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Complex Analysis Handout 7 Properties of Holomorphic Functions

The document summarizes 15 key theorems about properties of holomorphic functions, including the Cauchy integral formula, Liouville's theorem, the identity theorem, the maximum modulus principle, and the open mapping theorem. The theorems establish fundamental properties like that derivatives of holomorphic functions are also holomorphic, holomorphic functions are analytic, and the maximum of the modulus of a holomorphic function on a bounded domain occurs on the boundary.

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Vivek Singh
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58 views2 pages

Complex Analysis Handout 7 Properties of Holomorphic Functions

The document summarizes 15 key theorems about properties of holomorphic functions, including the Cauchy integral formula, Liouville's theorem, the identity theorem, the maximum modulus principle, and the open mapping theorem. The theorems establish fundamental properties like that derivatives of holomorphic functions are also holomorphic, holomorphic functions are analytic, and the maximum of the modulus of a holomorphic function on a bounded domain occurs on the boundary.

Uploaded by

Vivek Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Complex Analysis: Handout-7 (Properties of Holomorphic

Functions)

S. Kumaresan
School of Math. and Stat.
University of Hyderabad
Hyderabad 500046
[email protected]

Theorem 1 (Cauchy Integral Formula). Let U be an open set star-shaped at p ∈ U . Let


f ∈ H(U ). Let γ be a closed path in U . Then for any a ∈ U \ [γ], we have
Z  Z 
1 f (w) 1 dw
dw = f (a) . (1)
2πi γ w − a 2πi γ w − a

Corollary 2. Let U be any open set and B(z0 , R) ⊂ U . Let f ∈ H(U ). Let γ(t) := z0 + reit ,
0 < r < R and 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then we have
Z
1 f (w)
f (z) = , z ∈ B(z0 , r). (2)
2πi γ w − z

Theorem 3. Any holomorphic function f on an open set U is an analytic function. In


particular, f 0 is also holomorphic in U .

Theorem 4 (CIF for Derivatives). Let f ∈ H(U ) and B(z0 , R) ⊂ U . Let γr (t) := z0 + reit
for 0 < r < R. We have Z
n! f (w)
f (n) (z) = dw. (3)
2πi γr (w − z)n+1
In particular, we obtain the Cauchy’s estimates for the derivatives:

|f (n) (z0 )| ≤ n!r−n M (r), where M (r) := sup{|f (z)| : |z − z0 | = r}. (4)

Corollary 5. Let f ∈ H(U ) and B(a, R) ⊂ U . Then the Taylor series of f converges to f
absolutely and uniformly on compact subsets of B(a, R).

Theorem 6 (Liouville’s Theorem). Let f be a bounded entire function on C, say, |f (z)| ≤ M


for z ∈ C. Then f is a constant.

1
Theorem 7. Let U be a connected open set in C, and let f : U → C be holomorphic. Suppose
that the set of zeros Z(f ) := {z ∈ U : f (z) = 0} has a cluster point in U . Then f = 0 on
U.

Corollary 8 (Identity Theorem). Let U be connected and open. Let A be a subset of U which
has a cluster point in U . Let f, g : U → C be holomorphic. Assume that f (z) = g(z) for all
z ∈ A. Then f = g on U .

Theorem 9 (Mean Value Property). Let f ∈ H(U ) and B(a, R) ⊂ U and γr (t) = a + reit ,
0 < r < R. Then Z 2π
1
f (a) = f (a + reit ) dt. (5)
2π 0

Theorem 10 (Maximum Modulus Principle). Let U ⊂ C be a connected open set. Let


f ∈ H(U ). Assume that there exists a ∈ U such that |f (a)| ≥ |f (z)| for all z ∈ B(a, R) ⊂ U .
Then f is a constant in U .

Corollary 11. Let U be a bounded and connected open set in C, f ∈ H(U ) and continuous on
the closure U of U . Then either f is a constant or |f | attains its maximum on the boundary
of U .

Corollary 12 (Minimum Modulus Principle). If f is a nonconstant holomorphic function


on a connected open set U then z ∈ U cannot be a relative local minimum of |f | unless
f (z) = 0.

Theorem 13 (Open Mapping Theorem). The image of an open connected set U under a
nonconstant holomorphic function is open.

Theorem 14 (Schwarz Lemma). Let f : B(0, 1) → B(0, 1) be holomorphic. Assume that


f (0) = 0. Then
(i) |f (z)| ≤ |z| for all z ∈ B(0, 1) and
(ii) |f 0 (0)| ≤ 1.
Furthermore, equality holds in (i) for some nonzero z or equality holds in (ii) iff f (z) = cz
for some c with |c| = 1.

Theorem 15 (Weierstrass). Let fn ∈ H(U ) for n ∈ N. Assume that fn converges to f


(k)
uniformly on compact subsets of U . Then f ∈ H(U ). Furthermore, for any k ∈ N, fn
converges to f (k) uniformly on compact subsets of U .

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