Java Tutorial

Our core Java programming tutorial is designed for students and working
professionals. Java is an object-oriented, class-based, concurrent, secured and general-
purpose computer-programming language. It is a widely used robust technology.

What is Java?
Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust,
object-oriented and secure programming language.

Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of Oracle) in

the year 1995. James Gosling is known as the father of Java. Before Java, its name
was Oak. Since Oak was already a registered company, so James Gosling and his
team changed the name from Oak to Java.

Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, is known

as a platform. Since Java has a runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called a
platform.

Java Example
Let's have a quick look at Java programming example. A detailed description of Hello
Java example is available in next page.

Simple.java
 1. class Simple{  
2.     public static void main(String args[]){  
3.      System.out.println("Hello Java");  
4.     }  
5. }  

Application
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run Java. There are many devices where Java is
currently used. Some of them are as follows:

1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus, etc.

2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com, etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games, etc.

Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 types of applications that can be created using Java
programming:

1) Standalone Application

Standalone applications are also known as desktop applications or window-based

applications. These are traditional software that we need to install on every machine.
Examples of standalone application are Media player, antivirus, etc. AWT and Swing
are used in Java for creating standalone applications.

2) Web Application

An application that runs on the server side and creates a dynamic page is called a
web application. Currently, Servlet
, JSP

, Struts

, Spring

, Hibernate

, JSF

, etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in Java.

3) Enterprise Application

An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications, etc. is called

an enterprise application. It has advantages like high-level security, load balancing,
and clustering. In Java, EJB

is used for creating enterprise applications.

4) Mobile Application

An application which is created for mobile devices is called a mobile application.

Currently, Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.

Java Platforms / Editions

There are 4 platforms or editions of Java:

1) Java SE (Java Standard Edition)

It is a Java programming platform. It includes Java programming APIs such as

java.lang, java.io, java.net, java.util, java.sql, java.math etc. It includes core topics like
OOPs, String

, Regex, Exception, Inner classes, Multithreading, I/O Stream, Networking, AWT, Swing, Reflection,
Collection, etc.

2) Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)

It is an enterprise platform that is mainly used to develop web and enterprise

applications. It is built on top of the Java SE platform. It includes topics like Servlet,
JSP, Web Services, EJB, JPA

, etc.

3) Java ME (Java Micro Edition)

It is a micro platform that is dedicated to mobile applications.

4) JavaFX

It is used to develop rich internet applications. It uses a lightweight user interface

API.

Do You Know?
o What is the difference between JRE and JVM?

What is the purpose of JIT compiler?

Can we save the java source file without any name?

Why java uses the concept of Unicode system?

What will we learn in Basics of Java?

o History of Java

Features of Java

Hello Java Program

Program Internal

How to set path?

Difference between JDK,JRE and JVM

Internal Details of JVM

Variable and Data Type

Unicode System

Operators

History of Java
1. History of Java
2. Java Version History
The history of Java is very interesting. Java was originally designed for interactive
television, but it was too advanced technology for the digital cable television industry
at the time. The history of Java starts with the Green Team. Java team members (also
known as Green Team), initiated this project to develop a language for digital devices
such as set-top boxes, televisions, etc. However, it was best suited for internet
programming. Later, Java technology was incorporated by Netscape.

The principles for creating Java programming were "Simple, Robust, Portable,
Platform-independent, Secured, High Performance, Multithreaded, Architecture
Neutral, Object-Oriented, Interpreted, and Dynamic". Java was developed by James
Gosling, who is known as the father of Java, in 1995. James Gosling and his team
members started the project in the early '90s.

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business

solutions, etc. Following are given significant points that describe the history of Java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java

language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

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2) Initially it was designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like

set-top boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and the file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

Why Java was named as "Oak"?

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many
countries like the U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.

6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak

Technologies.

Why Java Programming named "Java"?

7) Why had they chose the name Java for Java language? The team gathered to
choose a new name. The suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk",
"jolt", "DNA", etc. They wanted something that reflected the essence of the
technology: revolutionary, dynamic, lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell, and fun to
say.

According to James Gosling, "Java was one of the top choices along with Silk". Since
Java was so unique, most of the team members preferred Java than other names.

8) Java is an island in Indonesia where the first coffee was produced (called Java
coffee). It is a kind of espresso bean. Java name was chosen by James Gosling while
having a cup of coffee nearby his office.

9) Notice that Java is just a name, not an acronym.

10) Initially developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a

subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.

11) In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of 1995.

