Object Oriented Programming In Java Questions And

Answers

1. What is OOPs?

OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming system. It is a

programming paradigm in which software design involves
around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. In OOPs,
objects are data fields that have unique attributes and properties.

OOPs focuses on the objects that developers want to manipulate

rather than the logic required to manipulate them. That's why large,
complex and actively updated or maintained program is well suited
for OOPs paradigm of programming.

2. What are the basic features of OOPs?

Following are the basic features of OOPs -

• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism

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 3. Why use OOPs?

OOPs provide the following advantages, that's why it is used.

• Code maintenance
• Reusability
• Security
• Better productivity
• Polymorphism flexibility
• Problem solving
• Easy troubleshooting
• Design benefits
• Data redundancy

4.What are the difference between OOP and SOP?

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 OOP SOP

1. It stands for Object-Oriented It stands for Structural

Programming. Oriented Programming.

2. It is based on objects. It is based on functions.

3. It follows Bottom-up It follows Top-down

programming approach. programming approach.

4. It is based on real world. It is based on unreal world.

5. It provides data hiding so it It doesn't provide data hiding

is very secure. so it is less secure.

6. It provides reusability It doesn't provide reusability

feature. feature.

7. Eg. C++, Java, python etc. Eg. C, Pascal, Basic etc.

5. What is a class?
A class is a collection of objects. Classes don’t consume
any space in the memory.
It is a user defined data type that act as a template for
creating objects of the identical type.

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Once a class has been defined. A large number of objects
can be created using the same class. Therefore, Class is
considered as the blueprint for the object.
For eg. Fruit is a class and its objects are mango, apple
etc. Furniture is a class and its objects are table, chair,
desk etc.

Syntax :
class classname [extends inheritance]
{
[field declararion]
[method declaration]
}

6.What is an object?
An object is a real world entity which have properties and
functionalities.
Object is also called an instance of class. Objects take
some space in memory.
For eg. car, table, chair etc. are the example of objects.
Syntax of creation of object :

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classname obj_reference = new classname();

OR

Step I - classname obj_reference; // object declararion

Step II - obj_reference = new classname(); //object
initialization

7. What is the difference between a class and an object?

Class Object

1. It is a collection of objects. It is an instance of a class.

2. It doesn't take up space in

It takes space in memory.
memory.

3. Class does not exist

Object exist physically.
physically

4. Classes are declared just Objects can be declared as and

once when required

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5. Eg. - Fruit, Vehicle, Laptop Eg. - Mango, Car, HP Laptop

8.What is the difference between a class and a structure?

Class Structure

Structure is a collection of
1. Class is a collection of
variables of different data
objects.
types under a single unit

2. Class is used to combine Structure is used to grouping

data and methods together. data.

3. Class's objects are created on Structure's objects are created

the heap memory. on the stack memory.

4. A class can inherit another A structure can't inherit

class. another structure.

5. A class has all members A structure has all members

private by default public by default

6. Classes are ideal for larger or Structures are ideal for small
complex objects and isolated model objects

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9. What is encapsulation?
Encapsulation is an striking feature of OOPs that provides
data security. It is a mechanism of binding member data
and member function together into a single place i.e. class.
The main advantage of encapsulation is that data is hidden
and protected from access by outside non-member
methods of a class. In other words, only member
functions defined in a class will have access to the data.
In encapsulation, data(variables) are declared as private
and methods are declared as public.

10. What are access specifiers?

Access specifiers are the most important part of object
oriented programming paradigm. It allows us to restrict
the scope or visibility of a package, class, constructor,
methods, variables, or other data members.
By using access specifiers, we define how the members
(attributes and methods) of a class can be accessed.
There are three types of most common access specifiers,
which are following.
• Private
• Public
• Protected
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11. What is the difference between public, private and
protected access modifiers?
Public Modifiers - When we declare any class, variable or
method with public modifiers that means that class,
variable or method is accessible throughout from within or
outside the class, within or outside the package, etc.
It provides highest level of accessibility.
Private Modifiers - When we declare any class, variable
or method with private modifiers that means that class,
variable or method is not accessible from within or outside
the class, within or outside the package, etc.
Private field or method can't be inherited to sub class. This
provides lowest level of accessibility.
Protected Modifiers - When we declare any class,
variable or method with protected modifiers that means
that class, variable or method is accessible from classes in
the same package, sub-classes in the same package, sub-
classes in other packages but not accessible from classes
in other packages.
We can summarize rules of public, private and protected
access modifiers in following ways.

