Process Bus and Sampled

Values Based Applications

Dr. Alexander Apostolov

Los Angeles, CA

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Analog Signal Processing in ISD

Analog Function Rela

Input Module Input
Module Module

Opto
Input Multifunction
Module
ISD

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Analog Signal Processing in ISD
Function
Module

Data Bus

Analog
Input
Module A/D
Converter

Multiplexer

Analog Analog Analog

Filters Filters Filters

Input Input Input

X-er X-er X-er

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Distributed Functions

Bay
Computer

P... Interface 8

Interface 8 Logical
Connection 2 R…
Logical
Protection IED
Connection 1

P…
R…

Protection IED

P…
Distributed
function

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Merging Unit

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Merging Unit Delay

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 Time synchronization
• Time synchronization is essential to any
event analysis system
• There are two common ways of
synchronizing various devices to the same
clock source:
• Synchronization over direct connection
• Network synchronization

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IEC 61850 Time Synchronization
• Accomplished using SNTP Simple
Network Time Protocol
• SNTP is in essence a subset of NTP
(Network Time Protocol). NTP uses
UTC (Universal Time Coordinated,
Temps Universel Coordonné) as
reference time.
• UTC is an official standard for the
current time and evolved from the
former GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).

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IEC 61850 Time Synchronization

• The UTC second has been defined by

the 13th General Conference of
Weights and Measures in 1967 as
"The second is the duration of
9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition
between the two hyperfine levels of
the ground state of the cesium-133
atom."

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 Time synchronization

• SNTP accuracy is not sufficient for SAV

time synchronization
• IEEE 1588 is the future standard

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Distributed Analog Functions
IF 4
TCTR

RDRE LCn TVTR

Protection
Device
IF 4 Analog
Interface
IF 4 LC2 Unit
Analog LC1
Interface
TCTR
Unit
TCTR
TVTR

TVTR
Distributed
analog
function
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 Logical Interfaces
Remote control (NCC) Technical Services
10 7

FCT. A FCT. B
9
STATION LEVEL
1,6 1,6

8
3 3
PROT. CONTR. CONTR. PROT.

2 2 Remote
Remote BAY/UNIT LEVEL
protection protection
4,5 4,5

Process Interface Sensors Actuators

PROCESS LEVEL

HV Equipment

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Waveform Recording Based on
Sampled Measured Values

TCTR Data Set and

SAV
Formatting
TVTR
Merging Unit

Recording IED

Waveform SAV
Recording
Function 61850-9-1/2

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Sampled Measured Values
ACSI
Publisher
DATA:SAV
DO
cf-attr
DO
cf-attr
dc-attr
cf-attr
dc-attr
dc-attr
MX attr
SendSMVMessage MX attr
(Communication MX attr
mapping specific) Local issue FCDA1

DATA-SET FCDA2
Trans- FCDA3
mission Member
Buffer Sample.req Member
Member

Control MemberReference
SVC ( = Functionally
Buffer constraint DATA-
ATTRIBUTE)

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Recording IED

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Distributed Recording System

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RDRE Logical Node Data
Objects

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Object Model Mapping

RDRE

RADR

RBDR

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Distributed Recording System

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 Introduction

• IEC 61850 is now an approved

international standard

• It allows the development of a new

generation of distributed applications
• Distributed analogue values
applications are analysed in this paper
• Devices conforming with the new
communications standard are available
from multiple vendors

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 Ethernet Frame
Pre SFD DA SA Length MAC Data + Pad FCS
Type
7 1 6 6 2 46-1500bytes 4
• Pre: The Preamble is an alternating pattern (7 bytes)
of 1 and 0 that tells receiving stations that a frame is
coming
• SFD: Start-of-frame delimiter (1 byte: 10101011)
indicating that the next bit is the left-most bit in the
left-most byte of the destination address.
• DA: Destination address (6 bytes) identifies which
station(s) should receive the frame
• SA: Source addresses (6 bytes) identifies the
sending station

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 Ethernet Frame
Pre SFD DA SA Length MAC Data + Pad FCS
Type
7 1 6 6 2 46-1500bytes 4
• Length Type: Number of MAC-client data bytes that
are contained in the data field of the frame
• MAC Client Data: A sequence of n bytes (46=< n
=<1500) of any value. (The total frame minimum is
64 bytes). The Pad contains (if necessary) extra
data bytes in order to bring the frame length up to its
minimum size. A minimum Ethernet frame size is 64
bytes from the Destination MAC Address field
through the Frame Check Sequence.
• FCS: The Frame Check Sequence is a 32-bit cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) value

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 Addressing Modes

• Unicast communication takes place

over the network between a single
sending IED and a single receiving IED.
The Destination Address identifies a
unique device that will receive the
Ethernet frame.
• Multicast is the addressing mode in
which a given frame is targeted to a
group of logically related IEDs. In this
case the Destination Address is the
Multicast Address, also called a
"group" address.

