A RISC-Design

for the Voynich Alphabet (?)

Joannes Richter

# Layer Letters "circles"

1 core: ("gallows") T P K F cth cph ckh cfh {aoy}
2 mantle: ch sh eε {aoy}
3 crust: q ("dealers") d l r s nximg {aoy}
Table 1 Alphabetic structure in the three-layer VM-model (by Jorge Stolfi)

Abstract
This essay investigates in how far the Voynichese Alphabet may be interpreted as a derivative of the
Ugaritic alphabet.
According to Jorge Stolfi's three-layer model the Voynichese grammar1 distributes the EVA-letters
over three levels: core, mantle and crust.
For example, okoecheody is parsed as (o(k)oe)((ch)e)(o(d))(y).
The core layer of a normal word, by definition, consists of the "gallows" letters { t p k f }
or their "pedestal" variants { cth cph ckh cfh }.
The mantle layer consists primarily of the "bench" letters: ch and sh, and the ee group,
which, in its n-gram statistics, seems to be a variant of those two.
The bulk of the crust consists of a variable number of "dealers", the letters d l r s.
Except the Futhark and Ogham signaries most European alphabets are derived from the Ugaritic
signary. Most of these signaries display a theonym such as “ṬYḪWŠ” (“ṬYḪWŠ”) in one of the
rows of the 2-dimensional table.
If the Voynichese signary is derived from the Ugaritic alphabet the Voynichese alphabet may also
display a theonym on one of the rows of the 2-dimensional table. In the following three-layer model
of Jorge Stolfi's concept the Voynichese alphabet may be derived from one of the earlier alphabets.
As the Younger Futhark signaries (with 16 or even 15 letter symbols) the bulk of the Voynichese
manuscript may have followed a “RISC”-concept (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), which
resulted in a more complex text with a repetitive character of a reduced number of letter symbols.
Theoretically a genuine theonym “diefs”, “ṬYḪWŠ” (“ṬYḪWŠ”) or one of the abbreviations
“dies” or “dis” may be found in a 2-dimensional array of the letters in the EVA-composition.

1 A Grammar for Voynichese Words (Jorge Stolfi)

The categorizing of the letters in the Hebrew model
According to a comment to the Sefer Jetsirah the letters in the Hebrew alphabet had been
categorized according to 5 categories, which are based on the 5 phonetic sources ( gutturals , labial,
palatals, linguals, dental) where the human voice is generating the phonetic sounds.
Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” (chapter 4,
paragraph 3), wherein he describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the Hebrew
alphabet and classifies them in groups based on their individual sounds: “Aleph ( ‫)א‬, hé (‫)ה‬, ḥet (
‫)ח‬, ‘ayin (‫ )ע‬are [gutturals sounds] produced from the depth of the tongue with the opening of
the throat, but bet (‫)ב‬, waw (‫)ו‬, mim (‫)מ‬, pé (‫ )פ‬are [labial sounds] made by the release of the lips
and the end of the tongue; whereas gimel (‫)ג‬, yōd (‫)י‬, kaf (‫)כ‬, quf (‫ )ק‬are [palatals] separated by
the width of the tongue [against the palate] with the [emission of] sound. However, daleth (‫)ד‬,
ṭet (‫)ט‬, lamed (‫)ל‬, nūn (‫)נ‬, tau (‫ )ת‬are [linguals] separated by the mid-section of the tongue with
the [emission of] sound; whereas zayin (‫)ז‬, samekh (‫)ס‬, ṣadi (‫)צ‬, resh (‫)ר‬, shin (‫ )ש‬are [dental
sounds] produced between the teeth by a tongue that is at rest. 2”

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals

5 Taw Th22 Shin Sh21
4 Nun N14 Qoph K19 Ayin Gh16 Pe Ph17 Resh R20
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph Ch11 Heth H8 Mem M13 Tsade Ts18
2 Teth T9 Yodh I10 He Ε5 Waw V6 Samekh S15
1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Aleph Æ1 Bet B2 Zayin Z7
Table 2 The theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Hebrew alphabet

