ZOOLOGY LEC AND

LAB CEU MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (august 2021 MIDTERMS 1st sem)

Herpetology Study of
LECTURE reptiles/amphibians
Ichthyology Study of fish
BRANCHES OF Helminthology Study of worms
Ornithology Stud of birds
ZOOLOGY
Zoology – is the study of animals
MEDICAL ZOOLOGY
Kingdom Animalia – Animals are multicellular, Parasitology Study of parasites
eukaryotic, lack cell walls and are heterotrophs Pathology Study of the nature and
causes of diseases
STRUCTURAL ZOOLOGY
Study of external DISTRIBUTIONAL ZOOLOGY
Morphology structures of living Concerned with the
organisms. Zoogeography geographic distribution of
Anatomy Study of structure of animal species
internal organs. Ecology Study of organisms and
Histology Study of tissues how they interact with the
Cytology Study of structures and environment.
functions of cell.
HISTORICAL ZOOLOGY
Paleontology Study of fossils and
Developmental Zoology remains of animals
Embryology Study of development of (ancient & history of life)
embryos Phylogeny History of the evolution
Ontogeny Study of individual (birth of a species
to death) Evolution The change in the
Study of transmission of characteristics of species
Genetics characters from one over several generations
generation to next
SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF ZOOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL ZOOLOGY Deals with the
Physiology Study of working information, structure
mechanism of different Molecular Zoology and activity of
parts of the body macromolecules
Ethology Study of animal behavior essential to life.
 The structure & physiology of animals is
studied under such fields as anatomy,
SYSTEMATIC/ TAXONOMY
Protozoology Study of protozoa embryology, pathology, animal nutriology,
Entomology Study of insects and physiology
Conchology Study of Shells  The common genetic and developmental
Malacology Study of molluscs mechanisms of animals and (plants) is
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studied in molecular biology, molecular Robert Hooke -Observe the cork of

genetics, cellular biology, biochemistry, and plant & saw tiny boxes
developmental biology. which he called cell
Conrad Gesner -Contributed to the 16th
ZOOLOGY DISCIPLINES
century progression of
Comparative Anatomy Study of structures and
Zoology
functions of various
-History Animalum
animal groups.
-Used the same method
Taxonomy The science of finding, of classification as
describing, and aristotle
classifying animals.
Antoine van -Father of microbiology,
Leeuwenhoek bacteriology, and
protozoology
-Introduced the term
HISTORY OF ‘animalcules’
-1st scientists to observe
ZOOLOGY microorganisms
-made the simplest
EARLY MODERN ERA microscope
-Father of biology -Controversial figure in
Charles Darwin -On the Origin of species Jean- Baptiste Lamarck the study of evolution
“natural selection theory -Advocate the theory of
-Theory of evolution inheritance of Acquired
-Father of modern Characters along with the
Taxonomy tree of life
Carl Linnaeus -Introduced the’binomial -predecessor of Schwann
system of nomenclature’ and Schleiden
-systema Naturae concerning the cell
-Famous natural historian theory.
Edward Topsell -Published Historie of ANCIENT SCIENCE
four-footed beastes and Aristotle -Father of Biology &
Historie of serpens Zoology
-Noted anatomical -collected facts about
similarities between the animals
Pierre Belon human skeleton and that Cro-Magnons -Etchings and cave
of birds sketches of animals as
-Published La Nature and documentations
Diversite Les Poisons Stone Age -Wall paints;engraved
-His theory of natural bones
selection before Darwin -1,8million years to
Alfred Russell Wallace -he define a line the 18000 years BC
Wallace line MEDIEVAL SCIENCE
-Father of biography -cited animals according
-Improved the compound to their genus, dwelling
of microscope
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places and motion

-translated the version
of ‘On animals, a
medieval summa
Alberta Magnus zoology’
-gave attention to both
terrestrial and aquatic
animals
-used dissection to
connect behavior
functions to internal
structures
Hippocrates -Father of Medicine
-Devised the code of
medical ethics
-Hippocratic Oath and
Symbol
Combined facts and
Pliny the Elder fantasies for his studies
of nature

