Simulation of Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC -DC Converter for

Battery charging and discharging of PV Battery stand alone system

supplying DC load

B. Tech Research Project-I Report

by

Gaurav Pranami

Roll No: 117EE0388

Under the supervision of

Prof. Monalisa Pattnaik

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology Rourkela

Rourkela-768009

India

April 2021

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Simulation of Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC -DC Converter for Battery charging
and discharging of PV Battery stand alone system supplying DC load

by

Gaurav Pranami

Research Project-I report submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology Rourkela

March 2021

Submitted by : ___________________________________________________

Gaurav Pranami

Approved by: ____________________________________________________

Prof. Monalisa Pattnaik

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INDEX
1. Introduction
2. PV Cell Modelling
3. MPPT Technique
4. DC-DC Boost converter
5. Simulation Results and discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Future Work
8. References

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 1. INTRODUCTION

For the decades the electricity demand of world is being fulfilled by fossil fuels but now
with increasing population the electricity consumption has also increased, so stress on
conventional sources of energy has increased and these are in the verge of getting
exhausted in the coming few decades, so now the demand for renewable sources of energy
generation is increasing. This has helped in decreasing the dependence on fossil fuels and
also helped in decrease of greenhouse gases emissions. PV generation is a very effective
solution for electrification. Currently due to advancement in power conversion techniques,
cheap semiconductor prices and increase in PV cell efficiency PV energy is become a most
promising and feasible source of energy generation.
Every PV cell has an optimal operating point called, maximum power point MPP, which
varies with change in solar irradiance, temperature and array voltage. So we need an
maximum power point tracking MPPT technique to operate the PV array close to MPP
during changing environmental conditions and thus to obtain high conversion efficiency. We
have to employ the MPPT technique with the help of boost converter by controlling the
duty cycle of boost converter, boost converter.
Now a days various MPPT techniques are discussed in literature. The most frequently used
technique is Perturb and observe technique.In this technique the concept of slope dp/dv of
PV curve of PV cell is used. It is simpler to use, has high good conversion efficiency. One
demerit of P & O algorithm is that it contains steady state oscillations at maximum power
point.
In the first part of this project we are designing a boost converter, using P & O MPPT
technique. Final goal of this project is to design a non-isolated DC-DC bidirectional with
open loop topology to control the charging and discharging of Battery.
The system is modelled and designed in MATLAB/Simulink and analysed under standard and
varying atmospheric conditions.

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 2. PV Cell Modelling
Here we have used single diode model of PV cell, in which PV cell is represented by current
source, diode and two resistances as shown in the figure 2.1.
The output current of PV array composed of N s cells connected in series is represented by
equations (1) and (2) as shown below .

I=Iph − Io[exp(Vpv + Ipv*Rs)/a*Vt−1]−(Vpv + Ipv*Rs)/Rsh (1)

 Iph =[Isc + Ki(T−298)]G/1000 (2)
Where,
Iph : is photocurrent. Rs = Series Resistance of cell .

Io : is the reverse saturation current. Rsh = Shunt resistance

Isc : is short circuit current. T = cell Temperature

G = Irradiation in Watt
Vt : is thermal voltage.
Ki = S.C. Current Coefficient
a : is ideality factor.

Fig 1: Single diode circuit of solar cell.

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The specifications of chosen PV module chosen for this work is tabulated in the table
below.All the parameters are given according to standards test conditions (STC) (1.5 AM,
Tstc=298 °K and Gstc=1kW/m2 ).

S.N. Components Pararmeters Specifications

1. Maximum Power (Pm) 200W

2. Maximum Voltage (Vm) 26.4V

3. PV Array Maximum Current (Im) 7.58A

4. Voc 32.9V

5. Isc 8.21A

6. Capacitance (C) 100uF

7. Boost Converter Inductance (L) 0.9mH

8. frequency (f) 10kHz

9. Load Resistance 10 Ω

Sample I-V and PV characteristics of proposed PV cell are plotted in the figures below. Fig
2(a) and 2(c) represents how PV module characteristics varies variation in irradiance and
temperature respectively. Fig 2( b ) shows the MPP of PV module.

Fig 2(a): I-V characteristic of PV module at variable irradiance and temperature of 298K

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Fig 2(b) : PV Module characteristic curves.

Fig 2(C): I -V characteristic at constant irradiance of 1000 W/m 2 and variable temperature.

3. MPPT Technique
Maximum power point tracking is a system that varies the electrical operating point of the
PV module with varying irradiance and temperature so as to extract maximum available
power from module at every instant. Typically the efficiency of PV systems are very low
about 9-15%, so to improve the energy conversion efficiency PV array should operate at
MPP regardless of changing atmospheric conditions, and it can be done by matching source
impedance of PV array with dc load. MPPT technique can be implemented for a PV system
with the help of a interface between PV array and load and power converters like (DC-DC
boost, buck, buck-boost converters) are used as interface. A MPPT controller senses the
instantaneous current and voltage of module and varies the duty cycle of boost converter in
such a way such that operating point oscillates around MPP under all atmospheric
conditions. There are various MPPT techniques that researchers follow. Here in this project
P & O MPPT technique is incorporated for tracking the MPPT.
3.1. The P & O MPPT Technique
Perturb and observe is simplest and most widely used MPPT technique because it’s easier
implementation and less calculation required. P & O is iterative MPPT technique. In this
technique MPPT controller senses PV system voltage and current, and calculate the PV
power, now voltage is perturbed by a very small amount in any direction, now if diff
between new power and previous power is positive (dP>0) then voltage is perturbed in the
same direction otherwise in opposite direction till MPP is reached (dP = 0). In P & O
technique operating point oscillates around MPP rather than settling down at MPP.
Fig. 3 shows the flowchart that corresponds to the implemented P & O algorithm. This
algorithm needs instantaneous PV voltage and current and provides the reference current.
This algorithm observes PV module voltage and perturb the voltage till it grasp the
maximum power point. At MPP the slope of PV curve is zero.

