AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT

OPERATIONS
MANUAL

SECTION 2-19

AUTOPILOT

Block Page
General .................................................................... 2-19-05 ........01
Automatic Flight Control System ............................. 2-19-05 ........02
Flight Guidance System........................................... 2-19-05 ........04
Flight Director ....................................................... 2-19-05 ........04
Autopilot ............................................................... 2-19-05 ........04
Flight Director Modes............................................... 2-19-10 ........01
Lateral Modes ...................................................... 2-19-10 ........01
Heading Hold Mode.......................................... 2-19-10 ........01
Heading Select Mode (HDG)............................ 2-19-10 ........02
VOR NAV Mode (VOR) .................................... 2-19-10 ........03
VOR Approach Mode (VAPP) .......................... 2-19-10 ........04
Localizer Mode (LOC/BC) ................................ 2-19-10 ........04
LNAV Mode ..................................................... 2-19-10 ........05
Vertical Modes ..................................................... 2-19-10 ........06
Pitch Hold Mode ............................................... 2-19-10 ........06
Altitude Hold Mode (ALT) ................................. 2-19-10 ........06
Altitude Preselect Mode (ASEL)....................... 2-19-10 ........07
Flight Level Change Mode (FLC) ..................... 2-19-10 ........07
Speed Hold Mode (SPD) .................................. 2-19-10 ........11
Vertical Speed Hold Mode (VS) ....................... 2-19-10 ........12
Glide Slope Mode (GS) .................................... 2-19-10 ........12
Go Around Mode .............................................. 2-19-10 ........13
Windshear Escape Guidance Mode................. 2-19-10 ........15
Autopilot Disengagement......................................... 2-19-10 ........16
EICAS Messages..................................................... 2-19-15 ........01
Controls and Indicators............................................ 2-19-15 ........01
Flight Guidance Controller ................................... 2-19-15 ........01
Pitch and Turn Controller ..................................... 2-19-15 ........05
Control Wheel ...................................................... 2-19-15 ........07
Thrust Levers ....................................................... 2-19-15 ........09
Display Controller (DC-550) ................................. 2-19-15 ........10
PFD Indicators ..................................................... 2-19-15 ........13
EICAS Indicators .................................................. 2-19-15 ........19
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AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

Category II Approach ............................................... 2-19-20.........01

Category II Conditions .......................................... 2-19-20.........01
Localizer Excessive Deviation Warning ........... 2-19-20.........02
Glideslope Excessive Deviation Warning ........ 2-19-20.........02
Controls and Indicators ............................................ 2-19-20.........03
PFD Indicators...................................................... 2-19-20.........03

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
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MANUAL

GENERAL
The Primus 1000 (P-1000) Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) is
a fully integrated, fail passive three-axis flight control system which
incorporates lateral and vertical guidance, yaw damper and automatic
pitch trim functions.

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MANUAL

AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

The Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) consists of dual IC-600s,
autopilot servos, a flight guidance controller (GC-550), a pitch and turn
controller (PC-400) and a display controller (DC-550), as follows:

− IC-600 computer - The primary component of the Automatic Flight

Control System (AFCS). Controls the symbol generator, monitors,
flight director and autopilot. Only the IC-600 #1 incorporates the
autopilot functions.
− FLIGHT GUIDANCE CONTROLLER (GC-550) - Consists of a panel
that allows control of both Flight Director systems and autopilot
functions. The GC-550 provides means for engaging the autopilot
and the yaw damper, selecting the flight director modes and the flight
director coupling. The Flight Guidance Controller also provides the
means for the remote selection of course, heading, vertical speed
target, indicated airspeed target, Mach targets and preselected
altitude.
− PITCH AND TURN CONTROLLER (PC-400) - Consists of a panel
with a Turn Control Knob and a Pitch Control Wheel. These controls
allow the pilot to manually maneuver the airplane with the autopilot
engaged.
− DISPLAY CONTROLLER PANEL (DC-550) - The DC is used to
select various features on the PFD. These include Horizontal
Situation Indicator (HSI) formats, navigation sources, weather display
and bearing pointer selection.
The Automatic Flight Control System interfaces with the following
systems:
− ATTITUDE AND HEADING REFERENCE SYSTEM (AHRS):
provides pitch, roll and acceleration information to the autopilot
system via IC-600-1.
− INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM (IRS): provides pitch, roll and
acceleration information to the autopilot system via IC-600-1.
− RADIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: provides navigation data to the
IC-600, including short range navigation data, VOR bearings, ILS
approach data, marker beacon tone detection and transmission,
DME features and ADF.

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− AIR DATA COMPUTERS (ADCs): supply pressure altitude,

barometrically corrected altitude, true airspeed, calibrated airspeed,
vertical speed, Mach number, static air temperature and total air
temperature to both IC-600.
− RADIO ALTIMETER SYSTEM: provides radio altitude, low altitude
awareness and decision height information on the PFD.
− STALL PROTECTION SYSTEM: provides sensitive, visual and aural
indications of an impending stall. If a stall condition is near to occur,
the system actuates the stick shaker, disengages the autopilot and, if
necessary, actuates the stick pusher.
− ENHANCED GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM
(EGPWS/GPWS): receives, from IC-600-1, the glideslope deviation,
localizer deviation, selected decision height, selected course, packed
discrete and selected terrain range.
− ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM (EFIS): present
information to the flight crew. Consists of two Primary Flight Displays
(PFD), two multi function displays (MFD) and one EICAS display.
− HORIZONTAL STABILIZER CONTROL UNIT (HSCU): provides, to
both IC-600 #1 and #2, the horizontal stabilizer position. It also
receives, from IC-600 #1, the autopilot command, when the autopilot
is engaged, and the amount of trim demanded.
− AURAL WARNING UNIT (AWU): receives signal from the autopilot,
generates the appropriate messages and tones and send the audio
signal to the Audio Digital System, which routes the messages to the
speakers.
− FLAP ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT (FECU): moves the inboard
and outboard flap panels and sends flap position signal to the
autopilot system.
− FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS): provides high accuracy in
long range lateral navigation.