12) JDK 1.0 was released on January 23, 1996. After the first release of Java, there
have been many additional features added to the language. Now Java is being used
in Windows applications, Web applications, enterprise applications, mobile
applications, cards, etc. Each new version adds new features in Java.
Java Version History
Many java versions have been released till now. The current stable release of Java is
Java SE 10.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996)
3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997)
4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)
5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)
6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)
7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)
10. Java SE 8 (18th Mar 2014)
11. Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)
12. Java SE 10 (20th Mar 2018)
13. Java SE 11 (September 2018)
14. Java SE 12 (March 2019)
15. Java SE 13 (September 2019)
16. Java SE 14 (Mar 2020)
17. Java SE 15 (September 2020)
18. Java SE 16 (Mar 2021)
19. Java SE 17 (September 2021)
20. Java SE 18 (to be released by March 2022)

Since Java SE 8 release, the Oracle corporation follows a pattern in which every even
version is release in March month and an odd version released in September month.

Features of Java
The primary objective of Java programming language creation was to make it
portable, simple and secure programming language. Apart from this, there are also
some excellent features which play an important role in the popularity of this
language. The features of Java are also known as Java buzzwords.
A list of the most important features of the Java language is given below.

1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platform independent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architecture neutral
8. Interpreted
9. High Performance
10. Multithreaded
11. Distributed
12. Dynamic
Simple
Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and easy to understand.
According to Sun Microsystem, Java language is a simple programming language
because:

o Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).
o Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for example, explicit
pointers, operator overloading, etc.
o There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an Automatic
Garbage Collection in Java.

Object-oriented
Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is an object.
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types
of objects that incorporate both data and behavior.

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Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software

development and maintenance by providing some rules.

Basic concepts of OOPs are:

1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation
Platform Independent

Java is platform independent because it is different from other languages like C, C+

+, etc. which are compiled into platform specific machines while Java is a write once,
run anywhere language. A platform is the hardware or software environment in
which a program runs.

There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides
a software-based platform.

The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it is a software-
based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms. It has two
components:

1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)

Java code can be executed on multiple platforms, for example, Windows, Linux, Sun
Solaris, Mac/OS, etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into
bytecode. This bytecode is a platform-independent code because it can be run on
multiple platforms, i.e., Write Once and Run Anywhere (WORA).

Secured
Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can develop virus-free systems. Java
is secured because:
 o No explicit pointer
o Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox

o Classloader: Classloader in Java is a part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

which is used to load Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine dynamically. It adds
security by separating the package for the classes of the local file system from those
that are imported from network sources.
o Bytecode Verifier: It checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate
access rights to objects.
o Security Manager: It determines what resources a class can access such as reading
and writing to the local disk.

Java language provides these securities by default. Some security can also be
provided by an application developer explicitly through SSL, JAAS, Cryptography, etc.

Robust
The English mining of Robust is strong. Java is robust because:

o It uses strong memory management.

o There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
 o Java provides automatic garbage collection which runs on the Java Virtual Machine to
get rid of objects which are not being used by a Java application anymore.
o There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java. All these
points make Java robust.

Architecture-neutral
Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation dependent features,
for example, the size of primitive types is fixed.

In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit architecture
and 4 bytes of memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of
memory for both 32 and 64-bit architectures in Java.

Portable
Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode to any platform.
It doesn't require any implementation.

High-performance
Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java
bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower than a compiled
language (e.g., C++). Java is an interpreted language that is why it is slower than
compiled languages, e.g., C, C++, etc.

Distributed
Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in
Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This feature of Java
makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on the
internet.
Multi-threaded
A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java
programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main
advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It
shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web
applications, etc.

Dynamic
Java is a dynamic language. It supports the dynamic loading of classes. It means
classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages,
i.e., C and C++.

Java supports dynamic compilation and automatic memory management (garbage

collection).

C++ vs Java
There are many differences and similarities between the C++ programming language
and Java. A list of top differences between C++ and Java are given below:

Comparison C++ Java

Index

Platform- C++ is platform- Java is platform-independent.

independent dependent.

Mainly used for C++ is mainly used for Java is mainly used for application
system programming. programming. It is widely used in
Windows-based, web-based,
enterprise, and mobile applications.

Design Goal C++ was designed for Java was designed and created as an
systems and interpreter for printing systems but
applications later extended as a support network
programming. It was an computing. It was designed to be
extension of the C easy to use and accessible to a
programming language. broader audience.

Goto C++ supports Java doesn't support the goto

the goto statement. statement.
Multiple C++ supports multiple Java doesn't support multiple
inheritance inheritance. inheritance through class. It can be
achieved by using interfaces in java.

