5 e jω = ωe j(π/2) e− j5ω = jωe− j5ω

Z 2π
1 j
x[n] = ωe jnω dω = −
2π 0 n
1
x5 [n] =
n−5
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 205

50. (a) Proof:

∞
X nX
0 +N X
X e jω = x[n]e− jnω = x̃[n]e− jnω = x̃[n]e− jnω


n=−∞ n=n0 +1 <N >

1 X 2π 1 2π

ak = x̃[n]e− jn N k = X e j N k
N N
<N >

(b) Solution:
4
1 X − j 2π kn 1  2π 2π 2π 2π

ak = e 5 = 1 + e− j 5 k + e− j 5 k·2 + e− j 5 k·3 + e− j 5 k·4
5 5
n=0

4

X
X e jω = e− jnω = 1 + e− jω + e− j2ω + e− j3ω + e− j4ω

n=0
1 j 2π k

1 − j 2π k − j2 2π k − j3 2π k − j4 2π k

X e 5 = 1+e 5 + e 5 + e 5 + e 5
5 5

51. (a) Solution:

1 1 1 1
x1 [n] = x[n + 2] + x[n + 1] + x[n − 1] + x[n − 2]
3 6 6 3

1 1 1 1
X1 e jω = X e jω e j2ω + X e jω e jω + X e jω e− jω + X e jω e− j2ω





3 6 6 3
(b) Solution:
 
1
x2 [n] = (0.9)n u[n] (e j0.1πn + e− j0.1πn ) ∗ x[n − 2]
2
 

1 1 1
X2 e jω = jω − j2ω


+ X e e
2 1 − 0.9e− j(ω−0.1π) 1 − 0.9e− j(ω+0.1π)
(c) Solution:  2
n n
x3 [n] = j · x[n − 1] − x[n − 2]
j j
dX e jω e− jω d2 X e jω e− j2ω



jω


X3 e =j −
dω dω 2
(d) Solution:
X e jω − jX ∗ e jω



jω


X4 e =
2
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 206

(e) Solution:
1 j0.4πn
x5 [n] = (−0.7)n u[n] · (e − e− j0.4πn ) ∗ x[n + 2]
2j
 
jω

1 1 1 jω 2 jω


X5 e = − X e e
2 j 1 + 0.7e− j(ω−0.4π) 1 + 0.7e− j(ω+0.4π)

52. Solution:
∞
1
X Z
x1 [n]x∗2 [n] X1 e jω X2∗ e jω dω



Parseval’s Theorem: =
n=−∞
2π 2π

sin(πn/4) 1
x1 [n] = = sinc(n/4)
2πn 8
1 2ω
X1 e jω = rect( )


2 π
sin(πn/6) 1
x2 [n] = = sinc(n/6)
5πn 30

1 3ω
X1 e jω = rect( )
5 π
Z π
1 6 1 1 1
S= · dω =
2π − 2 5
π 60
6
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 207

53. Solution:
1
x[n] = (e jω0 n + e− jω0 n )(u[n] − u[n − M ])
2

M
X −1
e− jnω = 1 + e− jω + e− j2ω + · · · + e− j(M −1)ω
n=0
1 − e− jM ω 1 − cos M ω + j sin M ω
= =
1 − e− jω 1 − cos ω + j sin ω
PM −1
The real part of n=0 e− jnω is given by

(1 − cos M ω + j sin M ω)(1 − cos M ω − j sin M ω)

XR e jω =
(1 − cos ω)2 + sin2 ω
1 − cos M ω − cos ω + (cos M ω cos ω + sin M ω sin ω)
=
2 − 2 cos ω
2 sin2 (ω/2) + (cos(M − 1)ω − cos(M ω))
=
4 sin2 (ω/2)
sin(ω/2) + sin( 2M2−1 ω)
=
2 sin(ω/2)
sin(2M ω/4) cos( 2M4−2 ω)
=
sin(ω/2)
(M + 1)ω sin M2ω
= cos
2 sin ω2

Simply applying frequency-shifting property, we can prove that:

n oh i
X e jω = 21 cos (ω−ω0 )(M −1) sin{(ω−ω0 )M/2}


2 sin{(ω−ω0 )/2}
n oh i
+ 21 cos (ω+ω0 )(M
2
−1) sin{(ω+ω0 )M/2}
sin{(ω+ω0 )/2}

Comments:
As M increases, the DTFT X e jω is closer to the DTFS of cos ω0 n.


CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 208

Real Part of Spectra: M = 5

3

2
X(e )
jω

−1
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ω/π

(a)

Real Part of Spectra: M = 15

8

4
X(e )
jω

−2
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ω/π

(b)

Real Part of Spectra: M = 25

15

10
X(e )
jω

−5
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ω/π

(c)

Real Part of Spectra: M = 100

60

40
X(ejω)

20

−20
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ω/π

(d)

jω


FIGURE 4.51: Plot of X e for ω0 = π/2 and N = 5, 15, 25, 100.
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 209

54. Solution:
(a)
X
X e j0 = x[n] = 0
(b)

|X e jω | = 0,


Real and odd in time =⇒ Imaginary and odd in frequency

(c) Z π
X e jω dω = 2πx[0] = 0


−π
(d)

X X
X e jπ = x[n]e− jπn = x[n] cos πn
n n
= 1 · cos 4π − 2 cos 3π + 3 cos 2π − 4 cos π + 0
+ 4 cos π − 3 cos 2π + 2 cos 3π − cos 4π
=0

(e)
Z π X
|X e jω |2 dω = 2π |x[n]|2 = 120π,


Parseval’s Theorem
−π n
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 210

55. (a) Solution:

∞
X ∞
X
ry [ℓ] = y[n]y[n − ℓ] = (x[n] + ax[n − D])(x[n − ℓ] + ax[n − D − ℓ])
n=−∞ n=−∞
X∞
= (x[n]x[n − ℓ] + x[n] · a · x[n − D − ℓ] + a · x[n − D]x[n − ℓ]
n=−∞
2


+a · x[n − D]x[n − D − ℓ]
= (1 + a2 )rx [ℓ] + a · rx [ℓ + D] + a · rx [ℓ − D]

(b) See plot below.

Autocorrelation ry[l]
300

200

100
r [l]
y

−100

−200
−200 −150 −100 −50 0 50 100 150 200
lag l

FIGURE 4.52: Plot of autocorrelation ry [ℓ].

(c) tba
CHAPTER 4. Fourier Representation of Signals 211

Review Problems
56. See book companion toolbox.
57. (a) Solution:
0.5
1 − 4|t| − j2πkt
Z
ck = e dt
−0.5 2
0 0.5
1 + 4t − j2πkt 1 − 4t − j2πkt
Z Z
= e dt + e dt
−0.5 2 0 2
Z 0.5
= (1 − 4t) cos 2πktdt
0
1 − cos πk
=
π2 k2
(b) See plot below.
Original Periodic Signal: x(t)
0.5
x(t)

−0.5
−2.5 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
t
(a)

DTFT X(ejω)
0.5
X(ejω)

−0.5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ω/π

(b)

FIGURE 4.53: Plot of (a) original periodic signal x(t) and (b) DTFT C e jω .

(c) Solution:
x(t) = C e j2πt

(d) tba