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FLIGHT GUIDANCE SYSTEM

The Flight Guidance System may perform three separate functions:
the Flight Director, Autopilot and Autopilot Monitoring.

FLIGHT DIRECTOR
The Flight Director function provides pitch and roll attitude commands
based on data from a variety of sensors, including attitude, heading, air
data, radio altimeter, navigation and pilot inputs. These attitude
commands are sent to the PFD for pilot display, to the autopilot for
automatic airplane control and to the autopilot monitors.

AUTOPILOT
The autopilot provides yaw stabilization and follows pitch and roll
attitude commands from the flight director.
The autopilot/yaw damper monitors continuously check autopilot
functions and operation. In case of failure, they are capable of
disengaging the autopilot and yaw damper, independent of the
autopilot processor hardware.

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AUTOFLIGHT SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

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FLIGHT DIRECTOR MODES

Flight Director mode selection is accomplished through the Flight
Guidance Controller. Each mode selector button is illuminated for the
armed and captured mode. Also, each active mode is annunciated on
the PFD display and this annunciation makes the distinction between
armed and captured modes. The various modes may be divided into
two categories: Lateral and Vertical modes.

LATERAL MODES
Lateral modes are those modes related to heading or roll control. They
normally provide commands based on navigation sources.

HEADING HOLD MODE

Heading Hold mode is the default Flight Director mode when no other
lateral mode is selected. The Heading Hold mode provides roll
commands to maintain the heading at the moment of mode
engagement. Once this mode is selected, the heading reference is
established one second after the system detects a bank angle of less
than 6º. A bank angle command of 0° is used (wings level) until the
heading reference is established.
The ROL green label is displayed on the PFD to indicate the mode is
engaged. Only the pilot’s side primary heading is used by this mode. If
this data is invalid, the Wings Level submode is used.
The Heading Hold mode is divided into Roll Hold submode, Turn Knob
submode and Wings Level submode.

ROLL HOLD SUBMODE

The Roll Hold submode is entered from Heading Hold mode, with the
autopilot engaged, by using the Touch Control Steering Button (TCS)
to manually fly the airplane to a bank angle greater than 6°. The
system maintains the bank angle at the time the TCS button is
released. Roll Hold submode may be canceled by either manually
flying the airplane to less than 6° with the TCS button, by moving the
Turn Control Knob out of detent or by selecting another lateral mode.
This mode is annunciated on the PFD by the ROL green label.
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TURN KNOB SUBMODE

The Turn Knob submode allows the pilot to generate a roll attitude
command manually with the Turn Control Knob. Moving the Turn
Control Knob out of detent, with the autopilot engaged, cancels all
other lateral modes including Heading Hold mode in both Flight
Directors.
When the Turn Control Knob is out of detent, the autopilot will maintain
a roll attitude proportional to the displacement of the knob. The
autopilot will revert back to Heading Hold mode when the turn knob is
placed in the detent position. Turn Knob submode is annunciated on
the PFD by the ROL green label when out of detent and the autopilot
is engaged. When the autopilot is disengaged and the Turn Control
Knob is out of detent, the TKNB label is displayed in the PFD and the
autopilot engagement is inhibited.

WINGS LEVEL SUBMODE (Airplanes equipped with EICAS 16 and

on)
The Wings Level submode provides a roll command of 0º. This mode
is active in the Go Around mode, Windshear mode or if the primary
heading data is invalid. Therefore, this mode is available even if either
attitude source is invalid. This mode is annunciated on the PFD by the
ROL green label.

HEADING SELECT MODE (HDG)

The HDG mode is selected by pressing the HDG button on the flight
guidance controller or by arming LOC, VOR, VAPP, or BC. This mode
allows the Flight Director to track the EHSI heading bug, as set by the
heading select knob. The Heading Select mode is annunciated on the
PFD by the green HDG label.
The mode will be inhibited by the following conditions:
− Turn Control Knob out of detent with autopilot engaged.
− Displayed heading invalid.
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The mode will be canceled if any of the following conditions occur:
− Pressing the HDG button.
− Changing the displayed heading source on the PFD.
− LOC & BC mode capture.
− VOR & VAPP capture.
− Pressing the Go Around button.

LOW BANK MODE

The Low Bank mode allows the pilot to select reduced bank angle for
the HDG mode. Bank angle limit will be reduced from 27° to 14°
whenever this mode is active. The mode is selected by pressing the
BNK button in the Flight Guidance Controller. This mode is
annunciated only while the Heading Select mode is active, but remains
selected if Heading Select mode is deactivated, being reactivated and
annunciated if Heading mode is selected again. The Low Bank mode
is automatically selected when climbing above 25000 ft and
automatically canceled when descending below 24750 ft.

VOR NAV MODE (VOR)

The VOR NAV mode allows automatic capture and tracking of both
inbound and outbound VOR radials. The VOR mode is selected by
pressing the NAV button in the Flight Guidance Controller, with VOR
selected on the PFD. Upon selection of VOR NAV mode, the HDG
select mode will automatically be engaged. This triggers the green
HDG annunciation on the PFD in conjunction with an armed white
VOR NAV annunciation, also on the PFD.
At the proper time, based on course error and beam deviation, the
capture of VOR mode will cancel the HDG selected mode.
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The mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the following
conditions occur:
− Pressing the NAV button.
− Selecting VAPP or HDG modes.
− Changing the displayed NAV source on the PFD.
− Changing the displayed heading source on the PFD.
− When the displayed heading is invalid.
− When the displayed NAV source is invalid for more than
5 seconds.
− Pressing the Go Around Button.
− Turn Control Knob out of detent with autopilot engaged.