Operator C++ supports operator Java doesn't support operator

Overloading overloading. overloading.

Pointers C++ supports pointers. Java supports pointer internally.

You can write a pointer However, you can't write the pointer
program in C++. program in java. It means java has
restricted pointer support in java.

Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. Java uses both compiler and
Interpreter C++ is compiled and interpreter. Java source code is
run using the compiler converted into bytecode at
which converts source compilation time. The interpreter
code into machine code executes this bytecode at runtime
so, C++ is platform and produces output. Java is
dependent. interpreted that is why it is platform-
independent.

Call by Value and C++ supports both call Java supports call by value only.
Call by reference by value and call by There is no call by reference in java.
reference.

Structure and C++ supports structures Java doesn't support structures and
Union and unions. unions.

Thread Support C++ doesn't have built- Java has built-in thread support.

in support for threads. It
relies on third-party
libraries for thread
support.

Documentation C++ doesn't support Java supports documentation

comment documentation comment (/** ... */) to create
comments. documentation for java source code.

Virtual Keyword C++ supports virtual Java has no virtual keyword. We can
keyword so that we can override all non-static methods by
decide whether or not default. In other words, non-static
to override a function. methods are virtual by default.

unsigned right C++ doesn't support Java supports unsigned right shift
 shift >>> >>> operator. >>> operator that fills zero at the top
for the negative numbers. For
positive numbers, it works same like
>> operator.

Inheritance Tree C++ always creates a Java always uses a single inheritance
new inheritance tree. tree because all classes are the child
of the Object class in Java. The Object
class is the root of
the inheritance tree in java.

Hardware C++ is nearer to Java is not so interactive with

hardware. hardware.

Object-oriented C++ is an object- Java is also an object-

oriented language. oriented language. However,
However, in the C everything (except fundamental
language, a single root types) is an object in Java. It is a
hierarchy is not possible. single root hierarchy as everything
gets derived from java.lang.Object.

Note

o Java doesn't support default arguments like C++.

o Java does not support header files like C++. Java uses the import keyword to
include different classes and methods.

C++ Program Example

File: main.cpp

1. #include <iostream>  
2. using namespace std;  
3. int main() {  
4.    cout << "Hello C++ Programming";  
5.    return 0;  
6. }  

Output:

Hello C++ Programming

Java Program Example
File: Simple.java

1. class Simple{  
2.     public static void main(String args[]){  
3.      System.out.println("Hello Java");  
4.     }  
5. }  

Output:

Hello Java

First Java Program | Hello World Example

1. Software Requirements
2. Creating Hello Java Example
3. Resolving javac is not recognized

In this section, we will learn how to write the simple program of Java. We can write a
simple hello Java program easily after installing the JDK.

To create a simple Java program, you need to create a class that contains the main
method. Let's understand the requirement first.

The requirement for Java Hello World Example

For executing any Java program, the following software or application must be
properly installed.

o Install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.
o Set path of the jdk/bin directory. http://www.javatpoint.com/how-to-set-path-in-java
o Create the Java program
o Compile and run the Java program
Creating Hello World Example
Let's create the hello java program:

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1. class Simple{  
2.     public static void main(String args[]){  
3.      System.out.println("Hello Java");  
4.     }  
5. }  
Test it Now

Save the above file as Simple.java.

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple

Output:

Hello Java

Compilation Flow:

When we compile Java program using javac tool, the Java compiler converts the
source code into byte code.

Parameters used in First Java Program

Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[],
System.out.println().
 o class keyword is used to declare a class in Java.
o public keyword is an access modifier that represents visibility. It means it is visible to
all.
o static is a keyword. If we declare any method as static, it is known as the static
method. The core advantage of the static method is that there is no need to create an
object to invoke the static method. The main() method is executed by the JVM, so it
doesn't require creating an object to invoke the main() method. So, it saves memory.
o void is the return type of the method. It means it doesn't return any value.
o main represents the starting point of the program.
o String[] args or String args[] is used for command line argument. We will discuss it
in coming section.
o System.out.println() is used to print statement. Here, System is a class, out is an
object of the PrintStream class, println() is a method of the PrintStream class. We will
discuss the internal working of System.out.println() statement in the coming section.

To write the simple program, you need to open notepad by start menu -> All
Programs -> Accessories -> Notepad and write a simple program as we have
shownbelow:

As displayed in the above diagram, write the simple program of Java in notepad and
saved it as Simple.java. In order to compile and run the above program, you need to
open the command prompt by start menu -> All Programs -> Accessories ->
command prompt. When we have done with all the steps properly, it shows the
following output:

To compile and run the above program, go to your current directory first; my current
directory is c:\new. Write here:

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple

In how many ways we can write a Java program?

