Math 11-CORE Gen Math-Q1-Week-3
Math 11-CORE Gen Math-Q1-Week-3
MORE ON FUNCTIONS
for General Mathematics
Senior High School (CORE)
Quarter 1 / Week 3
1
FOREWORD
2
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
K.: represent rational functions and determine the domain and range,
intercepts, zeroes and asymptotes of a function;
S: solve problems involving rational functions equations, and inequalities; and
A: develop perseverance in solving problems involving rational functions,
equations, and inequalities.
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-TEST
Mathinik Challenge 1 Complete Me!
Complete the table of values of the following functions. Write your answers on your activity
notebook/sheets.
1
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
x -2 -1 0 2 3 4
y
𝑥+1
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
y -2 -1 0 2 3 4
x
Mathinik Challenge 2
Locate Me!
Plot the functions in Mathinik Challenge 1 on the Cartesian plane.
1 𝑥+1
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
3
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION
Consider the simple scenario involving rational functions.
𝑑
Average speed (or velocity) can be computed by the formula 𝑠 = . Consider a
𝑡
100-meter track used for foot races. The speed of a runner can be computed by taking
100
the time it will take him to run the track and applying it to the formula 𝑠 = 𝑡 , since
the distance is fixed at 100 meters.
Example 1
1. Represent the speed of a runner as a function of the time it takes to run 100 meters in
the track.
Let 𝑥 represent the time it takes the runner to run 100 meters. Then the speed can be
represented as a function 𝑠(𝑥) as follows;
100
𝑠 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥
2. Continuing the scenario, construct a table of values for the speed of a runner against
different run times.
The table of values for run times from 10 to 20 seconds is as follows:
𝑥 10 12 14 16 18 20
𝑠(𝑥) 10 8.33 7.14 6.25 5.56 5
From the table we can observe that the speed decreases with time. We can use a graph
to determine if the points on the function follow a smooth curve or a straight line.
3. Graph the function. Plot and connect the points from the table of values on a
Cartesian plane.
Assign points on the Cartesian plane for each entry in the table of values above:
𝐴(10,10) 𝐵(12,8.33) 𝐶(14,7.14) 𝐷(16,6.25)
𝐸(18,5.56) 𝐹(20,5)
By connecting the points we can see that they are collinear but rather follow a smooth
curve.
4
For the 100-meter dash scenario, we have constructed a function of speed against
time, and represented our function with a table of values and graph.
Example 2
𝑥−1
Represent the rational function given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = using a table of values and plot a
𝑥+1
graph of the function by connecting points.
Solution.
Since we are now considering functions in general, we can find function values across
more values of 𝑥.
1. Let us construct a table of values for some x-values from -10 to 10.
Observe that the function will be undefined at 𝑥 = −1. This means that there cannot be a line
connecting point 𝐸 and point 𝐹 as this implies that there is a point in the graph of a function
5
where 𝑥 = −1. We will cover this aspect of graphs of rational functions in a future lesson, so
far now we just present a partial graph for the function above as follows:
Remove the segment connecting E and F as the graph does not pass through points with an x- value of
-1.
Represent the following rational functions through table of values and graph.
2𝑥−4
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
𝑥 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 6
1
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
6
𝑥
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
2𝑥−5
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥2
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-TEST
Mathinik Challenge 1
Why Not?
Mathinik Challenge 2
Undefined!
For each of the rational function below find the:
a. domain (possible value/s of variable 𝑥 can take)
b. range (possible value/s of variable 𝑥 can take)
1 1 1
1. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 3. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥−1
𝑥
𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 2𝑥−5
7
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION
Definition
• The domain of a function is the set of all values that the variable 𝑥 can take (Verzosa
2016).
• The range of the function is the set of all values that 𝑓(𝑥) or variable 𝑦 will take
(Verzosa 2016).
To find the domain of a rational function is to determine the restriction of the variable in the
denominator. You may equate the denominator to zero then solve for the value of variable
𝑥 to find the restriction in the denominator (Verzosa 2016).
For this time, to find the range of a rational function is to graph the rational function and
determine the possible values that the variable y will restrict.
Note:
Always express given function in its simplest form.