Physiologus
Medieval literature
associated with specific Atoms -Small part of
animal and character matter/particles
trait -Non-living
Molecules
-2 or more bonded
LEVELS OF atoms
-Combination of atoms
ORGANIZATION OF Non-living
Macromolecule -Very Large molecules
Proteins, fats,
carbohydrates, nuclei
acids
-Non-living
Organelles -Tiny organs
-Made of Macromolecule
-structure within cell
that perform a specific
function
Cell -Made of organelles
-Basic unit of structure
&function of life
-Living
Tissues -Same kind of cell
LIFE working together/group
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of similar cells Cytology- Science about cell.

-Living
Organs -Tissues that work
together Examples of Cell
-Living
Systems -Organs that work
together
Animal Cell – Human Blood
-Living
Organism -Single cell smear showing RBC and WBC
-Entire living things
(Organisms)
-Made of systems
Living
Population -Type of organism living
together Protozoa –
Community -Populations living & Amoeba an
interacting together
example of
Ecosystem -Biotic (living)
community w/ the protozoa
abiotic (nonliving)
Features
Biome -Similar ecosystems on
earth together
Biosphere -Whole living layer
around the globe Plant Cell- Hydrila leaf cell
emphasizing the chloroplasts.

Non-Living Living Combination

Atom Cell Community
Molecule Tissue Ecosystem Bacterial
Macromolecule Organ Biome Cell – E. coli seen under
Organelle System Biosphere
SEM
Organism
Population

CELL PARTS &

FUNCTIONS DISCOVERY OF CELL
Cell - the basic units of structure and function of all
living things.
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – Made the simple and

single lens microscope
- With magnification of about 275x Eukaryotic Cell – True Nucleus – Membrane bound
& non membrane – Multicellular Organisms – Plants
& Animals
Robert Hooke- Discovered the

Cell Membrane
– called Plasma Membrane
– Separates cell from external environment

Envelope -Covers & protect cell

-give shape to the cell
Bilayer -Phosphate layers: polar
Phospholipid heads; hydrophilic
-Lipid layers: Non-polar
tails; hydrophobic
Semi-permeable -Select materials that
pass through it
-regulates the
movement of material
-Contains various
Fluid Mosaic materials/molecules
-Proteins, Cholesterol,
Phospholipids Prokaryotic Cell- False Nucleus – Non membrane
cell – Coined name ‘cell’ bound organelles – Unicellular organisms bacteria
-Used cork of plant – tiny boxes looks like the room
in monestry 3 Basic Parts of the cell
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
3 Components of Cell Theory Nucleus
All Organisms are composed of cell
Theodore Schwann Organelles – Basic cell parts that perform the
Matthais Schleiden physiological activities of the cell.
Cells came from pre-existing cells
Rudolf Virchow
The cell is the basic unit of life

2 Basic Cell Types

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Cell Wall Ribosome

 None Animal Cells -Most common organelles in all cells
Freely Permeable -NO direct effect on -Not surrounded by a membrane
the movement of Protein Micro-machines -Sites for protein
materials in & out the synthesis
cell Free Ribosomes Floating in the
Rigidity -Gives support & cytoplasm; In
protection prokaryotes
Polysome/Polyribosome -Group of ribosomes
working together
Cytoplasm translating mRNA
-Called protoplasm inside of the cell Attached Ribosomes -In eukaryotes -Line
Living Substance -Contain organelles membrane of ER
that perform the
physiological
Mitochondria
properties not the cell
-Powerhouse of the Cell
Gel-like Material -Sol;Semi liquid
Gel;Semi solid ATP Manufacturer -Metabolize
carbohydrate & fatty
Cytosol -70% of cytoplasm
acid to generate energy
-mixture of
-manufacture energy in
cytoskeleton
the form of ATP
Aerobic Respiration -mitochondria act like a
digestive system to
breakdown nutrients to
Endoplasmic Reticulum produce energy rich
molecule
-System of membranous tubules and sacs
Semi-autonomous -have own DNA, so can
Circulatory system -Internal support produce by itself by
Organelles
of the cell system dividing
-allows molecules in
Double-membrane -smooth outer
the cell to move one
Organelles membrane
place to another -Folded inner
Rough ER (rER) -lined w/ ribosomes membrane
-protein synthesis -cristae: infoldings
&transport
Smooth ER (sER) -No ribosomes
-transports other
materials other than Golgi Apparatus
protein -called Golgi complex/Golgi body
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-processing & packaging plant &secretory digests own cell.

