“Heaven’s Light is Our Guide”

RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

RUET, RAJSHAHI-6204

Course No: -ME 3256

Course Title: - Machine Dynamics and Vibration Sessional

Experiment No-01
Name of the Experiment: -: Determination of the Sensitiveness and
Insensitiveness co-efficient of the Governor.

Group: 02 (1708043-1708053)

Date of Expt: 19 June 2022

Date of Submission: 17 July 2022

Submitted By: Submitted to:-

Group: 02
Roll:1708043,44,45,46,48,49,50,51,52,53 Dr. Md. Rokunuzzaman
Professor
3rd Year Even Semester, 2020 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Mechatronics Engineering Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Technology
Experiment No: 01
Name of the Experiment: Determination of the Sensitiveness and Insensitiveness co-
efficient of the Governor.

Objective:
1. To know about the basic Working principal and their classification of governor
2. To obtain practical knowledge and the parts of the Governor.
3. To determine the sensitiveness and insensitiveness co-efficient of the Governor.
4. To draw sleeve lifts vs governor rotational speed (rpm) curve
5. To find out the sensitiveness from the curves

Introduction:
The governor's job is to control the engine's average speed. It becomes required to increase the
flow of working fluid to the engine when the load varies, such as when the load on an engine rises
and its speed drops. On the other hand, when the engine's load reduces, its speed rises, which
results in a reduction in the need for working fluid. The Governor automatically regulates the
engine's operating fluid supply under different load situations while maintaining the mean speed
within predetermined ranges.
Similar to how the pneumatic governor operates, the flyweight mechanism is connected to the
throttle and is powered by the engine. This arrangement produces almost identical functioning.
The design and manufacturing of a centrifugal governor is more difficult than that of a pneumatic
governor. The centrifugal design is more suited to engines that encounter significant variations in
loads, but it is more sensitive to speed changes.

There are few types of Governors available such as,

1. watt Governor
2. Porter Type Governor
3. Proell Type Governor
4. Hartnell Governor
5. Hartung Governor
6. Pickering Governor
A detail information about centrifugal governor are given below with necessary figure
 Fig 1.1. A Typical Centrifugal Governor.
The centrifugal governor, which is seen in the image above, keeps the engine's mean speed constant
while the load varies. It essentially operates on the radial forces acting in equal and opposite
directions to balance the centrifugal force acting on the fly balls.

The fly ball is rotated by the spindle axis, which is linked to the sleeves by means of beveled gears
on the engine shaft. Along the spindle axis, sleeves may move up and down with the fly ball. Two
brakes are included to restrict the upward and downward motion of sleeves. A bell crank lever,
which may regulate the opening and shutting of the valve, connects the throttle valve to the sleeves.
The engine's speed diminishes as the load on it rises. The throttle valve opens as a result of a drop
in the speed of the fly ball and the governor's spindle, which is geared with the engine shaft. This
increases the flow of fluid, which causes an increase in engine speed. The throttle valve shuts to
reduce the flow of fluid, which causes the engine's speed to drop, and vice versa, when the load on
the engine rises.

Theory:

Governor A Governor B
Consider two identically speeding governors, A and B. The lift of the sleeve of governor A is larger
than the lift of the sleeve of governor B when this speed rises or drops by a certain amount.
Governor A is thus deemed to be more sensitive than Governor B.

In general, the governor's sensitivity increases with the amount of sleeve lift that corresponds to a
given fractional change in speed.

Another way to put it is that at a certain lift of the sleeve, the governor's sensitivity rises as the
speed range narrows.

The ratio of the difference between the highest and least equilibrium speeds to the mean
equilibrium speed is known as the sensitivity.

2(N1 − 𝑁2 )
Sensitiveness of the governor =
N1 + 𝑁2

If , N ' and N “ are the speed for the same sleeve lift then
𝟐(𝐍′−𝐍")
Coefficient of insensitiveness =
(𝐍′−𝐍")

Apparatus:
1. Governor
2. Mass (500gm,750gm,1000gm)
3. Scale/ Rule
4. Stopwatch
5. Speed Regulator

Working Procedure:
1. In accordance with the instructions for the experiment, we were examined the theory and
comprehended the idea of procedure computation.
2. All pre-arrangements had been made in accordance with the directions.
3. We were started collecting data on the appropriate governor rpm after placing a load of 750
mg on the sleeve lift. From 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, and 300 rpm, they were increased.
4. The pertinent information regarding the sleeve lift in millimeters had been recorded on the
data table.
5. Following that, the 1000 gram load was subjected to the same process, and all the results
were recorded.
6. The governor was set to that 500 gm load, and the speed began to rise. The speed lift had
been reduced on the following speeds, such as 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, and 300 rpm.
 7. After that, the pace was started to drop, and at the same speed, we were noticed the sleeve
lifting once more.
8. Using the data from the data table, we were created a graph showing the lift of the sleeve
as a function of speed, and the formula below, which was discussed in the theory part, was
used to calculate the sensitiveness and insensitivity.

