Class 10 Chemistry Chapter 8 Revision Notes

Hydrogen Chloride – Summary Notes
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS

 Hydrogen chloride gas was first discovered by Glauber in 1648. He prepared it by heating
a mixture of sodium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid. Joseph Priestley, in 1772,
prepared the gas from sea salts and named it Muriatic acid. Davy, in 1810, stated that the
gas is composed of hydrogen and chlorine gases. He named the gas hydrogen chloride.
 Occurrence
Hydrogen chloride occurs both in free and combined state. In the free state, it is present in
the gastric juice of mammals. In the combined state, it is found in minerals like rock salt
(NaC1), horn silver (AgCl), sylvine (KC1), etc. Traces of hydrogen chloride are also
evolved as volcanic gases.
 Preparation
Hydrogen chloride gas can be prepared by:
 Synthesis or direct combination of hydrogen with chlorine.
 Reaction of metallic chloride (NaCI) with concentrated sulphuric acid.

<200°C
NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) → NaHSO4+ HCl ↑
>200°C
2NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) → Na2SO4 + 2HCl ↑
 In the laboratory, hydrogen chloride is prepared by heating a metallic chloride (NaCl)
with concentrated sulphuric acid.
<200°C
NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) → NaHSO4+ HCl(g)
>200°C
NaCl + NaHSO4 → Na2SO4 + HCl (g)
 Physical Properties
 Hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas. It has a pungent odour and is sour in taste.
 It is about 1.25 times denser than air, i.e., its vapour density is 18.25 and that of air is
14.4.
 It is corrosive in nature and irritates the lungs, throat, nose and causes blisters on skin.
 It liquefies at a pressure of 40 atm and temperature 10°C.
 It is extremely soluble in water. It fumes in moist air because of its affinity to water
vapour.
 Chemical Properties
 Hydrogen chloride gas is neither combustible nor it supports in combustion. It
extinguishes a burning splinter.
 When heated above 500°C, hydrogen chloride dissociates into hydrogen and chlorine.
>500°C
2HCl H2(g) + Cl2(g)
 Hydrogen chloride reacts with ammonia gas to give thick white fumes of ammonium
chloride.
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HC1(g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s)
 Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not show acidic properties. When dissolved in water,
hydrogen chloride becomes hydrochloric acid which exhibits acidic nature.
 Hydrogen chloride, on heating with metals that come before hydrogen in the
electrochemical series, forms respective metal chlorides and liberates hydrogen gas.
∆
Mg + 2HCI → MgCl2+ H2(g)
∆
Ca + 2HCI → CaCl2 + H2(g)
 Test
On bringing a glass rod, dipped in ammonium hydroxide solution, near the mouth of a gas
jar filled with HCI gas, dense white fumes of NH4Cl are formed.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
 Preparation
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water by using the
funnel arrangement.
 Physical Properties
 Hydrochloric acid is a colourless liquid.
 It has pungent odour and sharp sour taste.
 It is corrosive in nature and causes blisters on skin.
 It is readily soluble in water in all proportions.
 Chemical Properties
 Hydrochloric acid turns blue litmus red.
 Hydrochloric acid liberates hydrogen and forms respective chlorides on reacting with
metals.
Mg + 2HCl(dil.) → MgCl2+ H2(g)
 Hydrochloric acid reacts with metallic oxides and hydroxides to form their respective
chlorides and water.
Na2+ 2HCl(dil.) → 2NaCl + H2O
Al(OH)2 + 3HCl(dil.) → AlCl3 + 3H2O
 Hydrochloric acid reacts with metallic carbonates and bicarbonates to form metallic
chlorides, water and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3+2HCl (dil.) → CaCl2+ H2O + CO2(g)
NaHCO3+ HCl(dil.) → NaCl + H2O + CO2(g)
 Hydrochloric acid reacts with metallic sulphides to form respective chlorides
liberating H2S gas.
Na2S + 2HCl (dil.) → 2NaCl+ H2S(g)
 Hydrochloric acid reacts with metallic sulphites, bisulphites and sulphates to form
salts and water liberating effervescence of gases.
Na2SO3 + 2HCl (dil.) → 2NaCl + H2O + SO2↑
NaHSO3+ HCl (dil.) → NaCl + H2O +SO2 ↑
Na2SO4 + 2HCl (dil.) → 2NaCl + H2O + SO3↑
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 Hydrochloric acid reacts with thiosulphates to produce sulphur dioxide gas, and
yellow sulphur is precipitated.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl(dil.) → 2NaCl +H2O +SO2 + S
 When hydrochloric acid is treated with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate, a curdy
white precipitate is formed which is soluble in NH4OH.
AgNO3+ HCl(dil.) → AgCl ↓ + HNO3
AgCI + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2)Cl + 2H2O
(soluble)
 Hydrochloric acid reacts with lead nitrate solution to form a white precipitate of lead
chloride.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCI(dil.) PbCl2 ↓ +2HNO3
(white)
 When concentrated hydrochloric acid is heated with oxidizing agents like manganese
dioxide, lead(IV) oxide, red lead, potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate,
it oxidizes to water liberating chlorine gas.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
MnO2(aq) + 4HCl (cone.) → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2↑
 Tests
 Hydrochloric acid turns wet blue litmus red, and methyl orange solution pink.
 It turns alkaline phenolphthalein (deep pink) colourless.
 It gives a greenish yellow pungent smelling gas chlorine, when treated with oxidizing
agents.
 It gives dense white fumes of ammonium chloride when a glass rod dipped in
ammonia solution is brought near vapours of hydrochloric acid.
NH3(aq) + HCI → NH4Cl
(vapour) (dense white fumes)
 It gives white precipitate of silver chloride on adding silver nitrate solution to it.
AgNO3+ HCl → AgCl↓ + HNO3
(white)
 Uses: Hydrochloric acid is used:
 in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, paints, photographic chemical, etc.
 to produce glucose from starch.
 to extract glue from bones.
 to clean metal surfaces, i.e., pickling.
 as a laboratory reagent.
 to prepare aqua regia.
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Class 10 Chemistry Chapter 8 Revision Notes

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Hydrogen Chloride – Summary Notes

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS

 Reaction of metallic chloride (NaCI) with concentrated sulphuric acid.

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