DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
OF
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II (ECE-305)

HARCOURT BUTLER TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

KANPUR -208002
 List of experiments

1.To determine the Flexural rigidity of a given beam.

2. To verify Maxwell's reciprocal theorem.
3. To find horizontal thrust in a two hinged arch and to draw ILD.
4. To find horizontal thrust in a three hinged arch and to draw ILD.
5. To find critical load in struts with different end conditions.
6. To find forces in elastically coupled beams.
7. To analyse the portal frame.
8. To find deflection in a fixed beam.
9. To find shear force diagram and bending moment diagram of a simply supported
beam.
10. To find deflection in beam having unsymmetrical bending.
11. To find deflection in curved beam.
12. To verify cable tension by suspension bridge.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Determination of Flexural Rigidity
Aim:-To verify flexural rigidity (EI) of a given beam.

Apparatus required: Flexural rigidity apparatus, dial gauge with stand, scale, screw
gauge, weight with hangers.

Theory:-

Find relation for deflection at centre of beam using strain energy theorem or any other
method for equal loads acting at overhang portion along with variable load acting at a point in
between the supports. From the relation of deflection, thus obtained for loads, at centre ,
determine value of flexural rigidity(EI).This value will be compared with the actual value of
flexural rigidity obtained by multiplying known value of elasticity (E=2X105 N/mm2) with
the moment of inertia (I) obtained for the beam section from the measurement of its
dimensions.

Procedure:-

1. Set the dial gauge with the help of a stand at the centre of a beam.

2. Apply two equal loads at overhang portions.

3. Apply a point load at a known distance from any support. Note the reading of dial gauge.

4. Increase the load and take the readings.

5. Now change the value of distance of point load and again repeat the whole procedure.

6. Measure the dimensions of beam.

7. Fill the results in observation table.

8. Calculate the Moment of Inertia of beam and thus get value of flexural rigidity by
multiplying value of E = 2x105 N/mm2 with the value of I obtained for the beam.

9. Calculate flexural rigidity of the beam by substituting load and distance parameters
observed during experiment.
10. Compare the result.

Observation:-

Length of Beam = mm

Width of Beam = mm
 Depth of Beam = mm

Support conditions = Simply supported with overhang in both sides

Over hang on both sides = mm

Observation table:-
S.No. Equal weights Weight Distance Deflection Experimental Theoretical
at overhang within from value of EI value of EI
ends. supports support

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Result :-

Discuss the difference in two results.

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-2
Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem

Aim: -To verify Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem

Apparatus: Clerk Maxwell’s Reciprocal Theorem apparatus, Weight’s, Hanger, Dial

Gauge, Scale, Vernier Caliper.

Theory : Maxwell theorem in its simplest form states that deflection of any point A of any
elastic structure due to load P at any point B is same as the deflection of beam due to same
load applied at A. It is therefore easily derived that the deflection curve for a point in a
structure is the same
as the deflected curve of the structure when unit load is applied at the point for which the
influence curve was obtained.

Procedure:
i) Apply a load either at the centre of the simply supported span or at the free end of the
beam, the deflected form can be obtained.
ii) Measure the height of the beam at certain distance by means of a dial gauge before and
after loading and determine the deflection before and after at each point separately.
iii) Now move a load along the beam at certain distance and for each positions of the load,
the deflection of the point was noted where the load was applied in step 1 .This deflection
should be measured at each such point before and after the loading, separately.
iv) Plot the graph between deflection as ordinate and position of point on abscissa the plot for
graph drawn in step2 and 3 .These are the influence line ordinates for deflection of the beam.
Observation Table:
Distance Load at central Deflection Load moving along Deflection
from the point/ of various beam of various
pinned cantilever end points points
end (mm) 2-3 (mm) 5-6

Beam Beam Beam Beam

unloaded loaded unloaded loaded
dial gauge dial dial gauge dial
reading gauge reading gauge
(mm), 2 reading (mm),5 reading
(mm), 3 (mm),6

Result:
The Maxwell reciprocal theorem is verified experimentally and analytically.

Precautions:
i) Apply the loads without any jerk.
ii) Perform the experiment at a location, which is away from any
iii) Avoid external disturbance.
iv) Ensure that the supports are rigid.