There are many ways to write a Java program. The modifications that can be done in
a Java program are given below:

1) By changing the sequence of the modifiers, method prototype is not

changed in Java.

Let's see the simple code of the main method.

1. static public void main(String args[])  

2) The subscript notation in the Java array can be used after type, before the
variable or after the variable.

Let's see the different codes to write the main method.

 1. public static void main(String[] args)  
2. public static void main(String []args)  
3. public static void main(String args[])  

3) You can provide var-args support to the main() method by passing 3 ellipses
(dots)

Let's see the simple code of using var-args in the main() method. We will learn about
var-args later in the Java New Features chapter.

1. public static void main(String... args)  

4) Having a semicolon at the end of class is optional in Java.

Let's see the simple code.

1. class A{  
2. static public void main(String... args){  
3. System.out.println("hello java4");  
4. }  
5. };  

Valid Java main() method signature

1. public static void main(String[] args)  
2. public static void main(String []args)  
3. public static void main(String args[])  
4. public static void main(String... args)  
5. static public void main(String[] args)  
6. public static final void main(String[] args)  
7. final public static void main(String[] args)  
8. final strictfp public static void main(String[] args)  

Invalid Java main() method signature

1. public void main(String[] args)  
2. static void main(String[] args)  
3. public void static main(String[] args)  
 4. abstract public static void main(String[] args)  

Resolving an error "javac is not recognized as an internal

or external command"?
If there occurs a problem like displayed in the below figure, you need to set a path.
Since DOS doesn't recognize javac and java as internal or external command. To
overcome this problem, we need to set a path. The path is not required in a case
where you save your program inside the JDK/bin directory. However, it is an excellent
approach to set the path. Click here for How to set path in java.

Internal Details of Hello Java Program

In the previous section, we have created Java Hello World program and learn how to
compile and run a Java program. In this section, we are going to learn, what happens
while we compile and run the Java program. Moreover, we will see some questions
based on the first program.

What happens at compile time?

At compile time, the Java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It does not interact with
OS) and converts the Java code into bytecode.
What happens at runtime?
At runtime, the following steps are performed:

Classloader: It is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

Bytecode Verifier: Checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access
rights to objects.

Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

Q) Can you save a Java source file by another name than
the class name?
Yes, if the class is not public. It is explained in the figure given below:

To compile: javac Hard.java

To execute: java Simple

Observe that, we have compiled the code with file name but running the program
with class name. Therefore, we can save a Java program other than class name.

Q) Can you have multiple classes in a java source file?

Yes, like the figure given below illustrates:

Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM

1. A summary of JVM
 2. Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
3. Java Development Kit (JDK)

We must understand the differences between JDK, JRE, and JVM before proceeding
further to Java. See the brief overview of JVM here.

If you want to get the detailed knowledge of Java Virtual Machine, move to the next
page. Firstly, let's see the differences between the JDK, JRE, and JVM.

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is called a virtual machine
because it doesn't physically exist. It is a specification that provides a runtime
environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It can also run those programs
which are written in other languages and compiled to Java bytecode.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE, and JDK are
platform dependent because the configuration of each OS is different from each
other. However, Java is platform independent. There are three notions of the
JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.

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The JVM performs the following main tasks:

o Loads code
o Verifies code
o Executes code
o Provides runtime environment

More Details.

JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment. It is also written as Java RTE. The
Java Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing
Java applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the
implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files
that JVM uses at runtime.

The implementation of JVM is also actively released by other companies besides Sun
Micro Systems.

JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a
software development environment which is used to develop Java applications
and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools.

JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by
Oracle Corporation:

o Standard Edition Java Platform

o Enterprise Edition Java Platform
o Micro Edition Java Platform

The JDK contains a private Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and a few other resources such
as an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation
generator (Javadoc), etc. to complete the development of a Java Application.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Architecture
1. Java Virtual Machine
2. Internal Architecture of JVM

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides

runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e. JVM is platform
dependent).

What is JVM
It is:

1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But

implementation provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its implementation
has been provided by Oracle and other companies.
2. An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment).
3. Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to
run the java class, an instance of JVM is created.

What it does
The JVM performs following operation:
 00:00/05:29

o Loads code
o Verifies code
o Executes code
o Provides runtime environment

JVM provides definitions for the:

o Memory area
o Class file format
o Register set
o Garbage-collected heap
o Fatal error reporting etc.

