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    Major Courses I.: Figure 3. Bacterial Shapes

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    Danica Mae Nebre
    Major Courses include subjects that are covered on the Board Exam for MLS. Bacteriology is one of these major courses. Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by shape, arrangement, Gram staining reaction, and acid fast staining reaction. Laboratory identification of bacteria involves macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical evaluation of bacterial samples and isolates through techniques like Gram staining, culture isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

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    Major Courses I.: Figure 3. Bacterial Shapes

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    Danica Mae Nebre
    31 views6 pages
    Major Courses include subjects that are covered on the Board Exam for MLS. Bacteriology is one of these major courses. Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by shape, arrangement, Gram staining reaction, and acid fast staining reaction. Laboratory identification of bacteria involves macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical evaluation of bacterial samples and isolates through techniques like Gram staining, culture isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

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    MODULE-5-Bacteriology

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    Major Courses include subjects that are covered on the Board Exam for MLS. Bacteriology is one of these major courses. Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by shape, arrangement, Gram staining reaction, and acid fast staining reaction. Laboratory identification of bacteria involves macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical evaluation of bacterial samples and isolates through techniques like Gram staining, culture isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

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    31 views6 pages

    Major Courses I.: Figure 3. Bacterial Shapes

    Uploaded by

    Danica Mae Nebre
    Major Courses include subjects that are covered on the Board Exam for MLS. Bacteriology is one of these major courses. Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by shape, arrangement, Gram staining reaction, and acid fast staining reaction. Laboratory identification of bacteria involves macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical evaluation of bacterial samples and isolates through techniques like Gram staining, culture isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

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    of 6

    MODULE 5

    MAJOR COURSES

    I. Introduction

    Major Courses are those that are included in the Board Exam for MLS. It is important for
    you to be oriented early so that you can easily adapt easily when these courses are studied in
    detail. It gives you much advantage when you get acquainted with these as early as possible.

    II. Objectives
    At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
    1. appreciate the basic principles of Major Courses
    2. draw a concept map of the Major Courses

    III. Lesson Proper

    Bacteriology

    Bacteria are single-celled organisms. They cause disease to man by producing toxic
    substances, compete with the body’s resources and by displacing normal tissues of the body
    during their replication. Bacteria are classified in several ways:

    1. According to shape
    a. Coccus – means “berry”, round/spherical shaped
    b. Bacillus – means “stick or rod”
    c. Spirals – corkscrew
    d. Pleomorphic – no definite shape because of lack of cell wall

    Lifted from https://sciencing.com/bacteria-definition-types-examples-13717679.html

    Figure 3. Bacterial Shapes


    2. According to Arrangement
    Arrangement Prefix Example
    singles
    pairs diplo Diplococcus pneumoniae
    chains strepto- Streptococcus pyogenes
    clusters staphylo Staphylococcus aureus
    4’s tetrad Gaffkya tetragena
    8’s sarcina Sarcina lutaea
    palisade (side-by-side) Corynebacterium diphtheriae

    Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellular_morphologies


    Figure 4. Bacterial Arrangements

     Identify the arrangement of the pictures by writing its arrangement on the blanks.
    3. According to Gram’s Reaction
    Bacteria are microscopic organisms with an average size of 1 micrometer, that is
    1/1000 of a millimeter. In order for a microbiologist to see them better, these bacteria are
    colored with stain. Hans Christian Gram introduced the use of this method of staining the
    peptidoglycan of the cell wall to distinguish between 2 kinds of bacteria; Gram positive
    (Blue or Violet) and Gram negative (pink or red). Because of a thick peptidoglycan layer,
    Gram positive bacteria retain the initial stain while gram negative bacteria have thin
    peptidoglycan layer thus washed off when exposed to the decolorizer, making it stained
    with the counter stain. The table below shows a summary of the principles of Gram
    staining.

    Crystal Violet Gram’s 95% Alcohol Safranin Final color


    (initial stain) Iodine (decolorizer) (counter
    (mordant) stain)
    Gram positive absorbed absorbed not not blue/ violet
    decolorized absorbed
    Gram absorbed absorbed decolorized absorbed red/ pink
    negative

    Lifted from https://microbenotes.com/gram-stain-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation/


    Figure 5. Gram Staining Techniques
    Lifted from https://blog.microbiologics.com/9-gram-staining-best-practices/
    Figure 6. Microscopic Images of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria

    4. According to Acid Fast Stain Reaction


    Acid fast staining is particularly done on bacteria with mycolic acid in its cell wall,
    which is only seen in genus Mycobacterium. The initial stain has an affinity to the mycolic
    acid giving it a red or pink color while all other bacteria are stained with the counter stain
    (blue/ violet). Exactly opposite of the colors in Gram’s staining. The table below shows
    the summary of Acid Fast Staining.

    Carbol Tergitol Acid Safranin Final color


    Fuchsin (mordant) Alcohol (counter
    (initial stain) (decolorizer stain)
    )
    Acid Fast absorbed absorbed not not red/ pink
    Bacilli decolorized absorbed
    Non-acid Fast absorbed absorbed decolorized absorbed blue/ violet
    Bacilli

    Lifted from

    https://microbenotes.com/acid-fast-stain-kinyoun-cold-method-principle-procedure-and-result-interpretation/
    Figure 7. Microscopic Images of Acid Fast and non-Acid Fast Bacilli

    5. Other Classifications

    Oxygen aerobic anaerobic


    requirement
    Osmotic pressure halophiles facultative non halophiles
    requirement halophiles
    pH acidophiles alkaliphiles neutrophiles
    Temperature psychrophiles thermophiles mesophiles
    requirement
    Nutritional photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs chemoheterotrophs
    requirement

    Processing of Bacterial Samples


    Routine bacteriologic processes are divided into 3 stages. These macroscopic,
    microscopic and biochemical tests. The objective of these tests is to have as much evidences of
    the characteristics of the bacteria being identified. The following are descriptions of the tests
    performed.

    Purpose Tests Performed


    Macroscopic to observe for cultural appearance on culture
    evaluation characteristics that are media color odor
    visible to the eyes
    microscopic uses the microscope and Gram’s reaction
    evaluation staining techniques to Acid fast reaction
    observe bacterial morphology
    morphology
    Biochemical tests tests are done to tests for CHO, CHON, Lipids
    determine chemicals that Anti-microbial Susceptibility
    are utilized or produced
    by bacteria
    Specimen initial Gram’s stain Cultural characteristics (isolation and subculture)

    Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Biochemical Tests Gram’s stain

    Pictures lifted from https://microbenotes.com/antimicrobial


    -susceptibility
    -testing-ast-types-and-limitations/

    Figure 8. Scheme for laboratory work in bacteriology

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