Vesicle
Cisternae -called dictyosome
-fused flattened
Peroxisome
sacs/folds -Known as a microbody
Transport Agent -Involved the distribution
of lipids around the cell Oxidative Organelle -Contains enzyme
Protein Collector & -protein synthesized in -By product is hydrogen
Dispatcher the ER packed into the peroxide
vesicles & fused w/ -Oversees reactions that
Golgi body for secretion Chemical neutralize free radicals,
Lysosome Builder -Vesicles w/ Protein Detoxification which cause cellular
enzymes pinched off by damage and cell death
Golgi body to the
cytoplasm
Vacuole
-Storage bubbles found in cell
–Membrane bound fluid sac
Storage Sac -Stores large amount of
various materials
Centrioles Subordinate Role -Assisting in exocytosis &
 Organizing centers for microtubule, 2 endocytosis
bundles of microtubule Transporting Agent -transport needed
Cell Division -Form spindle fibers for materials into the cell
the separation of
chromosomes
Centrosomes -house the centrioles Cytoskeleton
-Complex network of interlinking
filaments/tubules ‘Cell Skeleton’
Lysosome
-Tiny sac produced by Golgi body 3 Structures
Microfilaments -cell movement &
Digestive plant -Contains digestive
cytokinesis
enzymes to help in the
-Contractile: Made of
process of digestions
actin
Keeps the cell -Digests excess & worn
Intermediate -Provide strength &
clean out organelles &
Filaments support
engulfed
bacteria/viruses Microtubules -Main cell shape
Suicide Sac -when the cell is -Form the centrioles
damaged, the lysosome -Rigid hollow tubes:
burst, release enzyme & made of tubulin
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CELLS DIFF SHAPES

Chloroplasts Squamous Cells Tile-like cells usually
-None in animal cells for protection found
-Sites of photosynthesis at the outer layer of
Thylakoids -Flattened membranous the skin & used as
-Sacs that contain lining of other
chlorophyll organs.
Stroma -Spaces in grana for the Cuboidal Cells w/ equal sides;
exchange of materials usually observed in
Grana -Pile of thylakoids kidney tubules
Columnar Cells Tube like cells found
lining the digestive
Flagella & Cilla tract for absorption
 Cell Movement Stellate Cells Star like cells for
nerve impulse
Cilia -Short conduction
-Hair like Amorphous Cells Irregularly shape
-Numerous in number cells of WBC due to
Flagella -Long amoebic &
-Thread like phagocytic action
Fewer in number Oval Cells Rounded cells of
RBC of frog
Nucleus Fusiform Smooth muscles of
-Largest organelle visceral organs
-‘Brain of the cell’ Polygonal Many sided liver
Nuclear envelope -Double membrane w/ cells
pores Spider like Cells found in the
-Controls the movement bones
of material in & out the Thread like Represented by
nucleus.
sperm cells
Chromosomes -Houses the genes
(DNA)
Nucleolus -Spherical body in the
nucleus
Animal Tissues and
All Eukaryotic cells have nucleus, except for
the Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes that functions
lose their nuclei as they mature.
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Tissue – group of connected cells that have Functions

similar function.
Covering – Entire Body, Internal
4 MAIN TYPES OF TISSUE
organs, Body cavities
Protection – Barrier against
Epithelial
injury
Provides surface for-
Absorption, Secretion &
Connective excretion, Transport molecule

