Ethernet Communications and Requirements For IEC 61850 Based Systems
Ethernet Communications and Requirements For IEC 61850 Based Systems
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Scope
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Transmission Definitions
SIMPLEX
Transmission in one direction only
HALF DUPLEX
Two way means of transmission but data
can only travel in one direction at a time
FULL DUPLEX
Transmission in both directions
simultaneously
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Transmission Definitions
PROTOCOL
Rules and procedures that
Communications networks use to
communicate on the communications
medium
CONNECTION
Communications are Connection
Oriented or Connectionless
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Transmission Definitions
Point-to-point
Engineering Laptop
Station
Modem IED
Modem
IED
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Transmission Definitions
Shared Access
Substation
Ethernet HMI IED IED IED
Ethernet
Switch
Proxy Substation
Server HMI
RS485
Ethernet
Legacy IEC 61850 IEC 61850
IED IED IED
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Transmission Definitions
NETWORK ACCESS
RESERVATION METHOD
Each device has a predefined time slot to transmit
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Network Terminology
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Transmission Definitions
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Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) Model
Application Selects appropriate service for application
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OSI Stack
PCI =Protocol Control Inform. Commands or data
PDU =Protocol Data Unit Application
H =Header Presentation
PCI PDU
T =Trailer
PCI PDU Session
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Communications Process
SAP SAP
SAP SAP
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What is Ethernet?
• Ethernet is the most widely used local area
network (LAN) technology.
• The original and most popular version of
Ethernet supports a data transmission rate
of 10 Mb/s.
• Newer versions of Ethernet called "Fast
Ethernet" and "Gigabit Ethernet" support
data rates of 100 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s (1000
Mb/s).
• An Ethernet LAN may use coaxial cable,
special grades of twisted pair wiring, or fiber
optic cable.
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What is Ethernet?
• "Bus" and "Star" wiring configurations are
supported.
• Ethernet devices compete for access to the
network using a protocol called Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD).
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Ethernet and the ISO/OSI Model
• The standard model for networking
protocols and distributed applications is the
International Standard Organization's Open
System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) model. It
defines seven network layers.
• Layer 1 - Physical
• Physical layer defines the cable or physical
medium itself, e.g., thinnet, thicknet,
unshielded twisted pairs (UTP).
• All media are functionally equivalent. The
main difference is in convenience and cost
of installation and maintenance.
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Ethernet and the ISO/OSI Model
• Layer 2 - Data Link
• Data Link layer defines the format of data on
the network. A network data frame - packet,
includes checksum, source and destination
address, and data.
• The largest packet that can be sent through
a data link layer defines the Maximum
Transmission Unit (MTU).
• The data link layer handles the physical and
logical connections to the packet's
destination, using a network interface.
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Ethernet and the ISO/OSI Model
• Layer 2 - Data Link
• A host connected to an Ethernet would have
an Ethernet interface to handle connections
to the outside world, and a loopback
interface to send packets to itself.
• Ethernet addresses a host using a unique,
48-bit address called its Ethernet address or
Media Access Control (MAC) address.
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Ethernet Frame
Pre SFD DA SA Lgt/Type MAC Data + Pad FCS
7 1 6 6 2 0 – n bytes 4
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Ethernet Frame
Pre SFD DA SA Lgt/Type MAC Data + Pad FCS
7 1 6 6 2 0 – n bytes 4
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Extended Ethernet Frame
Pre SFD DA SA TagT TagC Lgt/Type MAC Data + Pad FCS
7 1 6 6 2 2 2 0 – n bytes 4
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VLAN Tag Control
Pre SFD DA SA TagT TagC Lgt/Type MAC Data + Pad FCS
7 1 6 6 2 2 2 0 – n bytes 4
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Ethernet
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Ethernet Basic Principle
1. Listen and broadcast if the wire is free
2. If there is a collision then re-transmit in an interval [0, 2N-1]
Ethernet
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Switches principles
Internal Switches
Queue
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Switches: Performances
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Switches: Unicast
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Switches: Multicast
2 2
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Switches: Broadcast
2 2 2 2
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To Process
Binary Input
Wall-to-wall performances
Filtering [2-10]
Logical [1-50]
example (ms)
[5-75]
Communication [2-15]
Switching [0.1]
Communication [2-15]
Process To + 9/147
Binary Output
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Switches: other features used in
Substation Automation
• Substation environment !
• Electro-magnetic compatibility
• DC power supply with 20ms voltage dips, possibly
redundant
• Priority management (802.1p):
• Capability to have priority queues in order to further
boost the communication performances
• Virtual LAN – VLAN (802.1q tag):
• Capability to create logical groups of devices in order
to filter the messages not belonging to one group
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Switches: other features used in
Substation Automation
• Management
• Capability to detect a switch failure: SNMP
or watch-dog
• Redundancy management
• No standard today for hard real time
redundancy
• Redundancy between switches (not
applications)
• See further slides
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Typical network architectures
STAR
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Typical network architectures
RING
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Typical network architectures
DOUBLE STAR
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Redundancy management
• A way to improve system availability and reliability
• Behavior is not defined in IEC 61850
• Typical example where the architect needs to define what
shall be done… and first check on paper that it can be
supported by the IEDs
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Redundancy management at
communication level
• Defined between Ethernet switches
• If a device has two Ethernet port it must also have an integrated
switch
• Spanning tree mechanisms
• Recalculation of the route between switches using an internal
protocol between switches and avoiding loops
• Base: 802.3d. Typically 30 s reconfiguration time
• Fast: 803w. Typically 100 ms reconfiguration time, some
implementations claims 5 ms per switch (N x 5ms with a ring made of
N switches)
• Other mechanisms
• Detects the failure of the adjacent switch to reconfigure
• For ring topology, less than 1 ms reconfigurations
• Sends two signals at the same time and keep the first one arrived
• No switch-over time, but need to keep a correct buffer size (dual homing)
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Example (ring)
“Repeaters”
(IEE 802.3 Ethernet switch)
+ Self Healing Manager (SHM)
Ethernet Ports 10/100 Base TX
EEPROM
Port MII
SHM N°
Failsafe Self healing ring
output relays manager
Primary Fiber
Secondary Fiber
Optical Ring
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Example (ring)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
ES RS
Secondary fibre
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Example (ring)
If the connection between 2 switches is broken
X The Ethernet network will continue to run correctly.
X Both SHM start immediately the network self-healing.
At one side, the messages received are no more emitted to
the primary fibre but to the secondary fibre.
On the other side of the cut off, the messages received to secondary
are emitted to primary and the new topological loop is closed.
Primary fibre
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
ES RS
Secondary fibre
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Other communication elements
IEC Com. Com.
OSI Model Technology Protocol Services Element
Presentation
Session
Software
Transport TCP
Network IP Router
Bridge/Switch
Data Link 802.3 GOOSE
/Proxy
Hardware
Physical 802.3
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IEC 62351
• “Data and Communication Security” series of
standard
• IEC 62351-6: Security for IEC 61850 profiles
• Relies on IEC 62351-4: Profiles including MMS
• Relies on IEC 62351-3: Profiles including TCP
IEC Com. Security
OSI Model Technology Protocol Services Services
Presentation
Session
Software
Authentification,
Transport TCP Encryption, Replay
Network IP
Authentification,
Data Link 802.3 GOOSE Replay
Hardware
Physical 802.3
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