VOR APPROACH MODE (VAPP)

The VOR Approach mode provides the same capabilities as the VOR
NAV mode, with higher gain for operation close to the station.
It is recommended to select VAPP mode only on the final approach
segment. Therefore, the outbound segment should be flown using
some other mode.
This mode is selected by pressing the APR button on the Flight
Guidance Controller, with VOR displayed on the PFD. This mode is
canceled or inhibited by the same conditions as the VOR NAV mode.
Selecting VOR Approach mode, the HDG select mode will
automatically be engaged providing the green HDG annunciation on
the PFD in conjunction with the armed VOR approach and white NAV
annunciation, also on the PFD.

LOCALIZER MODES (LOC/BC)

The Localizer Modes allow automatic capture and tracking of localizer
transmitters. Both front course (LOC) and back course (BC)
approaches are supported.
The back course approach operates similar to the front course
approach, except that the beam deviation is inverted, allowing the
system to approach the runway 180° from the front-course.
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Select the Localizer mode by pressing the NAV or APR buttons on the
flight guidance controller with ILS as the selected navigation source. In
this case, the HDG select mode is automatically selected and the
localizer is armed. On an ILS approach, when the localizer is armed
and the APR button is pressed, the Glide Slope is also armed.
The localizer mode captures are based on course error and beam
deviation. At the point of capture, the current armed mode (LOC or
BC) is selected and locked, while HDG select mode is canceled. The
LOC mode capture or BC mode capture is annunciated on the PFD by
a green LOC or green BC label, respectively.
After captured, the mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the
following conditions occur:
− Pressing the NAV or APR buttons.
− Selecting HDG mode.
− Changing the displayed NAV source on the PFD.
− Changing the displayed heading source on the PFD.
− When the displayed heading is invalid.
− When the displayed NAV source is invalid for more than
5 seconds.
− When the displayed Glide Slope deviation is invalid for more
than 5 seconds, with GS mode captured.
− When the on-side attitude is invalid.
− When the selected air data source is invalid.
− Pressing Go Around button.
− Turn Control Knob out of detent with autopilot engaged.

LNAV MODE
The LNAV mode allows the Flight Director to capture and track the roll
steering signal from the long range navigation system (FMS/GPS).
With FMS selected on the PFD, select LNAV mode by pressing the
NAV button on the Flight Guidance Controller. This mode will
automatically engage HDG select mode, triggering a green HDG
annunciation on the PFD in conjunction with a white LNAV
annunciation, also on the PFD.
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The mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the following
conditions occur:
− Pressing the NAV button.
− Selecting HDG mode.
− Changing the displayed NAV source on the PFD.
− Changing the displayed heading source on the PFD.
− When the displayed heading is invalid.
− When the lateral steering command is invalid.
− Pressing the Go Around button.
− Turn Control Knob out of detent with autopilot engaged.

VERTICAL MODES
Vertical modes are those modes related to pitch control. Due to the
necessity of maintaining the wings leveled during Go Around, this
vertical maneuver may also be considered as a lateral mode.

PITCH HOLD MODE

The Pitch Hold mode is the default mode that controls the airplane
when no other Flight Director mode is selected.
The Pitch Hold mode is synchronized to the existing pitch attitude and
provides an error signal to the command bars and autopilot function.
By pressing the Touch Control Steering Button (TCS), the pilot may
manually change the pitch attitude and then allow the system to
resynchronize to the new attitude when the button is released.
Should the autopilot be engaged and the Flight Director is in the pitch
hold mode, pitch attitude reference can be changed by rotating the
pitch control wheel on the pitch and turn controller.
The pitch control wheel allows continuous variable rates and
amplitudes of the pitch reference. A PIT label is displayed on the PFD
to indicate mode engaged.
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ALTITUDE HOLD MODE (ALT)

The Altitude Hold mode generates an altitude error signal from a
reference altitude and provides a pitch command, which allows the
autopilot to maintain altitude.
The Altitude Hold mode is selected by pressing the ALT button on the
Flight Guidance Controller or can also be activated automatically by
the altitude preselect mode. This mode is annunciated on the PFD by
the ALT label.
The mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the following
conditions occur:
− Pressing the ALT button.
− Selecting VS, FLC, or SPD modes.
− Glide slope capture.
− When the air data is invalid.
− Pressing the Go Around Button.
− Pitch control wheel moved with autopilot engaged.

ALTITUDE PRESELECT MODE (ASEL)

The Altitude Preselect mode provides means for the system to climb
or descend to a predetermined altitude and then level off and maintain
the preselected altitude.
Preselected altitude is set through the ASEL knob on the Flight
Guidance Controller and is displayed on the top right corner of the
PFD. This mode is annunciated by the white ASEL label on the PFD.
Pitch Hold, Speed Hold or Vertical Speed Hold must be used to climb
or descend towards the preselected altitude or Flight Level Change
(FLC).
The ASEL mode will arm automatically if the airplane climbs or
descends towards a preselected altitude. The ASEL mode will
automatically capture and cancel any existing mode at the appropriate
point based on preselected altitude error and vertical speed. The
system will automatically switch to altitude hold mode after the
airplane has leveled off at the selected altitude.
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The mode will be canceled and/or inhibited if any of the following
conditions occur:
− Changing the preselected altitude.
− Selecting ALT, VS, FLC, or SPD modes.
− Glide slope capture.
− When the air data is invalid.
− Pressing the Go Around Button.