Classification
Number of Cell Layer
Muscular *Simple
*Stratified

Type of Cell Shape

*Squamous
*Cuboidal
Nervous
*Columnar
A. Squamous Epithelium
Single Squamous
-single Layer of
squamous cells
EPITHELIAL TISSUE -Diffusion,
filtration,
secretion,
protection
-Lungs, blood &
lymphatic
vessels, heart
Stratified Squamous
-Multiple layers of cell
-Protection
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-Skin, throat, mouth esophagus, urethra, Simple Columnar

vagina -1 layer of columnar cells
-movement of cells, absorption,
secretion
B. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM -Uterus, digestive tract, gall
Simple bladder, bronchioles
Cuboidal
-Single layer of
cuboidal cells
-secretion
absorption,
material
transport

Stratified Columnar
-Multiple layers of columnar cells
-Protection
Stratified secretion
Cuboidal -Male urethra,
-Multiple layers of pharynx, larynx,
cuboidal mammaryglands
-Protection, D. OTHER
secretion,
absorption
EPITHELIA
-Ducts of glands, ovarian Pseudostratified
follicles -Single layer of disturbed cells
-Protection,
secretion,
C. COLUMNAR material transport
EPITHELIUM -Nasal cavity,
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sinuses, auditory, tubes, trachea, -W/ ducts or tubes

bronchi -Merocrine, apocrine,
holocrine,
-Sebaceous, serous,
Transitional Epithelium
mucous, mixed (S&M)
-Has transition cells
-Accommodation of fluid
-Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

E. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
AS TO STRUCTURE
Simple Glandular Endocrine
-Single unbranched duct -Ductless
-Human intestine -Hormones

Compound Glandular CONNECTIVE TISSUE

-Branched duct
-Coiled acinus
-Pancreas, salivary glands, mammary
glands
FUNCTIONS
Connecting tissues & organs
-Ligaments
F. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
-Tendons
AS TO MODE OF
SECRETION
Supporting & Moving
-Bones
Exocrine -Cartilages
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-Blood
-Bones
Storing
-Adipose
-Bones

Cushioning & Insulating

-Adipose Tissue

CLASSIFICATIONS
A. CELL TYPES
Fibroblast
-Secretes matrix & fibers
- Large, flat cell w/ branching process
Transporting
-Blood
Macrophages
-Phagocytosis: engulfs bacteria & cell
debris
-Irregular shape cell
Protecting w/ short branching
projections

Plasma Cell
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-Developed from B lymphocytes -Outer covering of blood vessels,

-Makes antibodies nerves, esophagus, fascia
 DENSE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Mast Cell
-Near blood cells Regular
-Reaction to injury Dense
(histamine) -Collagen
fibers are
Adipocyte bundled in parallel fashion
-Adipose/Fat cell -Poor blood supply
-Stores -Tendons & ligaments, nerve &
triglycerides/fats muscle fibers,
& fibrous
B. TYPES OF FIBERS membrane
Collagen covering of
-Very strong & flexible bones and
cartilages.
Elastic Irregular Dense
-Stretchable -Fibers are not in parallel bundles
-Dermis of skin,alimentary canals, glandular
tissues
 RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
Reticular TISSUE
-Provide support & strength
-Basement membrane

 AREOLAR/LOOSE

-Mutidirectional & loosely arranged

fibers
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-Reticular fibers crosslink to form *cartilage tissue does not have blood
fine meshwork vessels, hence repair slowly
-Thin branching fibers
Elastic Cartillage
-Lymph nodes and bone marrows
-Great flexibiity/elasticity
 ADIPOSE TISSUE -Numerous chondrocytes
-Matrix w/
-Fat tissue threadlike
-Highly vascular network of elastic
fibers
-Yellow bone marrow,
-External ear,
subcutaneous of skin,
epiglottis & larynx
mammary glands, intermuscular tissue &
around internal organs. Hyaline Cartillage
 BONE TISSUE -Extracelullar matrix appears
Compact Bone smooth & glassy
-Called cortical bone -Each lacuna
-Solid matrix made is usuay
up of osteons – occupied by
Longbones

