1.

According to piajet, ther are five process of cognitive development; these are: adaption,
assimilation, accommodation, organization & equilibration. define and elaborate with
examples ; & compare and contrast each of the above five process of cognitive
development.(7 points)

Answer:

Adaptation: is the process by which the child changes its mental models of the world to match more
closely how the world actually is.

When our existing schemas can explain what we perceive around us, we are in a state of equilibration.
However, when we meet a new situation that we cannot explain it creates disequilibrium, this is an
unpleasant sensation which we try to escape, this gives the motivation for learning. According to Piaget,
reorganization to higher levels of thinking is not accomplished easily. The child must "rethink" his or her
view of the world. An important step in the process is the experience of cognitive conflict. In other words,
the child becomes aware that he or she holds two contradictory views about a situation and they both
cannot be true. This step is referred to as 

Organization. To get back to a state of equilibration we need to modify our existing schemas, to learn
and adapt to the new situation. This is done through the processes of accommodation and assimilation.
This is how our schemas evolve and become more sophisticated.

Assimilation: when the new experience is not very different form previous experiences of a particular
object or situation we assimilate the new situation by adding information to a previous schema.

For example, a baby learns to pick up a rattle he or she will then use the same schema (grasping) to pick
up other objects.

Accommodation: when the new experience is very different from what we have encountered before we
need to change our schemas in a very radical way or create a whole new schema.

For example, a baby tries to use the same schema for grasping to pick up a very small object. It doesn’t
work. The baby then changes the schema by now using the forefinger and thumb to pick up the object.

Equilibration is a regulatory process that maintains a balance between assimilation and accommodation
to facilitate cognitive growth. Think of it this way: We can't merely assimilate all the time; if we did, we
would never learn any new concepts or principles. Everything new we encountered would just get put in
the same few "slots" we already had. Neither can we accommodate all the time; if we did, everything we
encountered would seem new; there would be no recurring regularities in our world. We'd be exhausted
by the mental effort!

2. Based on kohlbergis theory of moral and development; develop your own moral
dilemma, & ask this dilemma for 28 students from grade 5- 12(4 n students from each
class), you have to ask not only the answer but the reason behind their answer. hence,
based on the reason behind , indicate their stage of moral development for each
student(12 points).

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 Answer;
An example is a child cheats on a test and gets caught by a teacher. He then has to talk to the
parents and the principle. The parents say they are disappointed in him, but the next day his
father takes him and he brother to the movies.

The Unfaithful Friend

You go out with your husband for dinner at a new restaurant you have not frequented before. It is in a
part of town you rarely visit. You are shocked to see your friend’s spouse having dinner with a very
young, attractive person. From the way they are behaving, it is obvious they are more than friends. The
couple finishes their meal and leave without seeing you. They behave very affectionately on the way out
the door. Do you:

 Tell your friend, knowing you probably will not be believed and that it may ruin your friendship?
 Say nothing about seeing the couple as it is any of your business; they may even have an open
relationship? I ask 4 students of grade 5 and 1 of grade 6 students

A Difficult Choice
You and your family love the beach and decide to spend a weekend at an isolated beach cabin. Your
Teen age daughter often gets bored on your getaways, so you make plans to take your niece along.
As soon as you arrive, a storm is looming on the horizon and the water looks rough. You tell the girls
they can get ready to swim, but to come back and help unload the car. They are so excited, they do
not pay attention to the last part of what you say and run down to the beach to swim. You do not
realize they have done so until you hear your daughter scream. You realize they are both caught in a
strong current and might be swept out to sea. You are a good swimmer and know you can save one
of them. You have a difficult choice to make. 

 Save your niece first as she is a poor swimmer and will not be able to last as long as your
daughter?
 Save your daughter first, because, although she is a strong swimmer and may be able to last
long enough for you to come back after saving your niece, you cannot stand the idea of losing
her? I ask 4 students of grade 7 and 1 of grade 6 students

An Office Theft

You are in charge of the petty cash at the office. However, a co-worker is responsible for making a
weekly trip to the bank to make the business deposit and obtain petty cash for the following week. In a
conversation with your mutual supervisor, you are asked if the increase in the petty cash amount was
enough. You, however, have not seen any additional money. You realize your co-worker has been
pocketing the additional money. Do you:

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 Tell your supervisor you have neither asked for nor received any additional petty cash and that
you suspect your co- worker is pocketing the money?
 Tell your co-worker your suspicions and give them a chance to pay the money back?
 Say nothing and just wait to see what happens? I ask 4 students of grade 8 and 1 of
grade 6 students

Midnight Death
You have worked years to be successful in your father’s business. You felt you were obligated to take
over as he worked his whole life to build the business left to him by his father. However, the large
businesses in town have seriously cut into profits and for several years you and your family have just
managed to scrape by. Your father’s health has declined and he has been hospitalized. He has a
substantial life insurance policy that expires at midnight. If he dies before midnight, you will inherit
enough money to pursue a career you have always dreamed of and provide adequately for your family.