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 Accessible Accessible
Accessible Accessible by
by sub- by sub-
Access by classes in classes in
classes in classes in
Modifiers the same other
the same other
package packages
package packages

Private No No No No

Public Yes Yes Yes Yes

Protected Yes No Yes Yes

12. What is data abstraction?

Data abstraction is an important feature of OOPs that
allows to hide unnecessary data from the user. This
reduces program complexity efforts.
This means that it displays only the necessary information
to the user and hides all the internal background details.
For example, when we order anything in a restaurant, we
get our orders but we don't know all the background work
that has been taken to process this order.
If we talk about data abstraction in programming
language, the code implementation is hidden from the user

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and only the necessary functionality is shown or provided
to the user.

13. How to achieve data abstraction?

We can achieve data abstraction by using -
1. Abstract class
2. Interface

14. What is an abstract class?

Abstract class is that class which contains abstract
method. Abstract methods are those methods which have
only declaration not the implementation.
An abstract class is declared with abstract keyword. An
abstract class can also contain non-abstract methods.

15. What is an interface?

An interface is a collection of abstract method(methods
without definition). We can't instantiate an interface.
Interface only contains the final fields and abstract
methods not the regular methods. Interface also don't
contain constructor.

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The member of the class may or may not be private but
the members of the interface can never be private.
The abstract method of the interface must be overridden in
its child classes and the interface supports the concept of
multiple inheritance which was not supported using the
classes.
An interface can't be extended by class, it can only be
implemented by class.
Syntax :
interface interfacename

{
[final field declaration]
[abstract method declaration]
}

16. Differentiate between data abstraction and

encapsulation.

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 Data Abstraction Encapsulation

1. In data abstraction, we hide

In encapsulation, we combine
unnecessary information from
data and functions together at
the user and only show the
a single unit i.e. class.
necessary information.

2. Abstraction is implemented Encapsulation is implemented

using abstract class and using access modifiers such as
interfaces. private, public and protected.

3. Data abstraction is
Encapsulation is implemented
implemented at the design or
at the implementation level.
interface level

17. Can we create an instance of an abstract class?

No, instance of an abstract class can't be created.

18. What is inheritance?

Inheritance is a very powerful feature of OOPs. It is a
mechanism of acquiring properties or behaviors of existing

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class to a new class. In other words, A class inherits data
fields or methods from another class.
For eg. Animal is a class and other classes like Dog, cat
etc. can inherit the common properties of animal class.
This helps to write redundant free code and also reduces
code length.

19. Why we use inheritance?

Inheritance provides following benefits -
• Code reusability
• Less development and maintenance costs
• Reduces code redundancy and supports code
extensibility
• Save time and effort to write codes

20. What is superclass?

Super class is that class which is inherited by other class.
In other words, super class is a class from which sub class
inherits the properties and behaviors. It is also called base
class or parent class.

21. What is a subclass?

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Sub class is that class which inherits other class. In other
words, sub class is a class which inherits the properties
and behaviors of super class. It is also called child class or
derived class.

20. What are the types of inheritance?

Inheritance have following types -
• Single inheritance
• Multiple inheritance
• Multilevel inheritance
• Hierarchical inheritance
• Hybrid inheritance

21. What is single inheritance?

When a class inherits properties and behavior of only one
class then this type of inheritance is called single
inheritance.
In other words, in single inheritance there is only one base
class and only one sub class.

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22. What is multilevel
vel inheritance?
When a class inherits
rits other class and then that
th inherited
class further inherite
erited by other class, this
th type of
inheritance is called
dmmultilevel inheritance.
In multilevel inheritance
itance, sub class contains
s the properties
of the base class as wwell as properties of base
ase class of its
own base class.

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23. What is multiple
le in
inheritance?
When a class inherits
its tthe properties and behavi
haviors of more
than one class thenhen this type of inheritance
tance is called
multiple inheritance.
In multiple inheritance
tance, there is only one sub
su class but
more than one superer cl
class.
Java doesn't support
rt m
multiple inheritance.

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24. What is hierarchica
chical inheritance?
When more than on one class inherits the properties
pr or
behavior of only onene cl
class then this type off inheritance
in is
called hierarchical inhe
inheritance.
In hierarchical inherita
eritance, there are only one
ne parent
p class
but many child class.

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25. What is hybrid inhe
inheritance?
Hybrid inheritance is a combination of more than
tha one type
of inheritance.

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26. Why Java doesn't support multiple inheritance?
Java doesn't support multiple inheritance because of
following reasons -
Ambiguity Around The Diamond Problem
Multiple inheritance does complicate the design and
creates problem during casting, constructor chaining etc.
So to simplify the language and reduce code complexity,
Java doesn't support multiple inheritance.

27. What is the difference between multiple and multilevel

inheritance?

Multiple Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance

1. In multiple inheritance, one In multilevel inheritance, a

sub class inherits the properties class inherits other class and
and behaviors of more than then that inherited class
one super class. further inherited by other class.

2. It has two class levels It has three class levels namely,

namely, base class and derived base class, intermediate class

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class. and derived class.

3. It inherits from the base It inherits from the derived

class. class.