FLIGHT LEVEL CHANGE MODE (FLC)

The Flight Level Change mode (FLC) provides means of climbing or
descending to a preselected altitude at a pre-programmed schedule.
When the preselected altitude is above the current altitude and the
flight level change mode is selected, the Flight Director provides a
speed command at the predetermined climb speed schedule. When
the preselected altitude is below the current altitude and FLC is
selected, the FD provides a command to descend at a determined rate
of descent. The PFD will display the current IAS, Mach or vertical
speed bug as appropriate and the target speed can be adjusted only
by deselecting the flight level change mode.
As the airplane approaches the preselected altitude, the Flight Director
will cycle among ASEL ARM, ASEL CAP, and ALT HOLD to capture
the preselected altitude.
The following protections are provided with this mode:
− Maximum normal and longitudinal acceleration: 0.1 G.
− Maximum airspeed: VMO or MMO.
− System will maintain the preselected altitude.

The Flight Level Change mode may be activated by selecting an

altitude and pressing the FLC button in the Flight Guidance Controller.
This mode is annunciated on the PFD by the CLB label, when
following the IAS/MACH climb profile, or by the DES label when
following a vertical descent profile of –2000 ft/min.
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The mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the following
conditions occur:
− Pressing the FLC button.
− Changing the preselected altitude.
− Selecting ALT, VS, FLC, or SPD modes.
− Glide slope capture.
− When the air data is invalid.
− Pressing the Go Around Button.

DESCENT RATE SCHEDULE:

For EICAS versions up to 13:
The descent rate schedule is –2000 ft/min.
For EICAS versions 14 and on:
From 37000 ft to 12000 ft, the descent rate schedule is
−2000 ft/min.
From 12000 ft to 10000 ft the descent rate schedule is –2000 ft/min
to –1000 ft/min.
From 10000 ft and below the descent rate schedule is –1000 ft/min.
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CLIMB RATE SCHEDULE:

For climb rate schedule see the chart below:

EMB-145 (All models except EMB-145 XR)

EMB-145 XR Model
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SPEED HOLD MODE (SPD)

The Speed Hold mode is used to maintain airspeed or Mach number
while flying to a new altitude. Indicated airspeed should be used below
25000 ft and Mach number above 25100 ft.
The Speed Hold mode is also designed to provide overspeed and
underspeed protections.
Speed hold mode is selected by pressing the SPD button on the Flight
Guidance Controller. This mode is annunciated on the PFD by the
SPD label, when maintaining IAS, or by the MACH label when
maintaining Mach number. Selection of Speed Hold mode cancels
other vertical modes, except the altitude preselect arm mode and
Glide Slope arm mode.
Speed Hold mode is automatically selected when the FLC button is
pressed and the preselected altitude is above the current altitude.
Different Speed Target can be selected by using the Speed Set knob
in the Flight Guidance Controller. Pressing the SPD knob allows the
pilot to toggle between IAS target and MACH target to set airspeed.
The following protections are provided with this mode:
− Maximum normal acceleration: 0.1 G.
− Maximum normal acceleration on entering overspeed: 0.3 G.
− Maximum airspeed: VMO or MMO.
− Minimum airspeed: Shaker actuation speed.
− System will maintain the preselected altitude and airspeed.

The mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the following

conditions occur:
− Pressing the SPD button.
− Selecting ALT, VS, or FLC modes.
− Altitude preselect capture.
− Glide slope capture.
− When air data is invalid.
− Pressing the Go Around Button.
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VERTICAL SPEED HOLD MODE (VS)

The Vertical Speed hold mode is used to maintain or to make changes
to the vertical speed. The Vertical Speed hold mode ranges from
–6000 to +6000 ft/min, with a resolution of 100 ft/min.
The Vertical Speed Hold mode is selected by pressing the VS button
on the Flight Guidance Controller or automatically, when FLC button is
pressed and the preselected altitude is below the current altitude. This
mode is annunciated on the PFD by the VS label.
Selection of this mode cancels other vertical modes, except the
altitude preselect arm and Glide Slope arm.
Vertical speed may be changed by using the Speed Set knob, on the
flight guidance controller.
The following protections are provided with this mode:
− Maximum airspeed: VMO.
− Minimum airspeed: Shaker actuation speed.

The mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the following

conditions occur:
− Pressing the VS button.
− Selecting ALT, SPD, or FLC modes.
− Altitude preselect capture.
− Glide slope capture.
− When air data is invalid.
− Pressing the Go Around Button.

GLIDE SLOPE MODE (GS)

The Glide Slope mode allows automatic capture and tracking to Glide
Slope transmitters. Select Glide Slope mode by pressing the APR
button with ILS as a navigation source.
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Selecting Glide Slope mode automatically arms GS (in conjunction
with LOC). The PFD will display a white localizer LOC and a white
Glide Slope GS annunciation. The localizer mode capture will occur
with a green LOC annunciation on the PFD. The Glide Slope mode
capture, with a green GS annunciation on the PFD, will occur only
after Localizer mode has been captured.
After captured, the GS mode will be canceled or inhibited if any of the
following conditions occur:
− Pressing the APR or NAV buttons.
− Lost Localizer mode.
− Selecting ALT, SPD, VS, or FLC modes.
− Glide slope deviation invalid for a period greater than
5 seconds.
− Pressing the Go Around Button.