Spongy Bone chondrocytes in groups of 2 to 8

-Called cancellous
bone -Fewer cells – Ribs, noes ,larynx,
-Porous made up of trachea
trabeculae Fibrocartilage
-Filled w/ red bone marrow -Thick dense
-Ends of long bones, & bones of pelvis, collagen
ribs, vertebrae & skull -Intervertebral
discs, joint
capsules &
 CARTILAGE TISSUE
ligaments
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-Allergic & antigen response

 VASCULAR TISSUE -Bi- or tri-lobed nucleus
Erythrocytes -Coarse, dark violet granules w/ blue hue
-Red Blood Cells
-Oxygen carriers & doughnut-like
w/o hole Leukocytes: Agranulocytes
Leukocytes *all agranulocytes
-White Blood are mononuclear
Cells WBCs
-“Soldiers of the
body” A.Lymphocytes
-Small leukocytes
-Part of immune
Leukocytes: Granulocytes system
*all Granulocytes are -B & T cells
polymorphonuclear (PMN) WBCs
B.Monocytes
A.Neutrophils
-Phagocytes
-Fight
bacterial &
fungal
infections
-Muti-lobed nucleus
-3 to 5 lobes
-Fine granules w/ pale lilac color when
stained

B. Basophils
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-Largest leukocytes
-Kidney, bean-shaped nucleus
-Fight off bacteria, viruses & fungi
-
Thrombocytes
-Platelets
-Irregular shape
-For blood clotting

MUSCLE TISSUE

FUNCTIONS
Contraction – Pumping of the heart
- Guarding body openings
Movement – Cooperates w/ the bones
Maintains Posture – Holds the back

CLASSIFICATIONS
LOCATION
- Heart Attached to bones
- Skeletal -For body movement
- Visceral
STRUCTURE
- Smooth/Unstriated
- Striated
ACTION/FUNCTION
- Voluntary -Striated
- Involuntary -Voluntary

 SKELETAL MUSCLE
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-Visceral muscles
-Muscles of the internal organ

-Non striated
-Spindle shaped cells w/ Single
nucleus
-Involuntary

 SMOOTH MUSCLE
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Junctions that attach individual

cells to each other
Lipocusion
-Red-brown, wear & tear pigment

NERVOUS TISSUE

 CARDIAC MUSCLE

-Heart Muscle

-Striated
-Involuntary
-Branching Fibers
Intercalated Discs
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(LABORATOR)
MITOSIS & MIOSIS
4 STAGES OF
MITOSIS

- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase

Prophase - At the early prophase the

chromosomes are observed to be long,
thin coiled filaments known as the
chromatids.
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- As prophase progresses, the - The nuclear membrane and

chromosomes are observed to nucleolus then reappear.
have the identical strands held - At the end stage, the cytoplasm
together by the centromere. divides through the formation of
- The chromatids become shorter the cleavage furrow, which is a
and thicker because of the coiling constriction of the outer middle
of the unit fiber that constitutes the portion of the cell; thus two
basic structure of the daughter cells are formed.
chromosomes .
- As the chromosomes become very Interphase- is mistakenly considered as
distinct, the nuclear membrane the first stage of mitosis but it is initial
breaks down and the nucleolus stage in which the chromosomes
disappears. replicate
- it is characterized by the highest
Metaphase- chromosomes with degree of metabolic activity.
centromeres attached to the
spindle fibers are arranged at the
center or equatorial plate of the Meiosis – can be divided into nin stages
cell. - divided between the first time cell
divides (Meiosis I) & the second
(Meiosis II)
Anaphase - centromeres equally divide
and thus attached chromosomes migrate
towards the opposite poles.