28. What are the limitations of inheritance?

• Decreases Execution Speed - Inheritance execution
takes time and effort so it decreases the execution
speed of code.
• No Independence - Inheritance increases the
coupling between base class and derived class. A
change in base class will affect all the child classes.
• Uncertainty of results - Improper use of inheritance
may lead to wrong solutions.
• Memory wastage - Often, data members in the base
class are left unused which may lead to memory
wastage

29. What is polymorphism?

polymorphism is one of the major pillars of OOPs. It is a
multiple form of a single entity.
It is process of performing a single task in different ways.
In polymorphism, one method have multiple forms based

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on the type of parameters, order of parameters, and
number of parameters.
In simple words, Polymorphism is the ability of an object
to take many forms.

30. What are the types of polymorphism?

There are two types of polymorphism -
• Compile time polymorphism
• Run time polymorphism

31. What is compile time polymorphism?

The polymorphism that takes place during compile time is
called compile time polymorphism. It is also called static
polymorphism or early binding.
In this type of polymorphism, a class contain multiple
methods having same name but different signatures.
Example of CTP - Method Overloading, Operator
Overloading.

32. What is runtime polymorphism?

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The polymorphism that takes place during run time is
called compile time polymorphism. It is also called
dynamic polymorphism or late binding.
Runtime polymorphism refers to the process when a call to
an overridden process is resolved at the run time.
In this type of polymorphism, the sub class and base class
both contain methods having same name which can have
different functionalities.

33. What is method overloading?

When a class contains multiple methods having same
name but different signature, this is called method
overloading.
In method overloading, multiple methods of same names
performs different tasks within the same class.
It depends upon the number and type of argument in the
argument list and doesn't depend upon the return type of
the method.
This is an example of compile time polymorphism.

34. What is method overriding?

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When base class contain a method and sub class also
contain same name method of its parent class, this is
called method overriding.
In other words, base class and subclass both have same
name methods as well as signatures too.
Method overriding is an example of run time
polymorphism.
Method overriding is used to provide the specific
implementation of a method which is already provided by
its superclass.

35. What is operator overloading?

Operator overloading is a mechanism in which the operator
is overloaded to provide the special meaning to the user-
defined data type.
It is an example of compile time polymorphism.

36. What is static function?

Static functions are those functions that can be called
without creating an object of the class. That means, Static
methods do not use any instance variables of any object of
the class they are defined in.

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Static methods can not be overridden. They are stored in
heap space of the memory.

37. What are virtual functions?

Virtual function is a function or method used to override
the behavior of the function in an inherited class with the
same signature to achieve the polymorphism. Virtual
function defined in the base class and overridden in the
inherited class.
The Virtual function cannot be private, as the private
functions cannot be overridden. It is used to achieve
runtime polymorphism.

38. What are pure virtual functions?

A pure virtual function is that function which have no
definition. That means a virtual function that doesn't need
implementation is called pure virtual function.
A pure virtual function have not definitions but we must
override that function in the derived class, otherwise the
derived class will also become abstract class.

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39. What is Constructor?
Constructor is a special type of member function which is
used to initialize an object. It is similar as functions but it's
name should be same as its class name and must have no
explicit return type.
It is called when an object of the class is created. At the
time of calling constructor, memory for the object is
allocated in the memory.
We use constructor to assign values to the class variables
at the time of object creation.

40. What are the types of Constructor?

Constructor have following types -
• Default constructor
• Parameterized constructor
• Copy constructor
• Static constructor
• Private constructor

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41. What is default constructor?
A constructor with 0 parameters is known as default
constructor.

42. What is parameterized constructor?

The constructor method having the argument list or
parameter list is called as parameterized constructor as it
initializes the fields with the values of the parameters.

43. What is copy constructor?

A copy constructor is that constructor which use existing
object to create a new object. It copy variables from
another object of the same class to create a new object.

44. What is static constructor?

A static constructor is automatically called when the first
instance is generated, or any static member is referenced.
The static constructor is explicitly declared by using a
static keyword. However, the static constructor is not
supported in Java.

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45. What is private constructor?
Java enables us to declare a constructor as private. We
can declare a constructor private by using
the private access specifier. Note that if a constructor is
declared private, we cannot create an object of the class.
Instead, we can use this private constructor in Singleton
Design Pattern.

46. What is destructor?

Destructor is a type of member function which is used to
destroy an object. It is called automatically when the
object goes out of scope or is explicitly destroyed by a call
to delete.
It destroy the objects when they are no longer in use. A
destructor has the same name as the class, preceded by a
tilde (~).

47. What is Constructor Overloading?

The constructor method of the class may or may not have
the argument list, and it has no return type specified and
we also know that method overloading depends only on
the argument list and not on the return type. Thus, we can
say that the constructor method can be overloaded.

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