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-3
Two hinged arch
Aim: Experiment on a 2 hinged arch for horizontal thrust and influence line for horizontal
thrust.
Theory: The horizontal thrust ‘H’ in the case of two hinged arch is given by:

Take the case of two hinged parabolic arch subjected to a concentrated load W at a distance
of kl from A. (fig. 1)
In the parabolic arch, rise of arch ‘y’ n at any section at a distance x from A is given by y= A
x (1-x) (considering support as origin).
When x = ½, y = h, putting these values
We find A = 4h/1²
Therefore y = 4h/1² (1-x)
And VA= W (1-k)
VB= W k
Apparatus:
Two hinged arch model, weights, scale, dial gauge etc.

Procedure:-
(1)Place the 1kg load on the first hanger position, move the lever the lever into contact with a
100gm hanger on the ratio 4:1 position adjust the dial gauge to zero.
(2)Add 10kg to the 1kg hanger without shock and observe the dial reading.
(3)Restore the dial to zero reading by adding loads to the lever hanger, say the load is W.
(4)The experimental value of the influence ordinate at the first hanger position on is than
4W/10.
(5)Repeat the process for all other loading position and tabulate and plot the influence
ordinates.
(6)Compare the experimental values with those given by above formula.

Precautions:-
(a)Apply the load without jerk.
(b)Perform the expt. Away from vibration.

Observations and calculations:-

Span of the arch, l = mm
General rise of arch, h = mm

Load 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
position
Load (kg)
Influence
coordinate
(4w/10)
Calculate
ordinate

S.no. Balancing Hanger Horizontal Span of Calculated %error

weight position thrust arch thrust
experiment
(W a/10b)

Result:-

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-4
Three hinged arch
Aim: - To determine the horizontal thrust in a three hinged arch for a given system of loads
experimentally and verify the same with calculated values.

Apparatus: -
The model has a span of 100cm and rise 25cm with hinges at supports and chain one of the
end rests on rollers. Along the horizontal span of the end rests on rollers. Along the horizontal
span of the arch various points are marked at the equidistance for the application of load. A
dial gauge with magnetic base is applied with the apparatus.

Theory:- A three hinged arch is a statically determination structure with the axial thrust
assisting in maintaining the stability the horizontal thrust H in the arch for a number of loads
can be obtained as follows:

Taking moment about Av

RB * L =W1a1 + W2a2 + W3a3

Or RB = (W1a1 + W2a2 + W3a3 )/L

Taking moment about B

RA=[W1(L-a1)+W2(L-a2)+W3(L-a3)]/L

Taking the moment of all the forces on left hand side about C, wt get

H * Y +W1 (L/2 - a1 ) + W2 (L/2 - a2) + RA*L/2

H = 1/r [ 1/2 [ W1 (L-a1 ) +W2 (L-a2 ) + W3 (L-a2 ) - W1 (/2/L-a1 ) - W2 (L/2-a1 )}]

The value of horizontal reaction can be evaluated by Equ. (1)

The influence line of any reaction at a point is a graph showing the variation of functions,
moments, shear forcers, stress at deflections at a point for various positions of unit moving
load. Therefore to draw the influence lone for H, a unit load of 14g is placed the influence
lone for H, a unit load of 14g is placed at varying distance from either of the supports.

Let a load of 1kg be placed at a distance from A RB = X/L then, taking moment about for all
the forces on R.H.S. of c we have

= x/2 X l/2 - Hr = 0

H = x/2r ………………(2)

Thus the equation (2) is the equation of a straight line and gives the influence line diagram of
the horizontal reaction.
Procedure: -
1) Use lubricating oil the roller end of the arch so as to have a free movement of the roller
end. Balance the self weight of the arch by placing load on the hanger for horizontal thrust
until the fest equilibrium conditions are obtained. Note down the loads in kgs.

2) Place a few loads on the arch in any chosen positions. Balance these by placing additional
weights on the hanger for horizontal thrust. The additional weights on the thrust hanger give
the experimental value of the horizontal thrust.

3) To obtain the influence line for H, place a load of 2kg in twin on each hanger one by one
and find the balancing weights required on the thrust hanger.

4) Plot the ordinate representing 1/2 of the balancing weights on the load positions as base.
This gives the influence line diagram for horizontal thrust.

Calculation: -
Span of the arch, L =100cm

Central rise, h =25cm

Initial load on the thrust hanger for balancing kg =1.5kg

Precaution: -
1) Plot weight in thrust hanger very gently without a jerk.

2) Measure the distance of loaded points from left hand support accurately.