 Pinch the oxygen line making it possible for your Dad to die or smother him with a pillow?
 Tell your Dad the problem and let him suggest a solution and go by what he says?
 Do nothing as you cannot imagine living with yourself if you terminate your Dad’s life? I ask 4
students of grade 9 and 1 of grade 6 students

Get Rich
Your friend offers you an opportunity to make a great deal of money very quickly. He has arranged to set
up an off-shore account for your profits. He will not tell you exactly how he is making this money, but
you get the impression it is not exactly legal. He only wants an investment of $500 and promises you will
have enough from your minimal investment that you will never need to work again. Do you:

 Give him the 1000 birr, deciding if you don’t know how he is making it, you’re in the clear?
 Demand to know the details before getting involved?
 Decide you want no part of this deal, as you trust your instinct that the offer is shady and you
might even get in legal trouble? I ask 4 students of grade 10 and 2 of grade 11 students

Telling a Secret

Your friend tells you that they committed a crime. They explain that they are having trouble sleeping at
night and feel you are the only one they can trust with their confession. A few days later, you read in the
paper that someone has been arrested for your friend’s crime. Do you:

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 Go to the police and tell them what you know?
 Encourage your friend to confess and warn him if he does not do so, you will tell?
 Say nothing because you will not betray a friend’s confidence? I ask 4 students of grade 12
and 2 of grade 11 students

3. Compare and contrast freud’s theory of psychosexual development & erik erikson’s
theory of psychosocial development(4 points)
Answer:
Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes the importance of basic needs and biological
forces, while Erikson's psychosocial theory is more focused upon social and environmental
factors. Erikson also expands his theory into adulthood, while Freud's theory ends at an
earlier period.
Similarity
A theory is a set of statements that describes, explains and predicts human behavior.
Development of behavior starts during the prenatal stage up to late adulthood. Three
theories that help describe behavior are the perspective of Freud, Erikson and Paget’s. All
three theories have several similarities as well as differences. By comparing I hope to gain a
better understanding of all three theories. Freud emphasizes on the life history of
individuals. As a result, he created 3 parts of human personalities.
4. List the similarities and differences of pavloc’s classical conditioning of theory &
skinner;s operant conditioning theory (4 point)
Answer:

What Is Classical Conditioning?

Classical conditioning is when a conditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. The most famous
example of this is Pavlov’s dogs, where Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a
metronome. The metronome was a neutral stimulus, since the dogs previously had no reaction to it.
Pavlov would use the metronome every time the dogs were fed, and the dogs began to associate the
sound with food. Salivating was their conditioned response .

What Is Operant Conditioning?

In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning involves encouraging or discouraging a specific

behavior using reinforcement. While classical conditioning is training dogs to salivate to the sound of a
metronome, operant conditioning is training them to sit by giving them a treat when they do.

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 Similarity

Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are processes that lead to learning. Classical
conditioning pairs two stimuli, while operant conditioning pairs behavior and response. The learning
occurs before the response in classical conditioning and after the response in operant conditioning.

5. What is the importance of taking psychological foundation of learning and development

course for you ? from the content of this course, which one is more interesting &
important for you? Why? (7 poiny)

Answer:

Psychology and its foundations are important in curriculum development because the study of
psychology helps course planners readily understand how individuals learn and how do individual
differences effect and impact on learning or the ability and wish to learn. Similarly, psychology will
support choices made in the learning methods to be adopted, and will help shape the assessment
processes used. Based on the premise that individuals need purpose in life.

………why is it important to choose a course that interest you?

Right course selection can help students fit in their interests and learn more about a field they're
genuinely interested in studying. It is extremely important for students to understand their passion and
have clarity about the course they are willing to pursue.

6. What are the major psychological problems that students face in your
school? How could you address such psychological problems? (6 point)

Answer:
Psychological problems like
 procrastination,
 perfectionism,
 low self-esteem,
 test anxiety
 and stress are common among college students.

There are some general strategies that you can use to help:
1. Listen without making judgements and concentrate on their needs in that moment.
2. Ask them what would help them.
3. Reassure and signpost to practical information or resources.
4. Avoid confrontation.
5. Ask if there is someone they would like you to contact.