Data Table:
Data Table 1.1:

Mass Rotational Speed of Governor (N rpm) & Sleeve Lift

W(gm)
80 120 160 200 240 280 300 N(rpm)
500 9.5 12 18 28 40.5 53 56.5 L (mm)
750 10 17.5 25.5 40 53 60 60

1000 10.5 20 25 53 60 60 60

Data Table 1.2.

Mass Rotational Speed of Governor (N rpm) & Sleeve Lift

W(gm)
80 120 160 200 240 280 300 N(rpm)
9.5 12 18 28 40.5 52 56.5
500 L (mm)

13 15 23 35 45 55 56.5
Graph:
Graph 1.1.

sleeve Lift Vs speed

70
60
sleeve Lift(mm)

50
40
30
20
10
0
80 120 160 200 240 280 300
750 load 10 17.5 25.5 40 53 60 60
1000 load 10.5 20 35 53 60 60 60
500 load 9.5 12 18 28 40.5 52 56.5
speed (rpm)

750 load 1000 load 500 load

Fig 1.2. Sleeve Lift Vs Speed Graph for 750 gm and 1000 gm Load and 500 gm Load
Graph 1.2.

sleeve lift vs speed

60

50
sleeve lift(mm)

40

30

20

10

0
80 120 160 200 240 280 300
500 gm load 9.5 12 18 28 40.5 52 56.5
500 gm load2 13 15 23 35 45 55 56.5
Speed(rpm)

500 gm load 500 gm load2

Fig 1.3. Sleeve Lift Vs Speed Graph for 500 gm load .

Calculation:
Sensitiveness Calculation:
For 500 gm Load:
N2=300 rpm.and N1=280 rpm
𝟐 ( 𝐍₂ − 𝐍₁ )
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓 =
𝐍₁ + 𝐍₂
𝟐 ( 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐80 )
=
𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 280

=0.069
For 750 gm Load:
N2=300 rpm.and N1=240
𝟐 ( 𝐍₂ − 𝐍₁ )
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓 =
𝐍₁ + 𝐍₂
𝟐 ( 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐40 )
=
𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 240

=0.222
For 1000 gm Load:
N2=300 rpm.and N1=200 rpm
𝟐 ( 𝐍₂ − 𝐍₁ )
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒓 = 𝐍₁
+ 𝐍₂
𝟐 ( 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 200 )
=
𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 200
=0.4
Co-efficient of Insensitiveness Calculation:
N’=200 rpm and N’’=170 rpm [From the Graph]
Co-efficient of insensitiveness

𝟐 ( 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕𝟎 )
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟕𝟎
=0.162

Result:
Governor Mass (gm) Sensitiveness Co-efficient of
Insensitiveness
500 0.069 0.162
750 0.222 ×
1000 0.4 ×

Discussion:
A governor is said to be sensitive when it readily responds to a small change of speed. The
movement of the sleeve for fractional change of speed is a measure of sensitivity. The sleeve's
reaction to a little change in speed serves as a gauge of sensitivity. The main goal of this experiment
was to determine the governor's coefficient of sensitivity and coefficient of insensitivity. The
governor's sensitivity was determined from the experiment's measurements of rotational speed and
sleeve lift for each specific mass assigned to the governor.Thus when a governor behaves as
isochronous i.e. range of speed is zero, then it is the stage of infinite sensitivity. The very fast to
and fro motion of the sleeve between the stoppers is known as hunting and it occurs when the
governor is too sensitive, As in isochronous governor, equilibrium speed is constant, so it will not
vibrate and thus hunting is zero for isochronous governor.

Conclusion:
The Objective of the experiment was to conclude the sensitiveness and insensitiveness Coefficient
from the graphical representation. This experiment's goals were to chart sleeve lifts against
governor rotating speed (rpm) curves, calculating the coefficient of insensitivity for 200 rpm, and
plot sleeve lifts against rotational speed curves for both increasing and decreasing speed (for the
pair of low weight masses). By doing this experiment, all of the objectives were achieved. The
Sensitiveness was highest for 1000 gm load and lowest for 500 gm load. The Insensitiveness
Coefficient for 500 gm load was 0.162.