Telophase- The final stage of mitosis is

the reverse of the prophase stage. MEIOSIS I
- the chromosomes loosen or Interphase DNA in the cell
copied resulting in
lengthen until a threadlike
two identical full
appearance is assumed. sets of
 ZOOLOGY LEC AND
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chromosomes. Prophase II -two daughter cells

Prophase I copied each with 23
chromosomes chromosomes.
condense into X- -each of the two
shaped structures. daughter cells, the
Metaphase I chromosomes pairs chromosomes
lined up next to condense again into
each other along visible X – shaped
the center of the structure.
cell. Metaphase II two daughter cell the
Anaphase I pair of chromosomes lined
chromosomes are up end – to – end
then pulled apart by along the equator of
the meiotic the cell.
spindle, which pulls Anaphase II sister chromatids
one chromosome to are then pulled to
one pole of the cell opposite pole due to
and the other the action of the
chromosome to the meiotic spindle.
opposite pole. Telophase II & -The chromosomes
Telophase I & chromosomes Cytokinesis complete their move
Cytokinesis complete their to the opposite poles
move to the of the cell.
opposite poles of -This is the last
the cell. At each phase of meiosis ,
pole of the cell, a however cell division
full set of is not complete
chromosomes without another
gather together. round of cytokinesis.

MEIOSIS II
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CELL PARTS & FUNCTION within the cytoplasm are minute

organelles which are as follows.

The science which deals with the

-Smooth ER –w/o
structures and function of the cell is
ribosomes
called Cytology. -Rough ER – w/
Endoplasmic ribosomes
A.Cell Membrane - also known as the reticulum -considered as the
plasma membrane which is selectively circulatory system
permeable of the cell
concerned with
- composed of one bilipid layer between
intracellular
the two mono-layers of protein and transport.
carbohydrates intercalating between the spherical granules
lipids and the proteins. found either
projections that Ribosomes attached to ER or
Microvilli increase the distributed in the
absorptive function cytoplasm
of the membrane. performing protein
infoldings or synthesis.
invaginations of the cellular structures in
Golgi Complex the transport of
cell membrane,
substance to and from
Pinocytic function of which is the cell.
Vesicles not only to increase Mitochondria -powerhouse of the
the absorptive cell.
capacity of the cell -double walled or rod-
surface but also to shaped structures
help the cell take in with inside folds
known as the cristae
food substance.
Lysosome referred to as the
“suicide bags”
B, Cytoplasm- This is the living because they contain
enzymes that can
substance of the cell.
digest cell
-made up of organic and inorganic components such as
compounds as well as nucleic acids, foreign bodies like
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bacteria. Materials structure

Centrosomes only in animal cells containing the
and primitive plants genes in the
which are important in
cell division.
nucleus of the cell.
Vacuoles food vacuoles or Nucleolus spherical body of
empty spaces capable the periphery of the
of storing food and the nucleus needed for
contractile vacuole ribosomal
for expelling wastes. synthesis.
B.Nucleus- It is a rounded structure at
the center of the cell which controls the
metabolic activities of the cell.

Nuclear -double – layered

Membrane membrane arising
from the plasma
membrane
enclosing the
nucleoplasm.
-regulates the
movement of
materials in and out
of the nucleus.
-controls the
passage of
materials from the
cytoplasm to the
nucleus and vice
versa.
Nucleoplasm -protoplasm of the
nucleus in which
the chromosomes
and other materials
are suspended.
Chromatin darkly staining
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CELLS DIFF SHAPES
arranged
Squamous Cells Tile-like cellsin more
than one
usually for layer
becausefound
they have
protection at
been altered by
the outer layer of
thepressure.
skin & used as
TISSUES lining of other
organs.
Cuboidal Cells w/ equal sides;
Epithelial Tissues- used to cover the usually observed in
entire body as well as internal kidney tubules
Columnar Cells Tube like cells
structures and cavities.
found lining the
- Sensation absorption, excretion, and digestive tract for
secretion. absorption
Stellate Cells Star like cells for
nerve impulse
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES conduction
Amorphous Cells Irregularly shape
Simple Epithelial One layer of cells. cells of WBC due to
Single layer of amoebic &
Simple
flattened scale-like phagocytic action
Squamous Oval Cells Rounded cells of
cells.
- Layer of cube-like RBC of frog
cells. Fusiform Smooth muscles of
visceral organs
Simple cuboidal -Cuboidal cells Polygonal Many sided liver
having similar
width and length as cells
ice cubes. Spider like Cells found in the
Simple columnar -layer of columnar bones
cell described as Thread like Represented by
elongated cells. sperm cells
- found with cilia or
flagella
Pseudo Stratifies With columnar cells
which appear to be Stratified More than one layer
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Epithelium of cells. Adipose - large, rounded cells