3) Perform the experiment away from vibration and other disturbance.

Result :-

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-5
Behaviour of struts and column with various end conditions.

Aim: To study the behaviour of struts and column with various end conditions.

Apparatus: Model of struts and column, scale, load etc.

Theory: Struts – a bar or a member of a structure in any position other than vertical,
subjected to an axial compressive load is called a strut. Column – a bar or a member of a
structure inclined at 900 to the horizontal and carrying an axial compressive load is called a
column.

Procedure:
End condition – a loaded column and struts can have only one of the following four end
condition -: (a) Both end hinged or pin jointed – In this case the end of the column cannot
have any lateral displacement but can take slope when the column buckle on loading as
shown in figure..
(b) Both end fixed – In this case both ends are rigidly fixed. The end cannot have any lateral
displacement and also cannot take slope as shown in figure.
(c) On end fixed and other hinged In this case one end of the column and struts is hinged and
the other end is fixed. The fixed end can neither more laterally nor it take any slope but the
hinged end can take slope when the column is loaded as shown in figure.
(d) One end fixed and other free In this case one end is secured both in position and direction
and the other end is free to take any position and slope as shown in figure.

Both end fixed one end fixed and other pinned

Observations:
Length of column = …….. Mm

Width of column = …….. Mm

Depth of column = …….. Mm

Observation Table:
Sl. No. Type of column Effective length Buckling load

Experimental Theoretical

Results :-
Discuss the difference between the two results and also draw conclusions regarding
the load bearing capacity of columns having different end components.

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-6
Elastically coupled beam.
Object:- Experimental and analytical study of elastically coupled beam.

Theory:- Let the internal forces in the three rods Ad, BE, and CF be R1, R2 and R3
respectively.

Lengths AD = BE = CF = L

Lengths AB = BC = DE = EF = L

I = Moment of inertia of the cross-section of the beam ABC and the beam DEF.

E = Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of the materials of the beam ABC and beam DEF.

E1, E2 and E3 = Modulus of elasticity of the material of rods AD, BE and CF respectively.

A1, A2 and A3 = Cross-sectional area of rods AD, BE and CF respectively.

DD1 = y1

EE1 = y2

FF1 = y3

EE2 = (y1+y3)/2

E2E1 = (11/96) (WL³/EI) – (R2L³/6EI)

Case I
When support B exists, beam ABC becomes in-operative. The central deflection at point E,
of beam DEF, due to load – at G and force R2 at E, Relative to the deflected portions of
points D and F given by.

Δ E = (11/96) (WL³/El) – (R2L³/6El) ..................(i)

Let y1 and y3 be the elongations of the rods AD and CF respectively. The total deflection of
points E relative to its original positions is

(y1 + y3)/2 + (11/96) (WL³/El) – (R2L³/6El) ...................... (ii)

and this should be equal to the elongation of the rod BE i.e. equal to y2.

Now y1 = R1L/A1E1 , y2 = R2L/A2E2 and y3 = R3L/A3E3

Substituting the values of y1 and y2 in eqn. (ii)

R2L/A2E2 = ½ {(R1L/A1E1) + (R3L/A3E3)} + (11/96) (WL³/El) – (R2L³/6El) .....................
(iii)

Also

R1 + R2 + R3 = W ...................... (iv)

Taking moments of all forces about F

R1.2L – W {3/2L} + R2.L = 0

Or R1 = 3/4W – R2/2 ......................... (v)

Solving eqn. (iii), (iv) and (v) simultaneously for R1, R2 and R3 we obtain

R2 = W*3K1+K3+(11/12)L3/EI

Where K1 = L/A1E1,K2 = LA2E2 and K3 = LA3E3

Case 2
If the support B were not there, beam AC will also deflect due to the load R2 applied at its
centre. Here the total central deflection of point E, relative to its original positions, as given
by the expression (ii) is equal to the elongation of member BE plus the central deflection of
beam ABC.

R2.L/A2E2+R2.L³/6El = ½ {R1L/A1E1 + R3L/A3E3} + (11/96)(WL³/El) -R2L³/6El

...................... (iii A)

Solving eqs. (iii A), (iv) and (v) for R1, R2 and R3 simultaneously.

R2= W* 3K1 + K3+(11/12)L³/El

In expressions (vi) and (vii) the quantity K = L/A.E for any spring (used as suspension rod
here) is the extension of the spring per Kg. (N) of weight. This may be determined for
individual springs.

