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Pasig Catholic College

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
School Year 2020-2021
PCC@108: “Bringing the Good News to all Faiths in all Seasons amidst Life’s Challenges”

Subject: Practical Research 2 Date:

Subject Teacher: Mr. Dionimar B. Banaria Name: Section:

Module 3: Research Variables

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

The learner must differentiate the kinds of variables and its usage by learning in the given instructional material.
The learner is expected to accomplish all the activities as pre-requisite to the next module.

OBJECTIVES

By the end of this module the learner will have completed the following objective:

Differentiates the kinds of variables and their uses

TO DO LIST

o Beginning activity
o Study the definition of variables
o Distinguish the function of each variable
o Do exercise
o Answer the short quiz
o Read tips in the supplemental content

LECTURE NOTES

LET’S BEGIN!
Directions: Observe the dried plant in the picture. What do you think are the reasons why the plant went dry?
Write your answer below the picture.

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Variables are objects in the study that is being observed by the researcher.

Variable is anything in the study that has quantity or/and quality that
varies.
Variables are the objects in the study that assume affect another variable.

Variables are the objects in the conceptual framework.

Example:
The sun is a variable to the growth of the plant.

Example:
Habitual smoking is a variable to lung cancer.

KINDS OF VARIABLES AND THEIR USAGE

Independent Variable – is a variable that assume affects the dependent variable in a study. An independent
variable is what the researcher observes or manipulates to see if it impacts the
dependent variable.

Dependent Variable – is a variable that gets affected by an independent variable. The changes in the dependent
variable are what the researcher is trying to know, measure or test. For instance a person
that develops a lung cancer, one of the independent variables (IV) that could be
considered is the habit of cigarette smoking. And the dependent variable (DV) is the
lung cancer. Meaning, the more a person smokes the higher the risk of having a lung
cancer.

See another example in other field. The figure below shows that customers consider some factors (IVs) that
affect the purchase intention.

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Note: Other variables are in the supplementary part below. Make sure that before you study those, you already
understood the IV and DV.

Types/Measuring Variables

Nominal Variables – enable the classification of individuals, objects, or responses based on a common
property or characteristics.
Examples: Gender (male or female); College Major (English, Science, etc.); Religion (Catholic, Muslim,
etc. )

Ordinal Variables – have all the characteristics of a nominal variable but ranked in a certain order. The
relative position of one case is known.
Examples: Social class (upper, middle, low), Typhoon signal number (1,2,3,4)

Interval Variables – are type of numerical variable. Those that do not have a “true zero” value, since zero does
not actually represent none or nothing.
Example: Fahrenheit temperature scale (the difference between 70 and 80 degrees is the same as 30 and
40 degrees; but 0 degree does not mean no temperature

Ratio Variables – have the characteristics of nominal, ordinal and interval measures. They are based on a fixed
starting point or a “true zero point” The value of zero represents none or nothing.
Example: Annual family income, number of student per class

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ACTIVITIES

Directions: Identify and explain the kinds of variables in the given picture below. Write your answer on
the space provided.

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Directions: Identify the type of measurement scale from the examples below. Write n for nominal, o for
ordinal, I for interval and r for ratio.

_________1. Political Parties (liberal, democrat)

_________ 2. Attitude (favor, not in favor)
_________ 3. Attitudes (very unfavorable, unfavorable, neutral, favorable, very favorable)
_________ 4. Socioeconomic Status (upper, middle, low)
_________ 5. Temperature (celsius – 0ʾc, Fahrenheit – 32ʾF)
_________ 6. Population of a country
_________ 7. Gender (male, female, others)
_________ 8. Test score
_________ 9. Senatorial Race Results
_________ 10. Age

Reflection:
What are the variables that you think researchers must study in the intrusion of Covid19 pandemic?
Justify.

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SUPPLEMENTAL CONTENT

Tip:
Once you understand well the IV and DV, it is time for you to know these variables.

INTERVENING VARIABLE is a hypothetical variable used to explain causal links between

other variables. Intervening variables cannot be observed in an experiment (that's why they are hypothetical).
For example, there is an association between being poor and having a shorter life span.
Intervening variables are called by other authors “mediating variable” or “intermediary variable”
(Serrano, 2016).

CONTROL VARIABLE is another factor in an experiment; it must be held constant. In the plant growth
experiment, this may be factors like water and fertilizer levels. (see figure in page 2)

Extraneous variables are all variables, which are not the independent variable, but could affect the results of
the experiment. The researcher wants to make sure that it is the manipulation of the independent variable that
has an effect on the dependent variable.

REFERENCES

Calderon, J. (1993) Methods of Research and Thesis Writing, Gonzales (Coordinator), National Book Store,
Inc., Mandaluyong City Philippines, reprint 2015.

CRQ (2015) Purposes of Research [online] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsTaU4wnAtI

Espinosa, A. (2016) DIWA Senior High School Series: Practical Research 2, DIWA Learning System INC,
Makati City Philippines.

Melegrito M., & Mendoza D. (2016) Applied Research: An introduction to Quantitative Research and Report
Writing, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Mactal (Project Director) Quezon City Philippines.

Serrano, A. (2016) Practical Research 2 on Quantitative Research, Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc., Intramuros Manila, Philippines