GO AROUND MODE
The Go Around mode may be engaged only at radio altitudes below
2500 ft, or below 15000 ft pressure altitude for an invalid Radio
Altimeter signal. This feature is provided to protect against inadvertent
Go Around selections during cruise.
While this mode is engaged, the Speed knob is inhibited.
The airspeed bug is displayed on the airspeed tape on the PFD and a
pitch limit indicator is displayed on the EADI. If the Stall Protection
Computer signal becomes invalid, the pitch limit indicator is removed.
The Go Around mode is divided into two submodes. The Takeoff
Submode is engaged by pressing the Go Around button when the
airplane is on the ground (weight on wheels), or in flight up to 400 ft
Radio Altitude after the takeoff. Anytime after this, pressing the Go
Around button engages the Go Around Submode.
The Go Around submode, as well as the Vertical Speed Control knob,
is inhibited while Takeoff Submode is engaged.
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TAKEOFF SUBMODE
The Takeoff submode provides Wings Level and fixed pitch up attitude
command indicated by the Flight Director command bars on the EADI.
The pitch angle is the same as described in Takeoff - Normal
Procedures (1-02-40).
This submode is annunciated by the ROL label and TO label, both on
the PFD, and it is canceled if any of the following conditions occur:
− The TCS button is pushed.
− The ALT, SPD, VS, or FLC mode is selected.
− Transition to capture Altitude Preselect mode occurs.
− Air data computer source selection is changed.

If the autopilot is selected with the Takeoff submode engaged, this

submode drops into Pitch Hold mode and synchronizes to the current
attitude. This submode does not couple to the autopilot, which may be
used after climbing above the airplane Minimum Engagement Height
(MEH).
A Pitch Limit Indicator (PLI) is displayed on the EADI sphere when the
margin prior to the stick shaker set point is lower than or equal to 10°.
In the case of an invalid Stall Protection Computer signal, the PLI will
be biased out of view and an amber AOA annunciation is displayed on
the PFD.

GO AROUND SUBMODE
The Go Around Submode should be selected once the decision to
discontinue the approach has been taken. Although commanding a
nose up attitude, the need to maintain wings leveled causes this
submode to incorporate both lateral and vertical modes features.
The autopilot may be coupled to the Go Around Submode above the
Minimum Use Height (MUH). However, the crew is not alerted in case
of coupling this submode below the MUH.
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This submode is annunciated by the ROL label and GA label, both on
the PFD, and it is canceled if any of the following conditions occur:
− Glide slope capture.
− The ALT, SPD, VS, or FLC mode is selected.
− Transition to capture Altitude Preselect mode occurs.
− Air data computer source selection is changed.

Once a positive rate of climb has been achieved, this submode

commands a pitch angle of 10° nose up. If transition to Speed Hold
Mode occurs, IAS mode annunciator replaces the GA mode
annunciator.
Transition from Go Around Submode to Speed Hold Mode
automatically occurs:
− If, at anytime, the speed is lower than 1.23 VS. In this case,
1.23 VS is targeted, replacing the pre-selected speed target.
If this speed can not be maintained, altitude is held.
− If, 20 seconds after Go Around engagement, the speed is
higher than 170 KIAS. In this case, 170 KIAS is targeted,
replacing the pre-selected speed target.
− If, 20 seconds after Go Around engagement, the speed is up
to 5 kt higher or lower than the pre-selected speed target,
which, in this case, is maintained.

The Go Around Submode ignores a pre-selected altitude below the

airplane, and a pre-selected altitude above the airplane is captured if it
is higher than the Go Around submode engagement altitude plus
400 ft (pressure altitude). This feature is provided to avoid the airplane
leveling off if the pilot has not readjusted the pre-selected altitude to
the new missed approach altitude.

WINDSHEAR ESCAPE GUIDANCE MODE

The Windshear Escape Guidance mode is provided in order to recover
from a windshear situation.
For further information on windshear detection and escape guidance
system, refer to Section 2-4 – Crew Awareness.
AOM-145/1114

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AUTOPILOT AIRPLANE
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MANUAL

AUTOPILOT DISENGAGEMENT
The autopilot is normally disengaged through the Autopilot
Engage/Disengage button or through the quick disconnect button on
the control wheel.
A voice message AUTOPILOT is generated when the autopilot is
disengaged.
The voice message occurs at any altitude in case of intentional
disengagement or due to an autopilot failure and may be canceled
according to the following associated conditions:

Associated Conditions Cancellation

Above 2500 ft radio altitude with Self canceled.

a valid Radio Altimeter signal.

Below 2500 ft radio altitude with Pressing the Autopilot Quick

a valid Radio Altimeter signal. Disconnect Button twice.

Invalid Radio Altimeter signal. Pressing the Autopilot Quick

Disconnect Button twice.

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
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EICAS MESSAGES

TYPE MESSAGE MEANING

Autopilot has failed and has
WARNING AUTOPILOT FAIL
been automatically disengaged.
AUTO TRIM FAIL Automatic pitch trim has failed.
AP ELEV MISTRIM A pitch mistrim condition exists.

CAUTION AP AIL MISTRIM A roll mistrim condition exists.

LATERAL MODE OFF Inadvertent loss of the Lateral

Flight Director mode.
VERTICAL MODE OFF Inadvertent loss of the Vertical
Flight Director mode.
YAW DAMPER FAIL Yaw Damper has failed and has
been automatically disengaged.

CONTROLS AND INDICATORS

FLIGHT GUIDANCE CONTROLLER

NOTE: All the mode selector buttons described below are illuminated
to indicate whether the associated mode is armed or captured.

1 - FLIGHT DIRECTOR BUTTON

− Allows the Flight Director bars to be displayed on the associated
PFD.
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2 - LATERAL MODE SELECTOR BUTTONS

− Select lateral operating modes of the autoflight system, as
follows:
− HDG: selects heading hold and heading select modes.
− NAV: selects VOR NAV mode and allows selection of
LOC/BC and LNAV modes.
− APR: selects VOR approach mode and allows selection of
LOC/BC and GS modes.
− BNK: selects Low Bank submode.

3 - AUTOPILOT ENGAGE BUTTON

− Pressed once engages the autopilot and the yaw damper.
Pressed again, disengages the autopilot only, keeping the yaw
damper engaged.