You may also equate the denominator to zero then solve for the value of variable 𝑥 to find the
restriction in the denominator.
Examples.
Finding the domain and range of a rational function.
3
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+1
Since the function is in simplest form, we may now equate the denominator to zero
then, find the value of variable 𝑥.
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1 -1 is the restriction
Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ −1}
3
This can be read as the domain of the rational function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = are set of real
𝑥+1
number except for negative one.
This can also read as
Domain: 𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1.
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Restriction 𝑦 = 0
Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ 0}
2𝑥−3
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Restriction is 𝑦 = 2
Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ 2}
𝑥+3
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥−1
Equate the denominator to zero.
2𝑥 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 = 1
2𝑥 1
=2
2
9
1 1
𝑥= 2 2
is the restriction
1
Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 2}
Graph.
1
Restriction 𝑦 = 2
1
Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≠ 2}
𝑥
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 −1
Equate the denominator to zero.
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
√𝑥 2 = √1
𝑥 = ±1 ±1 is the restriction
Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ ±1}
Graph.
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No restriction.
Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
2𝑥+1
5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
4𝑥 2 −1
Notice that the given function is not in simplest form, so simplifying it we have
2𝑥+1 2𝑥+1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2 =4𝑥 −1 (2𝑥−1)(2𝑥+1)
1
= 2𝑥−1
Equate the denominator to zero.
2𝑥 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥=
2
1 1
The domain does not include − 2 and because from the original functions the
2
1
restriction of 𝑥 includes ± 2.
1
Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ ± 2}
Graph.
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Restriction 𝑦 = 0
Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ}, 𝑦 ≠ 0
Find the domain and range of the following rational functions. Write your answer on your
activity notebook/sheets.
𝑥+1
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+3
1
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
2
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥−2
𝑥+1
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥−2
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LESSON 1 INTERCEPTS, ZEROES, AND
ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
I. WHAT HAPPENED
Quick Recall:
Properties of Functions
1. a) The domain of a function is a set of all values that the variable x can take.
2. b) The range of a function is a set of all values that f(x) can take.
3. c) The zeroes of a function are the values of x which make the function zero. The real
numbered zeroes are also x-intercepts of the graph of the function.
4. d) The y-intercept is the function value when x = 0.
5. e) The horizontal line is a horizontal asymptote of the function if gets
closer to as increases or decreases without bound
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𝑥−2
Example 1. Consider the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2
(a) Find its zeroes or x-intercept, (b) y-intercept, (c) vertical asymptote and (d) horizontal
asymptote.
Solution.
Recall that the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 of a rational function are the values of 𝑥 that will make
the function zero. A rational function will be zero if its numerator is zero.
Therefore, the zeroes of a rational function are the zeroes of its numerator.
The numerator 𝒙 – 𝟐 will be zero at 𝒙 = 𝟐. (a)Therefore 𝒙 = 𝟐 is a zero of 𝒇(𝒙). Since it is a
real zero, it is also an 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕.
2
(b)The 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 of a function is equal to 𝒇(𝟎). In this case, 𝒇(𝟎) = − 2 = −1.
(c) In sketching the graph of 𝒇(𝒙), let us look at what happens to the graph near the values of
𝑥 which make the denominator undefined. Recall that in the previous lesson, we simply skipped
connecting the points at integer values.
Let us see what happens when x takes on values that brings the denominator closer to zero.
The denominator is zero when 𝒙 = – 𝟐. Let us look at the values of 𝒙 close to – 𝟐 on its left
side (i.e. x < –2, denoted –2 negative) and values of x close to –2 on its right side (i.e. x > –2,
denoted –2+).
i. Table of values for x approaching −𝟐− .
x -3 -2.5 -2.1 -2.01 -2.001 -2.0001 As x approaches −2−
f(x) 5 9 41 401 4001 40001 f(x) increases without
bound
Plotting the points corresponding to these values on the Cartesian plane, we obtain
14
Note: the axes do not have the same scale
Observe that as 𝑥 approaches –2 from the left and from the right, 𝑓(𝑥) gets closer and
closer to the line 𝑥 = – 2, indicated in the figure with a dashed line.