Apparatus:- Elastically coupled beam model weights, scale etc.

Procedure:-
(a) Plot graphs between load applied and extension in each spring. From the graph determine
the value of stiffness K. (extension per unit load) for each spring.

(b) Tighten the screw at top for case 1 to make the supports rigid, load the beam DEF at
quarter point and measure extensions of springs. Start with initial load of 1kg (10N)
increments of 1kg (10N) and maximum load of 4kg (40N).
Precautions:-
(a) Increase the load on the spring gradually while finding the value of K of individual
spring.

(b) Load the lower beam without nay jerk.

(c) Measure the extensions of the springs very accurately.

Observation and calculations:

Table.1. K = A.E/L

S.NO. SPIRNG SPRING SPRING

AD BE CF

Table 2. Observed Values of Reactions.

S.NO. Reading at
R1 R2 R3
Case -1kg
2.10N (1kg)
3.20 N (2kg)
4.30N (3kg)

Table 3. Comparison of Results

Applied load R1 R2 R3 remark

Case1- Observed
10N (1kg) calculated
20kg (1kg) Observed
calculated
30kg (1kg) Observed
calculated

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-7
Sway in portal frames
Aim:- Sway in portal frames-demonstration.

Theory:-
Sway in portal frames may be due to the following reasons:-

i. Eccentric or unsymmetrical loading on the portal frame (Fig. i).

ii. Unsymmetric outline of portal frame .
iii. Different end condition of the columns of the portal frames (Fig. iii)
iv. Non-Uniform section of the members of the frames (Fig. iv)
v. Horizontal loading of the supports of the frames (Fig. v)
vi. Settlement of the supports of the frames (Fig. vi)
vii. A combination of the above (Fig. vii)

In such cases, the joint translations become additional unknown quantities. Some additional
conditions will, therefore, be required for analyzing the frames. The additional conditions of
equilibrium are obtained from the consideration of the shear force exerted on the structure by
the external loading. The horizontal shear exerted by a member is equal to the algebraic sum
of the moments at the ends divided by the length of the members. Thus the horizontal shear
resistance of all such members can be found and the algebraic sum of all such forces must
balance the external horizontal loading. If any, see Fig. (viii)

Taking moments about top joint, expressions for horizontal shear at supports A and B will be

After knowing HA and HD, we can write horizontal equilibrium equation for the frame as
HA + HD + P = 0

This gives additional equation required. It is called shear equation/shear condition. Hence QA
and QB and Δ (Sway) can be found.

Similarly for case given below (sec. fig. ix)

The shear equation can be written as HA + HD + P = 0

Apparatus:- Portal frames model, weights, scale and gauges etc.

Procedure:
1. Fix two dial gauges one at mid-point of the beam and one at the roller end.
2. Apply vertical load at centre of beam and horizontal force at the rigid joint
3. Note the readings of the dial gauge .these readings will give vertical deflection at mid-
point of the beam and horizontal deflection at the roller support.
4. Apply horizontal load on the pan connected to roller support to make horizontal
deflection zero.
5. Corresponding to zero deflection note the weight applied on the pan which will
directly equal to the horizontal reaction in case of the hinged support.
6. Repeat the procedure with changed loads.
7. Compare the vertical deflection and horizontal reactions.

Observations:
Column length =

Beam length =

Least count of dial gauge =

Observation table:
Sr Vertical Horizontal Vertical Vertical Horizontal Horizontal
no. load,P1 load,P2 deflection deflection deflection deflection
(experimental) (analytical) (experimental) (analytical)

1.

2.
Result:
Compare the experimental results with the analytical results indicating the reason of
difference in the result.

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-8
Deflection in fixed beam
Aim:- To perform deflection experiment on a beam fixed at both ends.

Theory:-
The expressions for the loading (pt. Load) and the corresponding deflection for a fixed end
beam is as indicated below for 3 cases namely:

Case1.
Fixed end beam loaded at the centre by a point load (W) and the corresponding deflection
measured at the centre of beam in below figure:

&= Wl3/(192 EI)...............................................................(i)

Where,

E=elasticity modulus

I=second moment of area.