JVM Architecture
Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory
area, execution engine etc.
1) Classloader
Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run
the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in
classloaders in Java.

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the super class of
Extension classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java
Standard Edition like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util
package classes, java.io package classes, java.sql package classes etc.
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent
classloader of System classloader. It loades the jar files located
inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension
classloader. It loads the classfiles from classpath. By default, classpath is set to current
 directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath" switch. It is also
known as Application classloader.

1. //Let's see an example to print the classloader name  
2. public class ClassLoaderExample  
3. {  
4.     public static void main(String[] args)  
5.     {  
6.         // Let's print the classloader name of current class.   
7.         //Application/System classloader will load this class  
8.         Class c=ClassLoaderExample.class;  
9.         System.out.println(c.getClassLoader());  
10.         //If we print the classloader name of String, it will print null because it is an  
11.         //in-built class which is found in rt.jar, so it is loaded by Bootstrap classlo
ader  
12.         System.out.println(String.class.getClassLoader());  
13.     }  
14. }     
Test it Now

Output:

sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@4e0e2f2a
null

These are the internal classloaders provided by Java. If you want to create your own
classloader, you need to extend the ClassLoader class.

2) Class(Method) Area
Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool,
field and method data, the code for methods.

3) Heap
It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack
Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in
method invocation and return.
Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.

A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its
method invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Register

PC (program counter) register contains the address of the Java virtual machine
instruction currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack

It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) Execution Engine
It contains:

1. A virtual processor
2. Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.
3. Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles
parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence
reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. Here, the term "compiler" refers
to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the
instruction set of a specific CPU.

8) Java Native Interface

Java Native Interface (JNI) is a framework which provides an interface to
communicate with another application written in another language like C, C++,
Assembly etc. Java uses JNI framework to send output to the Console or interact with
OS libraries.

Java Variables
A variable is a container which holds the value while the Java program is executed. A
variable is assigned with a data type.

Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java:
local, instance and static.

There are two types of data types in Java: primitive and non-primitive.
Variable
A variable is the name of a reserved area allocated in memory. In other words, it is a
name of the memory location. It is a combination of "vary + able" which means its
value can be changed.

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1. int data=50;//Here data is variable  
Types of Variables
There are three types of variables in Java:

o local variable
o instance variable
o static variable
1) Local Variable

A variable declared inside the body of the method is called local variable. You can
use this variable only within that method and the other methods in the class aren't
even aware that the variable exists.

A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.

2) Instance Variable

A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the method, is called an
instance variable. It is not declared as static.

It is called an instance variable because its value is instance-specific and is not shared
among instances.
3) Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called a static variable. It cannot be local. You
can create a single copy of the static variable and share it among all the instances of
the class. Memory allocation for static variables happens only once when the class is
loaded in the memory.

Example to understand the types of variables in java

1. public class A  
2. {  
3.     static int m=100;//static variable  
4.     void method()  
5.     {    
6.         int n=90;//local variable    
7.     }  
8.     public static void main(String args[])  
9.     {  
10.         int data=50;//instance variable    
11.     }  
12. }//end of class   

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

1. public class Simple{    
2. public static void main(String[] args){    
3. int a=10;    
4. int b=10;    
5. int c=a+b;    
6. System.out.println(c);    
7. }  
8. }    

Output:

20

Java Variable Example: Widening

1. public class Simple{  
2. public static void main(String[] args){  
3. int a=10;  
4. float f=a;  
 5. System.out.println(a);  
6. System.out.println(f);  
7. }}  

Output:

10
10.0

Java Variable Example: Narrowing (Typecasting)

1. public class Simple{  
2. public static void main(String[] args){  
3. float f=10.5f;  
4. //int a=f;//Compile time error  
5. int a=(int)f;  
6. System.out.println(f);  
7. System.out.println(a);  
8. }}  

Output:

10.5
10

Java Variable Example: Overflow

1. class Simple{  
2. public static void main(String[] args){  
3. //Overflow  
4. int a=130;  
5. byte b=(byte)a;  
6. System.out.println(a);  
7. System.out.println(b);  
8. }}  

Output:

130
-126

Java Variable Example: Adding Lower Type

1. class Simple{  
2. public static void main(String[] args){  
3. byte a=10;  
 4. byte b=10;  
5. //byte c=a+b;//Co mpile Time Error: because a+b=20 will be int  
6. byte c=(byte)(a+b);  
7. System.out.println(c);  
8. }}  

Output:

20