15
Note: the axes do not have the same scale
Observe that as 𝑥 increases or decreases without bound, 𝑓(𝑥) gets closer and closer
to1. (d) The line 𝒚 = 𝟏 indicated in the figure with a dashed line is called the horizontal
asymptote
Note: A rational function may or may not cross its horizontal asymptote. If the function
does not cross the horizontal asymptote 𝒚 = 𝒃, then b is not part of the range of the rational
function.
I. WHAT HAPPENED
Quick Recall:
Recall the steps in solving word problems in mathematics.
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6. Verify the answer.
An inequality may have infinitely many solutions. The set of all solutions can be
expressed using set notation or interval notation. These notations are presented in the table
below.
PRE-TEST
Find the solutions for each rational equation/inequality below. Make sure to check for
extraneous solutions. Write your answer on your activity notebook/sheets.
3 2
a) 𝑥+1 = 𝑥−3
2𝑥 5
b) + 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥+1
𝑥+1
c) ≤2
𝑥+3
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)
d) ≥0
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)
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2 3 1
Example 1. Solve for 𝑥: 𝑥
− 2𝑥 = 5
Solution:
The LCD of all the denominators is 10𝑥. Multiply both sides of the equation by 10𝑥 and
solve the resulting equation.
𝑥 1 8
Example 2. Solve for 𝑥: − 𝑥−2 = 𝑥2 −4
𝑥+2
The LCD is (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2). Multiply the LCD to both sides of the equation to remove the
denominators.
Upon reaching this step, we can use strategies for solving polynomial functions.
Check for extraneous solutions by substituting the answers back into the original the original
equations. Since x =2 will make the original equation undefined, it is an extraneous solution.
Since x =5 satisfies the original equation, it is the only solution.
APPLICATION
pplying the concepts we learned in solving rational equations to solve word problems.
Rational equations can be applied to problems with variables in the denominator.
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Example 3.
In an inter-barangay basketball league, the team from Barangay Nabago has won 12 out of 25
games, a winning percentage of 48%. How many games should they win in a row to improve
their win percentage to 60%?
Solution:
Let 𝑥 represent the number of games that they need to win to raise their percentage to 60%.
The team has already won 12 out of their 25 games. If they win x games in a row to increase
their percentage to 60%, then they would have played 12 + 𝑥 games out of 25 + 𝑥 games. It
can be represented by this equation:
12 + 𝑥
= 0.6
25 + 𝑥
The equation is a rational equation. Solve the equation using the techniques previously
mentioned.
Since 25 + 𝑥 is the only denominator, we multiply it to both sides of the equation. We then
solve the resulting equation:
Since 𝑥 represents the number of games, this number should be an integer. Therefore, Barangay
Nabago needs to win 8 games to raise their winning percentage to 60%.
Steve and Janet are going to paint the fence that surrounds their house today. Steve can paint
the fence in 12 hours. Janet can paint the fence alone in 9 hours. How long will it take them
to paint the fence together?
Solution:
𝟏 𝟏 𝒕 𝒕
𝒕 + 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 + =𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟗
Let’s solve the equation for t:
𝑡 𝑡
+ =1
12 9
19
𝑡 𝑡
36( 12 + 9) = 1(36)
3t +4t = 36
7t = 36
𝑡 = 36/7 or 5.15
Processing of the answer.
To find an equation that represents the given scenario. Let’s determine how much of the fence
Steve and Janet paint respectively.
1
Steve takes 12 hours to paint the fence, each hour he paints 12 hour.
Since it takes them t hours to paint the fence together. Steve paints 1/12t of the fence. Since it
takes Janet 9 hours to paint the fence, each hour she paints 1/9 of the fence. Since it takes them
t hours to paint the fence together, Janet paints 1/9t of the fence.
Since the 1/12 t of the fence that Steve paints and the 1/9t of the fence that Janet paints
together constitute one complete fence, we obtain the equation
𝟏 𝟏 𝒕 𝒕
𝒕 + 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 + =𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟗
2𝑥
Example 1: Solve the inequality 𝑥+1 ≥ 1.
Solution:
(a) Rewrite the inequality as a single fraction on one side, and 0 on the other side.