Stratified Several layers of containing fats.
Squamous squamous cells. -nuclei of adipose
cells are observed at
Stratified Many layers of
one side because the
Cuboidal cuboidal cells.
fat content is
Stratified Two or more layers occupying almost the
Columnar of columnar cells. whole cytoplasm.
-Tissue with Cartilage called a soft bone it
balloon-like cells a. Hyaline contains intercellular
Transitional subjected to cartilage - substance or matrix
contraction and translucent called chondrin with
Epithelium
stretching. connective tissue cells known as
-cells are observed without fibers. chondrocytes the
as transition membrane covering
b. Elastic
between squamous with fibers is the
cartilage - yellow
and columnar perichondrium.
cells.
branching fibers.
c.
Fibrocartilage- coll
Connective Tissues-These are agenous
tissues, function of which is to bind and unbranched fibers
support other tissues and organs observed to be
together. occupying the
Reticular composed of cells tissue.
and interconnective
fibers.
Fibrous cells and fibers Bone or Osseous Tissue- contains
a. Collagenous- observed to be calcified intercellular substances.
white wavy, occupying the - bone cell is identified as osteocyte.
unbranched intercellular spaces. - Haversian system which is the
bundle of fibers. functional unit of the bone is covered by
b. Elastic - yellow a membrane called periosteum.
straight or bent
branching fibers.
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LAB CEU MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (august 2021 MIDTERMS 1st sem)

- consists of the Haversian canal with Striated – W/ the alternate dark and light
nerves and blood vessels. bands.
- observed occupying cavities, the Unstriated – W/o striations found in
lacunae which are connected to one walls of hollow organs.
another by canals called canaliculi.
- marrow cavity of the bone is lined by a Vascular Tissue/Blood-This is a fluid
membrane the endosteum.
or liquid tissue with cells used to
distribute body materials such as food,
hormones, gases, and wastes the fluid
Muscular Tissue - consist of long content is the plasma and the cells are
slender cells (fibers), each of which is a the following.
bundle of finer fibrils .
- each fibril are relatively thick filaments
of protein myosin and thin ones of actin
Red Blood Cells/ Corpuscles(RBC) or
and other proteins.
Erythrocytes-The red pigment of the
LOCATION cells is the hemoglobin. These cells
Skeletal Muscle - attached to bones transport oxygenated blood.
by tendons, which are bundles of
collagen fibers. White Blood Cells (WBC) or
Smooth Muscle-walls of internal Leucocytes- They are the soldiers of the
organs and other internal structures body because they fight infections. They
such as blood vessels. are capable of phagocytosis,
Cardiac Muscle- found only in the wall pseudopodia, and diapedesis.
of the heart. It is also called myocardium.
FUNCTION a. Granulocytes - These cells contain
Voluntary- Can be controlled by the will. cytoplasmic granules . Neutrophil-(65-
75 per cubic milli meter of blood). It has
Involuntary- Cannot be controlled by
three or more lobes joine by a threadlike
the will.
structure against bacterial attack.
FORM & STRUCTURE
 ZOOLOGY LEC AND
LAB CEU MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (august 2021 MIDTERMS 1st sem)