4 - VERTICAL MODE SELECTOR BUTTONS

− Select vertical operating modes of the autoflight system, as
follows:
− SPD: selects Speed Hold mode.
− FLC: selects Flight Level Change mode.
− VS: selects Vertical Speed hold mode.
− ALT: selects Altitude Hold mode.

5 - ALTITUDE PRESELECT KNOB

− Allows preselection of altitude in 100 ft increments.

6 - COURSE SELECTOR KNOB

− Allows selection of course in 1° increments.
− Pressing the knob synchronizes the selected course to the VOR
bearing.
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MANUAL

7 - VERTICAL SPEED CONTROL KNOB AND IAS/M SELECTOR

BUTTON
− Pressing the knob toggles between the speed modes MACH
and IAS.
− When in SPD mode, rotation of this knob allows selection of
indicated airspeed in one-knot increments or Mach Number in
0.01 increments.
− When in VS mode, rotation of this knob allows selection of
vertical speed in 100 ft/min increments.

8 - YAW DAMPER ENGAGE BUTTON

− Pressed once, engages only the Yaw Damper. Pressed again
disengages the yaw damper and the autopilot, if it is engaged.

9 - AUTOPILOT COUPLE BUTTON

− Allows the pilot’s or copilot’s Flight Director commands to
control the autopilot. The couple button can be pressed with the
autopilot engaged or disengaged. However, if the Flight Director
is switched, the modes will drop out and the autopilot will remain
engaged (if already engaged) and revert to basic autopilot
mode (pitch and roll).

10- HEADING SELECT KNOB

− Allows selection of heading in 1° increments.
− Pressing this knob synchronizes the heading selection to the
current displayed heading.
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FLIGHT GUIDANCE CONTROLLER

AOM-145/1114

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
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PITCH AND TURN CONTROLLER

1 - PITCH CONTROL WHEEL

− Manually controls the pitch when the autopilot is engaged and
the Pitch Hold mode is selected.
− Pitch control wheel operation is inhibited if any vertical mode,
except the Pitch Hold mode, is selected in the Flight Director.

2 - TURN CONTROL KNOB

− Manually controls the roll attitude when the autopilot is
engaged.
− The control has a center detent position at the wings leveled
position. The control remains at the current position when
released.
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PITCH AND TURN CONTROLLER

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
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CONTROL WHEEL

1 - TOUCH CONTROL STEERING BUTTON (TCS)

− Allows manual maneuvering of the airplane without disengaging
the autopilot. The airplane may be maneuvered to any desired
pitch attitude while the TCS button is pressed. When the button
is released, the following occurs:
− Primary servos reengage.
− The computer synchronizes itself to the new pitch attitude
and vertical mode and maintain it.
− Lateral control is returned to the previously selected lateral
mode (return to the lateral mode is filtered to prevent rapid
maneuvers).
− After glide slope capture in APR mode with the autopilot
engaged, if the TCS button is pressed and released, the
autopilot will resume the controls and turn the airplane to the
ILS center beam.

2 - QUICK DISCONNECT BUTTON

− Provides the means to disengage autopilot and yaw damper.
− The pilot’s and copilot’s buttons are interconnected to allow
autopilot cancellation from either seat.
− For Post-Mod. SB 145-22-0001 airplanes or airframes S/N
145001 through 145003, 145041 and on, if the autopilot is
disengaged and the button is pressed, the voice message
AUTOPILOT will be canceled in 2 seconds.
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CONTROL WHEEL
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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

THRUST LEVERS

1 - GO AROUND BUTTON
− Selects the Go Around mode (Takeoff submode, Go Around
Speed Target submode and Windshear mode).
− The button also forces the Flight Director into either the Go
Around mode or the Windshear mode, depending on the
windshear signal.

THRUST LEVERS
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DISPLAY CONTROLLER (DC-550)

1 - NAVIGATION SOURCES SELECTOR BUTTON

− Provides the selection of the VHF NAV (VOR, ILS and MLS) as
navigation source for the EHSI. If the VHF NAV is already
selected, pressing the NAV Button selects the opposite VHF
NAV as navigation source for the on-side EHSI. Pressing the
NAV Button once again will restore the normal operation: VHF
NAV 1 information presented on the PFD 1 and VHF NAV 2
information presented on the PFD 2.

2 - FMS SOURCE SELECTOR BUTTON (OPTIONAL)

− Provides the selection of the FMS as navigation source for the
EHSI.
− On airplanes equipped with dual FMS, pressing the FMS Button
for the second time selects the opposite FMS as navigation
source for the on-side EHSI (and for the on-side MFD MAP).
Pressing the FMS Button once again will restore the normal
operation: FMS 1 information presented on the PFD 1 (and
MFD 1) and FMS 2 information presented on the PFD 2 (and
MFD 2).

3 - BEARING SELECTOR KNOB

OFF: The associated PFD bearing pointers are disabled.
NAV 1 (2): Selects the respective VHF NAV as source for the
associated bearing pointer.
ADF: Selects the respective ADF as source for the associated
bearing pointer.
FMS: Selects the FMS as source for the associated bearing
pointer.
AOM-145/1114

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

4 - DECISION HEIGHT SETTING AND IC-600 TEST KNOB

− Provides the Radio Altimeter (RA) decision height setting.
− When pressed on ground provides the IC-600 and RA test
activation. Refer to Section 2-4 – Crew Awareness for further
information on test function and Section 2-17 – Flight
Instruments for further information on decision height setting
and RA test in flight.
AOM-145/1114

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AUTOPILOT AIRPLANE
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DISPLAY CONTROLLER PANEL (DG-550)

AOM-145/1114

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

PFD INDICATORS

1 - ARMED LATERAL MODE (WHITE)

− Indicates which lateral mode is armed.
− The mode annunciation is removed if the Flight Director fails.