20
(b) The value 𝑥 = 1 is included in the solution since it makes the fraction equal to zero, while
𝑥 = −1 makes the fraction undefined. Make these on a number line. Use a shaded circle for
x=1 (a solution) and an unshaded circle for 𝑥 = −1 (not a solution).
(c) Choose convenient test points in the interval determined by -1 and 1 to determine the sign
𝑥−1
of 𝑥+1 in these intervals. Construct a table of signs as shown below.
(d) Since we are looking for the intervals where the fraction is positive or zero, we determine
solution intervals to be 𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥 ≥ 1. Plot these intervals on the number line.
3 1
Example 2. Solve: <
𝑥−2 𝑥
Solution:
(a) Rewrite as an inequality with zero on one side.
(b) The fraction will be zero for 𝑥 = −1 and undefined for 0 and 2. Plot on a number
line. Use hollow circle since these values are not part of the solutions.
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(c) Construct a table of signs to determine the sign of the fraction in each interval
determined by -1,0, and 2.
(d) Summarize the intervals satisfying the inequality. Plot these intervals on the number
line.
1. A taxi is rented by a group of x people for P2000 and the cost is shared equally. If there is
one less person in the group, then each of the remaining people has to pay P100 more. What
is 𝑥?
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SYNOPSIS
This Self Learning Kit (SLK) is about Rational Functions. Here the students
will learn how to determine and analyze the intercepts, zeroes, and
asymptotes of a given rational function.
This helps the learners develop skills in graphing different types of rational
functions. Going over the discussion and exercises, makes one appreciate
the importance of this function.
Find enjoyment in learning this SLK and go over the discussion and examples
if you have not yet mastered a concept
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24
Mathinik Challenge 2
Post Test Pre-test
Mathinik Challenge1
1.
x -2 -1 0 2 3 4
y 1 1 -1 1 1 1
− −
3 2 2 3
2.
y -2 -1 0 2 3 4
x 1 0 -1 3 2 5
3 3
Post-test
1.
𝑥 - - - 0 1 2 4 6
4 2 1
𝑦 3 4 6 und - 0 1 4
2 3
2.
𝑥 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 6
𝑦 1 1 -1 und 1 1 1 1
− −
3 2 2 4 6
B. 3.
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 3 2 1 0 1 -2 3 4
11 9 8 3 3
4.
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 2 1 2 und 2 1 2
9 2 2 9
ANSWER KEY
25
MATHEMATICS. Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education.
Verzosa, D., Ph.D. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL
VICARISH PUBLICATIONS AND TRADING, INC
Tan, F., Labilyn Lasic, L., and Cruz, R., 2017. General Mathematics. Manila:
BLR).
54-65. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-
Crisologo, L., et al. 2013. General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Pp.
Logarithmic Functions. 2013. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net
Logarithmic Functions. 35-42. Diwa Learning Systems, Inc.
Albay, E., et al. 2016. General Mathematics: Graphs and Properties of
REFERENCES
Lesson 3 Lesson 2
Lesson 4
Post-test Pre-test
1
1. y-intercept is 6
x-intercept is 1 Mathenik Challenge1
Vertical asymptote x =2 and x= -3
Horizontal asymptote at y = 0 1 2
1) 0 2) 2 3) none 4) 5
2. to determine the y-intercept and x-
Mathenik Challenge 2
intercept:
1) domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 0};
The numerator and denominator of f(x)
range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 0}
can be factored as follows:
2) domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 0}
3x 2 - 8x - 3 (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑓(𝑥) = = range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 0}
2x 2 + 7x - 4 (2x-1)(x+4) 3) domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 1}
0−0−3 3 range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 0}
y-intercept: 𝑓(0) = 0+0−4 = 4 2
4)
domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 5}
1
1 range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 2}
x-intercept or zeroes: 𝑥 = − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3
1 Post-test
Vertical asymptote: 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −4 1.domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 3}
range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 1}
horizontal asymptotes: the polynomials in 2. domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 0}
the numerator and denominator have Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 0}
equal degree. The horizontal asymptote is 3. domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 2}
3
the ratio of the leading coefficients 𝑦 = 2 Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 0}
4. domain: range: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ; 𝑥 ≠ 2}
range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 1}
26
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