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 Addressing Modes

• Broadcast is the mode when an IED is

sending a frame to all devices
connected to the substation network.

• The Destination Address in this case is

a Broadcast Address - a multicast
address identifying the group of all
devices on a network - all 1 bits.
• The Broadcast Domain includes all
network segments joined together by
bridges.

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 Logical Interfaces

• IF1: protection-data exchange between bay

and station level
• IF2: protection-data exchange between bay
level and remote protection
• IF3: data exchange within bay level
• IF4: CT and VT instantaneous data
exchange (especially samples) between
process and bay level
• IF5: control-data exchange between
process and bay level

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 Logical Interfaces
• IF6: control-data exchange between bay
and station level
• IF7: data exchange between substation
(level) and a remote engineer’s workplace
• IF8: direct data exchange between the bays
especially for fast functions like
interlocking
• IF9: data exchange within station level
• IF10: control-data exchange between
substation (devices) and a remote control
center

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Optical CT Interface

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 Transmission of Sampled
Values
• The transmission of sampled values requires special
attention with regard to the time constraints.

• The model provides transmission of sampled values

in an organized and time controlled way so that the
combined jitter of sampling and transmission is
minimized to a degree that an unambiguous allocation
of the samples, times, and sequence is provided.

• The model applies to the exchange of values of a

DATA-SET (DATA of the common data class SAV).

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 Transmission of Sampled
Values
• The information exchange shall be based on a
publisher/subscriber mechanism.
• The publisher shall write the values in a local
buffer at the sending side.
• The subscriber shall read the values from a local
buffer at the receiving side.
• A time stamp shall be added to the values, so that
the subscriber can check the timeliness of the
values.
• A sampled value control (SVC) in the publisher
shall be used to control the communication
procedure.

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Sampled Measured Values
Based Model

TCTR Data Set and

MMXU SMV
Formatting
TVTR
Merging Unit

Relay SMV
Protection
Output
LN
Module 61850-9-1/2
Protection ISD

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Sampled Measured Values

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 Transmission of Sampled
Values

• The transmission of sampled values using

multicast (MULTICAST-SAMPLE-VALUE
CONTROL- BLOCK – MSVCB) shall be based on
configuration in the publishing device.

• To support self-descriptive capabilities, any

client may read the attributes of the sampled
value control instance.
• Authorized clients may modify attributes of the
sampled value control.

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Transmission of Sampled
Values

• The data exchange shall be based on the

multicast application association.

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Transmission of Sampled
Values

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 Transmission of Sampled
Values
• The transmission of sampled values using unicast
(UNICAST-SAMPLE-VALUE- CONTROL- BLOCK –
MSVCB) shall be based on two-party application
associations.
• The subscriber shall establish the association with
the producer.
• The subscriber may then configure the class and
enable the transmission of the sampled values with
the attribute SvEna.

• When the association is released, the transmission

of the sampled values shall stop and the instance
of the control class shall be released.

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Distributed Analog Functions

Protection Interface 4
Device
TCTR

Analog Interface Unit

PDIF TVTR
Logical
Connection n

Interface 4
Interface 4
Logical
Logical Connection 2
Connection 1

TCTR
TCTR
Analog Interface Unit
Analog Interface Unit
TVTR
TVTR
Distributed analog
function

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Disturbance Recording

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Transmission systems -
waveform record

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SAV Waveform Recording
Object Model

TCTR
RADR
TVTR

Pxxx RDRE

XCBR RBDR

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RDRE Logical Node Data Objects

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Object Model Mapping

RDRE

RADR

RBDR

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CT Saturation

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CCVT 3rd Harmonic

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Non-conventional Sensor Interface

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Optical CT

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Protection Applications Based
on SAV

Process
Merging Unit Protection ISD

Analog Sensor Interface Interface Function Outputs

Sensor Module Module Module Module Module

Process
Status Input Interface Control
Sensor Module Module

Control Interface Unit Process

Process

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Interoperability Demo at CIGRE
2004

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Interoperability Demo at CIGRE
2004

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 Mapping to IEC 61850 9-2:
• The mapping provides the capability to
concatenate more than one ASDU into one APDU
before the APDU is posted into the transmission
buffer.
• The numbers of ASDUs which will be
concatenated into one APDU are configurable and
related to the sample rate.

APCI ASDU’s
(Application – Protocol Control Information) (Application – Service Data Unit)

Tag Length No. of ASDUs (UI16) ASDU 1 ASDU 2 ASDU n

APDU IEC 098/04

(Application – Protocol Data Unit)

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