2 - CAPTURED LATERAL MODE (GREEN)

− Indicates which lateral mode is captured.
− The mode annunciation is removed and an amber FD FAIL is
displayed in case of Flight Director failure.

3 - AUTOPILOT MESSAGE FIELD

− Indicates autopilot status.
− Messages are mutua
− lly exclusive and therefore only one message can be displayed
at a time.
− The following messages may be displayed:
MESSAGE COLOR MEANING
AP Autopilot engaged.
Green Autopilot test mode is active
AP TEST
immediately after power up.
TCS TCS submode is engaged (autopilot is
White engaged).

Turn control knob is out of detent

TKNB position (autopilot is disengaged).
Amber When the autopilot is normally
AP disengaged, the green AP annunciation
turns amber and flashes for 5 seconds,
then extinguishes.
If the autopilot is engaged and a failure
occurs, the green AP annunciation turns
red and flashes for 5 seconds, then
becomes steady. The AP annunciation
AP Red appears in conjunction with the
AUTOPILOT FAIL message on the
EICAS and is removed when the
autopilot is disengaged through the
Quick Disconnect Button.
AOM-145/1114

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AUTOPILOT AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

4 - FLIGHT DIRECTOR COUPLE ARROW

− Indicates which Flight Director the autopilot is coupled to.
− The mode annunciation is removed if the Flight Director fails.

5 - YAW DAMPER ENGAGED ANNUNCIATION

− Color:
− Green: indicates the yaw damper is engaged.
− Amber: when the yaw damper is normally disengaged the
annunciation flashes for 5 seconds and then extinguishes
itself.
If the yaw damper is engaged and a failure occurs, the
annunciation flashes for 5 seconds then becomes steady
until it is disengaged through the Quick Disconnect Button.

6 - CAPTURED VERTICAL MODE (GREEN)

− Indicates which vertical mode is captured.
− The mode annunciation is removed if the Flight Director fails.

7 - MODE TRANSITION ANNUNCIATOR

− Each transition is annunciated by a box around the mode that is
being transitioned. The box will highlight the new mode for
5 seconds and then disappear.

8 - ARMED VERTICAL MODE (WHITE)

− Indicates which vertical mode is armed.
− The mode annunciation is removed if Flight Director fails.

9 - ALTITUDE PRESELECT DISPLAY

− Ranges from –900 to 45000 ft with a resolution of 100 ft.
− The digits and bug are cyan and the box is white. They become
amber 1000 ft prior to reaching the preselected altitude. Once
the airplane is within 250 ft of the preselected altitude, the box
returned to white. If the airplane exceeds the preselected
altitude by more than 250 ft, the box turns amber.
− Large digits display hundreds, thousands and tens of
thousands. Smaller digits, which are always zeros, display tens
AOM-145/1114

and ones.

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2-19-15 14 01 REVISION 36
 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL
− The bug moves according to the digital altitude preselect value.
− If the preselected altitude value is not within the displayed range
of the altitude scale, the bug will stay at the respective end of
scale, half-visible and unfilled.

10 - COMMAND BAR AND AIRPLANE SYMBOL

− Color: magenta.
− Indicates pitch and roll Flight Director commands.
− Command bar is removed if the Flight Director fails or if the
opposite side Flight Director selected source or tuned frequency
is different.
NOTE: The command bar and airplane symbol may be
presented in either V-bar or cross-bar formats,
depending on operator selection.

11 - SELECTED HEADING BUG

− Color: magenta.
− Displayed full time on the PFD, unless when the PFD is in arc
format.
− When setting the selected heading value, the bug will move
around the heading scale.

12 - VERTICAL SPEED TARGET DISPLAY

− Color: cyan.
− Ranges from 0 to 9900 ft/min with a resolution of 100 ft/min.
− Displayed only when Vertical Speed Hold mode is selected in
either Flight Director.

13 - SELECTED HEADING DIGITAL READOUT

− Color:
− Digits: cyan.
− Label: white.
− Indicates the heading selected through the Flight Guidance
Controller panel.
AOM-145/1114

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AUTOPILOT AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

14 - GS/LOC/ILS COMPARISON MONITOR DISPLAYS

− Label: GS, LOC or ILS.
− Color: amber.
− Glide Slope comparison monitor (GS label) is displayed while in
GS CAP and below 2500 ft if there is a difference of 0.7 dot
deviation between the PFDs indication. If the radio altitude
output is invalid, the monitor will then be activated by GS CAP
only.
− Localizer comparison monitor (LOC label) is displayed while in
approach mode, below 2500 ft if there is a difference of 0.5 dot
deviation between the PFDs indication. If the radio altitude
output is invalid, the monitor will then be activated by GS CAP
only.
− ILS comparison monitor display is annunciated when both GS
and LOC comparison monitors are displayed simultaneously.

15 - AOA INDICATION
− Color: amber.
− Indicates loss of PLI indication due to an invalid Stall Protection
Computer signal.

16 - OVERSPEED/UNDERSPEED WARNING DISPLAY

− Color: amber.
− Label: MAX SPD for overspeed condition.
MI N SPD for underspeed condition.
− Activated by the Flight Director.
− Remains displayed as long as the condition exists.