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Fig 3: Flowchart of P & O Algorithm.

4. DC-DC Boost Converter

DC-DC boost converter is connected between PV array and DC load, it boosts up the PV
array output voltage to the level of load voltage.
Working equation of boost converter is as given below,

Vo = Vin/(I-D)
Where Vout is output voltage of boost converter, Vin is the input voltage and D is the duty
cycle. The boost converter
Duty cycle of boost converter is altered continuously using the MPPT technique to keep the
operating point oscillating point oscillating around MPPT under changing atmospheric
conditions.
Below is the circuit diagram of boost converter as shown in figure 4. A boost converter
consists of A switch (Mosfet/IGBT), a diode, and an inductor and capacitor.

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Fig 4: Circuit diagram of DC-DC boost converter.

Values of boost converter parameters like inductance (L) and capacitance (C) depends upon
parameters like input voltage which is V pv = 26.4 V, output voltage which is V out = 43V and
load. The parameters L & C of boost converter can be calculated using equtaions (4) & (5)
Now the duty cycle of boost converter can be calculated using equation (3), given below
D = 1-Vin/Vo = 1 – 26.4/43 = 0.386 (3)

4.1. Inductance Calculation (L):

Performance of boost converter is depended upon value of inductance. Higher is the value
of inductance lesser is the ripple in the in the inductor, but cost of the inductor increases.
Below in equation (4) is the formula for calculating the inductance of boost converter.

L = (D* Vpv)/(fs*ΔI) (4)

where Vpv is the PV module voltage, ΔI is the ripple in inductor current, fs is the switching
frequency and D is the duty cycle. calculated inductance value is L = 0.9mH.

4.2. Capacitance Calculation (C):

Capacitance value can be calculated using the formula given in equation (5).

C = (D*I)/(fs* ΔV) (5)

where D is the duty cycle of boost converter, I is the inductor current, ΔV is the
permitted ripple in input voltage of boost converter. The calculated value of
capacitance boost converter is C = 100µ

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 5. Simulation Results and Discussion
The modelled PV system is simulated in simulink and waveform of output power and output
voltage were observed at different irradiation.
Below is the waveform of output power at different irradiance.

fig 5. PV system output power at different irradiance.

figure 5 shows the plot of PV output power at different irradiance 1kW/m 2, 0.7kW/m2 and
0.5kW/m2 and it can be observed from this plot that the output power of PV system
increases with the increase in the level of irradiance.
Below is the plot of output voltage at variable irradiance.

Fig 6. PV Output voltage at different irradiance.

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fig 6. shows the plot of PV system output voltage at different irradiance 1kW/m2, 0.7kW/m 2
and 0.5kW/m2 and it can be observed from this plot that output voltage increases with
increase in the level of irradiance.

6. Conclusion
In this project design of PV system using MATLAB/simulink is discussed. Perturb &
Observe technique is used for MPP tracking and thus maximising the efficiency of the
system. characteristics of output power and out voltage of PV system are obtained at different
irradiance and temperature using simulink and it is observed that PV output power increases
in the level of irradiance and decreases with increase in temperature of PV cell. Plot of output
power shows that P & O MPPT technique is working effectively to track the maximum
power point as the as there is deviation of PV output power from ideal PV power is at an
acceptable level of 6% for the standard testing conditions of irradiance and temperature.
So the designed system is working properly and it can further be integrated with non-isolated
Bidirectional DC-DC converter for battery charging and discharging control.
7. Future Work
Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC converter modelling for battery charging and
discharging Control: Bidirectional converter provides bidirectional power flow for battery
charging and discharging control, duty cycle of converter controls the charging and
discharging of battery based on state of charge of battery. Non-isolated topology of
bidirectional converter is simple, light weight, low cost, more efficient than isolated topology.

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 8. References
1. Ramani, S. U., Kollimalla, S. K., & Arundhati, B. (2017). Comparative study of P&O &
INC method for PV system. 2017 International Conference on circuits power &
computing Technologies.
2. Mohammad H. Beshr, Haney A. Khater, Cairo University(Giza,Egypt), Modelling of a
residential solar Stand-alone power system. International nuclear and renewable
energy conference, Jorden, March 21-24, 2010
3. Pradyumna Kumar Behera, Subhadip Das, Monalisa Pattnaik, Performance
comparison between bipolar and unipolar switching scheme, for a single phase
inverter based PV system.
4. Vellanki Mehar Jyothi, T. Vijay Muni, S V N L Lalitha ,An optimal energy management
system for PV/battery stand alone systems, IJECE, Dec 2016
5. Remli Aziz, Aouzellag Djamal, Ghedamsi Kaci, Stand alone PV system with energy
Storage.
6. Subudhi B, Pradhan R. A comparative study on maximum power point tracking
techniques for photovoltaic power systems [J]. IEEE transactions on Sustainable
Energy, 2013.
7. D. Devaraj, S. Sheik Mohammed(2014),’’ Simulation and Analysis of Stand-alone
Photovoltaic System with Boost Converter using MATLAB/Simulink
8. P.Bhatnagar and R. Nema, “Maximum power point tracking control techniques: State-
of-the-art in photovoltaic applications” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
vol. 23, pp. 224-241, 2013.

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