Scribd
Upload
73 views23 pages

DEPARMENT OF MIT (Civil Engineering Technology) : Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur

This document provides information about different types of cross drainage works for canals. It discusses 6 main types: 1) Aqueducts where canals pass over drainages, 2) Siphon aqueducts where drainages pass under canals, 3) Super passages where drainages pass over canals, 4) Siphon super passages where canals pass under drainages, 5) Level crossings where canals and drainages intersect at the same level, and 6) Drainage inlets and outlets which allow small volumes of drainage water to enter or exit canals. Diagrams and descriptions are provided for each type of cross drainage work. The document is from a lecture on irrigation and hydraulic structures.

Uploaded by

Basit minhas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
73 views23 pages

DEPARMENT OF MIT (Civil Engineering Technology) : Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur

This document provides information about different types of cross drainage works for canals. It discusses 6 main types: 1) Aqueducts where canals pass over drainages, 2) Siphon aqueducts where drainages pass under canals, 3) Super passages where drainages pass over canals, 4) Siphon super passages where canals pass under drainages, 5) Level crossings where canals and drainages intersect at the same level, and 6) Drainage inlets and outlets which allow small volumes of drainage water to enter or exit canals. Diagrams and descriptions are provided for each type of cross drainage work. The document is from a lecture on irrigation and hydraulic structures.

Uploaded by

Basit minhas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF MIT (Civil Engineering Technology)


Irrigation & Hydraulic Structures
Ct-361

Lecture No. 11: Cross Drainage Works

Engr. Affan Jalil


Lecturer (MSc Civil Engineering)
Lecture Outline

❖Cross Drainage Works


❖ Introduction

❖ Type of Cross-Drainage Works

Irrigation & Hydraulic Structures 3


CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS
❖ A canal often comes across obstructions like highways, rivers,
natural drains, other canals and railway lines.

❖ In an irrigation project, the crossing of the canals with such


obstacle cannot be avoided. They are generally very costly.

❖ The various types of structures that are built to carry the canal
water across the above-mentioned obstructions or vice versa are
called cross-drainage works or conveyance structures.
TYPES OF CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Type I
Irrigation canal passes over the drainage – Aqueduct – Siphon
aqueduct.

Type II
Drainage passes over the irrigation canal – Super passage –
Siphon super passage.

Type III
Drainage and canal intersection each other of the same level –
Level crossing – Inlet and outlet
TYPES OF CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS
• The cross-drainage work is classified as:

• 1.Aqueduct 2. Siphon aqueduct

• 3.Super passage 4. Siphon super-passage

• 5.Level crossing 6. Drainage inlet and outlet


1. Aqueduct
• When the canal bed is above the maximum level of the water surface in
the natural drain, then the canal is carried over the drain in an R.C.C
flume or RCC pipe or a steel pipe (depending on the canal discharge)
supported on piers.

• The flow in the aqueduct and the drain is an open channel flow.

• In the aqueduct, since the canal is flummed, a well-designed transition at


the entry and exit is provided.

• The road along the channel is not necessary, therefore it may or may not be
provided.
AQUEDUCT
2. Siphon Aqueduct

• When the maximum level of the water surface in the natural drain, is
above the bed of the canal, then the canal is carried unflumed, over the
drain while the bed of the drain is lowered and the drain passes
underneath the canal through R.C.C. barrels or square section or R.C.C
pipes.

• While the flow in the canal is open channels flow, the flow in the drain
through the barrel is under pressure.
SIPHON AQUEDUCT
3. Super Passage

• When the FSL in the canal is below the bed of the drain, then
the canal continues to flow unflumed and the natural drain
water is carried in a R.C.C flume over the canal.

• This is the opposite to an aqueduct.


SUPER PASSAGE

Drain

Canal
4. Siphon Super Passage

• This is the opposite to a siphon-aqueduct.

• When the bed of the natural drain is below the FSL of the
canal, the canal water is siphoned below the bed of the drain
through R.C.C. pipes or barrels or just by dropping the bed of
the canal such that the water levels u/s and d/s in the canal
are touching the sides of the R.C.C. flume carrying in drain
water, so that the flow in the canal is under pressure.
5. Level Crossing

• When the beds of the drain and the canal are almost at the
same level, then the waters of the two are allowed to mix and
the canal supplies are regulated through a regulator.
Subject Name 17
6. Drainage Inlet

• When the volume of natural drainage is very small then


instead of providing a structure to carry the water across the
canal, the surface runoff due to rainfall is allowed to flow into
the canal at a suitable place.
• Such a situation arises when the general direction of flow of
the canal is perpendicular to the ground slope.
• Thus the surface runoff gets obstructed and should be
allowed in the canal.
• The arrangement is economical since such surface runoff
occurs only a few times during the year, and the discharge is
not high.
Drain

Main Canal

Escape Canal

Subject Name 19
7. Drainage Outlet

• This is the same type of structure as an inlet built on the opposite bank of the
canal slightly d/s of the drainage inlet. It discharges the extra water that has
entered the canal through the inlet into an escape channel.

• The crest of the weir is kept slightly above the FSL so that if when extra water
enters the canal it automatically spills over the weir.

• Energy dissipation arrangements are provided along the bed of the escape
channel which leads the water away from the canal. This is also called a canal
escape.

• In addition to the drainage water, any extra supplies that may come into the
canal are disposed off by the canal escape.
HFL stands for Highest Flood Level.
Reference Book/ Material
❖ Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures (Theory, Design and Practice by Dr.
Iqbal Ali, Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research, NED

Irrigation & Hydraulic Structures 22


THANKS

You might also like