17 - INDICATED AIRSPEED/MACH TARGET DISPLAY

− Color: digits are cyan and box is white.
− Ranges from 80 KIAS to VMO with a resolution of 1 KIAS or from
0.2 Mach to MMO with a resolution of 0.01 Mach.
− Displayed full time.
− Bug moves according to the indicated airspeed/Mach target
value set.
− If the indicated airspeed/Mach value is not within the displayed
range of the airspeed scale, the bug will stay at the respective
end of the scale, half-visible and unfilled.
AOM-145/1114

Page Code
2-19-15 16 01 REVISION 36
 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9
LOC LNAV VS G.S.
26O 145 OO
AP YD ASEL
17 I 28O A
A ADC2
VTA L
S SG2 2O 2O T
FMS
26O
M ATT 145OO 10
1O 1O
A
X
24 O 143 OO
S
P
D 1O 1O MIN
16
22O
14OOO
A 35O
ATT2
O M
15 RA
2OO A
LOC 2OO RA
.41O CAS MSG
29.92 IN 11
MAG2 HDG
SXTK
36O 3OOO
359 DTK FHDG MSG TCAS
14 12
FMS APP TEST 3
N 2
KDVT
33 3
12.5 H 1
DR
25 O 1OOO

VOR1
WX 5O
1
ADF2 -3.5
2
HDG GSPD
3
OO 1 245KTS
TGT
13
EM145AOM192009A.DGN

PFD INDICATORS (CROSS-BAR FORMAT)

AOM-145/1114

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REVISION 36 2-19-15 17 01
AUTOPILOT AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9
LOC LNAV VS G.S.
26O 145 OO
AP YD ASEL
17 I 28O A
A ADC2
VTA L
S SG2 2O 2O T
FMS
26O
M ATT 145OO 10
1O 1O
A
X
24 O 143 OO
S
P
D 1O 1O MIN
16
22O
14OOO
A 35O
ATT2
O M
15 RA
2OO A
LOC 2OO RA
.41O CAS MSG
29.92 IN 11
MAG2 HDG
SXTK
36O 3OOO
359 DTK FHDG MSG TCAS
14 12
FMS APP TEST 3
N 2
KDVT
33 3
12.5 H 1
DR
25 O 1OOO

VOR1
WX 5O
1
ADF2 -3.5
2
HDG GSPD
3
OO 1 245KTS
TGT
13
EM145AOM192006A.DGN

PFD INDICATORS (V-BAR FORMAT)

AOM-145/1114

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

EICAS INDICATORS

1 - ROLL MISTRIM ANNUNCIATION

− Color: amber.
− Indicates that a roll mistrim exists, which may cause an abrupt
roll command at the time the autopilot is disengaged.
− Direction of arrow indicates the side the roll trim must be
commanded to eliminate the condition.
− It is displayed in conjunction with the AP AIL MISTRIM message
on the EICAS.

ROLL MISTRIM ANNUNCIATION

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

CATEGORY II APPROACH (OPTIONAL)

The IC-600 may be optionally equipped with a Category II checklist
logic warning which is automatically activated whenever the Decision
Height is selected between 80 and 200 ft through the RA knob on the
Display Control Panel.

CATEGORY II CONDITIONS
The required conditions to obtain a Cat II valid conditions are:
− Cat II Decision Height setting on both Display Control Panels
(greater than 80 ft and less than 200 ft).
− Radio altitude between 2500 and 80 ft.
− Flaps 22°.
− NAV 1 on pilot’s side and NAV 2 on copilot’s side, both NAV’s
tuned to the same frequency.
− An active approach mode selected.
− Both Flight Directors operational (command bars visible).
− Attitude and heading valid on both PFDs.
− Glide slope and localizer deviation valid on both PFDs.
− No reversions (SG, AHRS, IRS or ADC) modes selected on
both PFDs.
− Valid airspeed and barometric altitude on both PFDs.
− No comparison monitors are tripped (attitude, heading,
airspeed, barometric altitude, localizer, glide slope and radio
altitude) on both PFDs.
− No back course selected.
− Autopilot engaged.

If all conditions are met, a green CAT 2 annunciation is displayed on

the PFDs. If any of the required conditions for establishing CAT 2 goes
invalid, the green CAT 2 will be replaced by flashing amber CAT 2
annunciation. It will flash for ten seconds and then go steady.

Page Code

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AUTOPILOT AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL
NOTE: For airplanes Pre-Mod. SB 145-31-0022, equipped with EICAS
version 16.5, the CAT 2 annunciator may remain green even
with the Autopilot disengaged. Once the CAT 2 limitations have
not changed, before performing CAT 2 approaches on the
mentioned airplanes, the flight crew must check the green
CAT 2 annunciation and also confirm if the Autopilot is
engaged.
EXCESSIVE LOCALIZER AND GLIDE SLOPE DEVIATIONS
WARNINGS
The on-side localizer and glide slope excessive deviations are
compared to the Cat II limits and displayed when the following
conditions are met:
− APR mode selected on both Flight Guidance Controller.
− AUTOPILOT engaged.
− Flaps 22°.
− CAT II Decision Height setting on Display Control Panels.
− VOR/LOC is the active course from the on-side RMU.
− On-side radio altitude between 500 and 80 ft.
− On-side localizer tuned and valid.
− On-side glide slope valid.
− No back course selected.
− Go-around not selected on either side.
Localizer excessive deviation:
If a localizer deviation greater than approximately 1/3 dot is
detected, the EHSI lateral deviation bar on the PFD’s EHSI will
change from green to amber, the lateral deviation scale will
change from white to amber, and flash.
NOTE: The on-side excessive deviation warning is also displayed
when the cross-side system has detected an excessive
deviation.
Glide slope excessive deviation:
If a glide slope deviation greater than approximately one dot is
detected, the GS pointer on the PFD’s EADI will change from
green to amber, the GS scale will change from white to amber,
and flash.
NOTE: The on-side excessive deviation warning is also displayed
when the cross-side system has detected an excessive
deviation.

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 AIRPLANE AUTOPILOT
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

CONTROLS AND INDICATORS

PFD INDICATORS
1 - CAT 2 ANNUNCIATION
− Indicates the Cat II condition.
− Label: CAT 2.
− Color:
− Normal condition: green.
− Abnormal condition: amber.

PFD INDICATORS

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OPERATIONS
MANUAL

THIS PAGE IS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY

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