Eosinophil-(25%) with two lobes this is Neuroglia / Glial Cells- Do not produce
necessary for inflammation prevention. electrical impulses.
Basophil-(5%) with one “S” shaped
lobe. Number of Processes
a.Unipolar- with one axon or one
b. Agranulocytes – These do not dendrite
contain granules. b.Bipolar- with one axon and one
Lymphocytes- (20-25%) small spherical dendrite
WBC with large nucleus occupying c.Multipolar- with one axon and many
almost the entire cytoplasm. This is dendrites
capable of producting anti bodies.
Monocytes- (2.6% ) big cells bean- Function
shaped nucleus . It is capable of
a. Sensory or Afferent-conducts
phagocytic action and is motile.
impulses from sensory receptors, the
skin or sense organs to nerve centers,
Thrombocytes or Blood Platelets- the brain and the spinal cord.
important in blood clotting.
b. Motor or Efferent- Carries impulses
from the central nervous system to the
NervousTissues-This is a tissue different effectors, the muscles.
receiving and transmitting impulses.
- has cells called neurons and
extensions, the dendrite and the axon.
MICROSCOPE
- dendrite is a short branching extension
transmitting impulses toward the Mechanical : These are the metal
neuron. parts of the microscope namely:
-axon is either a short or long
unbranched extension transmitting Base - considered the “foot of the
impulse from the neuron. microscope for support”.
Neuron- Convert stimuli into nerve - This may be U, V, or Y in shape.
impulses and conduct them
 ZOOLOGY LEC AND
LAB CEU MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (august 2021 MIDTERMS 1st sem)

Pillar - part connecting the base to the Coarse Adjustment Screw / Knob –
other parts of the microscope. the bigger wheel of the two knobs at one
Inclination Joint- point where a screw side of the arm.
is placed at the side of the pillar for tilting -used to move the body tube up and
the microscopes. down.
- This part is missing in some modern - new models of microscopes the stage is
microscopes with titled draw tubes. the one moved up and down.
Stage - platform attached to the lower - screw is also used to focus the general
portion of the arm. image of the object under the low power
- This is an area on which the slide with objective.
the specimen is placed. Fine Adjustment Screw / Knob – This
- provided with one or two clips to hold is the smaller screw in the arm which is
the slide in place. used when focusing the detailed portion
- has a hole at the center for the passage the detailed portion of the object under
of light from the light source. the high power objective.
Arm – curved structure connecting the
lower and upper parts of the microscope. Optical Parts: These are the
- This also serve as a handle in carrying magnifying parts of the microscope
the microscope. bearing the lenses.
Body Tube – big cylindrical structure
with allows a considerable distance
between the lenses of the ocular or These parts include the following.
eyepiece and objectives.
Draw Tube – This is a smaller tube Eyepiece or Ocular -This is the lens
which holds the eyepiece or ocular lens. found at the opening of the draw tube.
Dust shield - circular structure This magnifies the secondary image of
the object.
attached to the area below the body tube
- The magnification varies from 5x to 15x.
that protects the objectives from dust.
Objectives - These magnify the primary
image of the specimen or object.
 ZOOLOGY LEC AND
LAB CEU MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (august 2021 MIDTERMS 1st sem)

These objects consist of the following. concave surface with artificial light
(low intensity light)
Low Power Objective (LPO): With 4x-
10x magnification, the object is seen in Sub stage: This part consists of the
its general view. following:
High Power Object (HPO): This has
greater magnification than the LPO and it
Iris Diaphragm: This regulates the
varies from 45x-60x.
amount of light needed to obtain a
- This gives more detailed magnification
clear view of the object.
or image than the LPO
- This is a round structure just beneath
Oil immersion objective the stage.
(OIO): magnification varies from 90x- - provided with a protruding metal
which can be moved to increase or
100x and therefore gives a more
decrease the diameter of its opening.
detailed image than the HPO.
- In other types of microscopes, the
- This part is used when examining
iris diaphragm is not present; instead
bacteria or microorganisms.
it is substituted by a circular disc with
- This uses a special oil like cedar
several openings of various diameters.
wood oil.
This is called the wheel diaphragm.

Illuminating Parts:
Abbe Condenser: This is a lens
system which concentrates light rays
Mirror: This is attached to the pillar
upon the object.
by the mirror fork, and is seen just
below the stage.
- has two surfaces; the plane or flat
mirror which is used with daylight
illumination(high intensity light) and