Case-2:

Fixed end beam loaded by a point load W located at a point distance ‘a’ from the left hand
end and distance ‘b’ from the right hand end , with the corresponding deflection being
measured at the point of application of the load.
 𝑊𝑎3 𝑏 3
𝛿= 3𝑙3 𝐸𝐼 ......................................(ii)

Case 3:

Fixed end beam supporting 2 equal point loads each of magnitude W and positioned at equal
distances á’ from each end with the deflection measured at the centre of the beam.

𝑾𝒂𝟐
𝜹 = 𝟐𝟒𝑬𝑰(3l-4a)....................................... (iii)

Procedure:
1: Set the dial gauge where the deflection is to be measured.

2: Hang the weight where the weight is to be applied.

3: Measure the deflection.

4: Calculate theoretical deflection.

5: Compare the two results.

6: By changing the loads and the distances from the support, take various sets of
observations.

Observations:
S. no. Applied Distance Distance Experimental Theoretical
load(kg) from one from other deflection deflection
support support

Result: Discuss the difference in two results.

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-9

Aim:- To find shear force diagram and bending moment diagram of a simply supported
beam.

Apparatus used :- Apparatus of simply supported beam, weight, scale.

Theory :-

Beam :- It is a structural member on which the load act perpendicular to axis. It is that
whenever a horizontal beam is loaded with vertical loads, sometimes it bends due to the
action of the loads. The amounts by which a beam bends, depends upon the amount and types
of loads, length of beam, elasticity of the beam and the type of beam. In general beams are
classified as under:

1. Cantilever beam: - It is a beam whose one end is fixed to a rigid support and the other end
is free to move.

2. Simply supported beam: - A beam supported or resting freely on the walls or columns at its
both ends is known as simply supported beam.

3. Rigidly fixed or built-in beam: - A beam whose both the ends are rigidly fixed or built in
walls is called a fixed beam.

4. Continuous beam: - A beam support on more than two supports is known as a continuous
beam. It may be noted that a continuous beam may not be overhanging beam.

Types of loading:

1. Concentrated or point Load: - load acting at a point on a beam is known as concentrated or

a point load.

2. Uniformly distributed load: - A load, which is spread over a beam in such a manner that
each unit length is loaded to a same extent.

3. Uniformly varying load: - A load, which is spread over a beam, in such a manner that its
extent varies uniformly on each unit length.

Shear force: - The shear force at the cross-section of a beam may be defined as the
unbalanced vertical forces to the right or left of the section.

Bending moment: - The bending moment at the cross-section of a beam may be defined as
the algebraic sum of the moment of forces, to the section.
Important points:-

1. If loading is uniformly distributed load then shear force diagram will be a curve of first
degree and B.M. diagram will be a curve of second degree.

2. If the loading is point load then its corresponding S.F. diagram would be a curve of zero
degree and the B.M. diagram would be a curve of first degree.

3. If the loading is uniformly varying load its S.F. diagram would be curve of second degree
and BMD will be of third degree.

4. Bending moment is maximum where shear force is zero.

5. In case of simply supported beam the first step is to calculate the reactions at the support,
then we proceed in usual manner.

6. In case of cantilever beam there is no need of finding reaction and start from the free end
of the beam.

7. Point of flexural is the where BM changes its sign.

8. B.M. at the support is zero for simply supported beam.

Test procedure:
1. Measure the length of the span.
2. Check that the beam is adjusted to rest in horizontal.
3. Note the reading on the spring balance. This is the initial reading r1.
4. Apply load at a distance x from any support.
5. Due to this load the beam will not remain horizontal. Apply load on the pan attached
to hinge through pulley till the beam becomes horizontal.
6. Note down the load applied for making beam horizontal.
7. This weight will give the value of shear force at given section due to applied load.

Observation:
Length of the span = ….. (m)

Initial reading of the spring = ...... (m)

Observation table:
Sr. No. Load position x Weight in pan Shear force
(cm) (kg)
Experimental Theoritical

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Results:
Calculate the shear force at the section theoretically and compare the values with the
experimental results. Discuss the results.

Test procedure: (for bending moment)

1. Measure the span.
2. Bring the beam to the horizontal position by adjusting the wing nut of the spring
balance.
3. Check the horizontality of the beam and take the reading on the spring balance. Let
this be the initial reading T1.
4. Load the beam at suitable points and enter the loads in the table.
5. Note the reading on the spring balance. Let this be the final reading T2.
6. The force F, will be obtained by multiplying spring constant to the change in readings.
7. Measure the distance between the hinge and the spring balance. Let this be the
distance d.
8. Now resisting moment is equal to F * d .
9. By changing the loads and load position observe other values.
10. Calculate bending moment analytically and compare the results.
Observation:
Length of the span = …….. (m)

Distance between hinge and balance = ….. (m)

Initial reading of the spring = …. (m)

Observation table:
SR. No. Load position x Spring Force Bending moment
(cm) reading
Experimental Theoretical

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Results:
Calculate the bending moment at the section theoretically and compare the values with
the resisting moment obtained experimentally. Discuss the results.

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-10
Deflections of beam
Aim: - To verify the moment area theorem regarding the slopes and deflections of the
unsymmetrical beam.
Apparatus: - Moment of area theorem apparatus, weight, scale.

Diagram:-

Theory : - According to moment area theorem

1. The change of slope of the tangents of the elastic curve between any two points of the
deflected beam is equal to the area of M/EI diagram between these two points.
2. The deflection of any point relative to tangent at any other point is equal to the moment of
the area of the M/EI diagram between the two points at which the deflection is required.
Slope at B= Y2 / b since the tangent at C is horizontal due to symmetry,
Slope at B= shaded area / EI = 1 / EI [Wa2 / 2 + WA (L/2 – a)]
Displacement at B with respect to tangent at C
= (y1 + y2) = Moment of shaded area about B / EI
= 1 / EI [Wa2 / 2 (b+2/3a) + W a(L/2 –a) (b+ a/2+L/2)]
Procedure: -
1. Measure a, b and L of the beam
2. Place the hangers at equal distance from the supports A and load them with equal loads.
3. Measure the deflection by dial gauges at the end B (y2) and at the centre C (y1)
4. Repeat the above steps for different loads.
Observation Table:-
Length of main span, L (cm) =
Length of overhang on each side, a (cm) =
Modulus of elasticity, E (kg/cm2) = 2 x 106

Sl. No. Load at each Central Deflection at Slope at B Deflection at

Hanger (kg) Deflection Free end y2 Y2 / b C=Deflection at B (y1)
Y1 (cm) (cm)

Calculation:-
1. Calculate the slope at B as y2 / b (measured value).
2. Compute slope and deflection at B theoretically from B.M.D. and compare with
experimental values.
3. Deflection at C = y1(measured value).
4. Deflection at C = Average calculated value

Result:-The slope and deflection obtained is close to the slope and deflection obtained by
using moment area method.

Precaution:-
1. Apply the concentration loads without jerks.
2. Measures the deflection only when the beam attains ion.
3. Measures the deflection very carefully and accurately.
4. Check the accuracy and least count of dial gauges used for measuring deflections.

Discussion:-
 EXPERIMENT NO.-11
DEFLECTION OF CURVED BEAM
Aim:- To find deflection of curved members.

Apparatus required:- Four curved members, weights, dial gauge with stand, scale,
micrometer etc.

Theory:-As per Castigliano’s 1st theorem , the partial derivative of total internal energy
in a seam with respect to the deflection at any point is equal to the applied load at that
point , i.e.

𝜕 u/𝜕 ∆ = W

Where u is internal energy, ∆ is deflection at the point and W is the unknown load at
that point.

Thus using Castigliano’s theorem derivation has to be obtained for vertical

deflection in all the four curved members.

Procedure:

1. Place the dial gauge on the stand make its reading zero.
2. Keep the needle of dial gauge on the frame at which deflection has to be
measured (dial gauge may be placed invert as the situation).
3. Apply the load and observe the dial gauge reading.
4. Apply in next higher load and again note the dial gauge reading .
5. Repeat the same procedure on all the four curved members.
6. Remove the load and take the dimensions of the frame with the help of scale and
micrometer.
7. Calculate the theoretical value of deflection and compare the results with experimental
values.

Observation:

Least count of dial gauge=0.01mm

Observation table

S.No. Particular of Weights Experimental vertical Theoretical vertical

Frame deflection deflection
(gms)
(mm) (mm)

1. Frame 1 500

1000

1500

2. Frame 2 500

1000

1500

3. Frame 3 500

1000

1500

4. Frame 4 500

1000

1500

Details of shape of and dimensions of frames

1. Frame 1:-
2. Frame 2:-
3. Frame 3:-
4. Frame 4:-

Result:Discuss the difference in the two results, i.e. theoretical value and

experimental value.

Discussion:-