2 Footnote in Modern Hebrew phonology (quoted in The Composition of the Sky-God's Name in PIE-Languages)
The categorizing of the letters in the Latin alphabet
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
Ugaritic 30
ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic
21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
Greek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y,Z
Table 3 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)
In the derivatives of the Latin alphabets the aspired letters Th22, Ch11, Gh16, Ph17, Sh21 are defined as
combinations of two letters.
In the course of time the alphabet may be losing superfluous letters. Some of the lost letters
however may be memorized in the theonym's name:

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals

6 (W)
5 T22 (X) (Y) (U) S21
4 N14 Q19 O16 P17 R20
3 L12 K11 H8 M13 (Ts18)
2 Þ9 I10(J10) Ε5 (ϝ6) → V6 (s15)
1 D4 G3 → G3 A1 B2 Z7
Table 4: The Latinalfabet with a black highlighted 2e row of the table
displaying the theonym Þ-I-Ε-V–S (respectively Þ-I-Ε-U–S )
The Ugaritic alphabet's Northern Semitic order
The first alphabets may have been the Northern and Southern Semitic orders of the Ugaritic
alphabet, which is dated around 1500-1300 BCE3. There are two versions of the Ugaritic alphabet.
Only one of these versions, the "Northern Semitic order", represents an abecedaria and is used to
generate the following 2-dimensional table. The first 27 letters are categorized as follows: linguals:
D, Ṭ, L, Ḏ, N, Ṯ, T, palatals: G, Y, K, Q, Ġ, gutturals: ʾA, Ḫ, H (E), Ḥ, ʿ (O), labials: B, W, M, P and
dentals: Z, Š, Ẓ, S, R. The 4th letter Ḫ does not exist in the Hebrew alphabet. Therefore in the
Hebrew alphabet the replacement for the letter Ḫ in the great Name YḪW may be the 6th letter H.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
transcription ʾA B G Ḫ D H W Z Ḥ Ṭ Y K Š L M Ḏ N Ẓ S ʿ P Ṣ Q R Ṯ Ġ T ʾI ʾU S2
Hebrew
‫גבא‬ ‫מ לשכ י טחז ו הד‬ ‫נ‬ ‫רקצפעס‬ ‫ת‬
Table 5 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)
The 2-dimensional table contains 7 linguals, 5 gutturals, 5 palatals, 4 labials and 6 dentals. At the 2nd
row of this table a theonym ṬYḪWŠ (ṬYḪWŠ) may be identified:
linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals #
7 t→ 1

T27
6 ṯ→ r→ 2

Θ 25 R24
5 n→ ġ→ ʿ→ ṣ→ 4

N17 Gh26 O20 Ṣ22

4 ḏ→ q→ ḥ→ p→ s→ 5

Z16 Q23 H9 P,Φ21 S19

3 l→ k → h(e) → m → ẓ → 5

L14 K12 E6 M15 Ẓ18

2 ṭ→ y→ ḫ→ w→ š→ 5

Th10 (Θ,Þ) Y11 Kh4 W7 Ś13

1 d→ g → ʾa → b→ z→ 5

D5 G3 A1 B2 Z8
# 7 5 5 4 6 27
Table 6 A sky-god's theonym ṬYḪWŠ (ṬYḪWŠ) at the 2nd row of the Ugaritic Signary
(in a Latin transliteration) – (source: The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets)

3 The Ugaritic writing system is a cuneiform abjad (consonantal alphabet) used from around either the fifteenth
century BCE[1] or 1300 BCE[2] for Ugaritic, an extinct Northwest Semitic language, and discovered in Ugarit
(modern Ras Al Shamra), Syria, in 1928. It has 30 letters. (Source: Ugaritic alphabet)
The modern European alphabets
Most of the modern European alphabets (Latin, Greek, Futhark and Ogham) seem to be derived
from the Ugaritic designs4.

The overview contains three black highlighted boxes with theonyms, which are lined in different
rows:
• at the row #2 of the Latin alphabet the theonym ÞIΕVS (or ÞIΕUS),
• at the row #3 of the Futhark signary the theonym TIÆWS (or TIWÆS) and
• at the row #4 of the Ogham signary the theonym TIΕU(ᚕ) or TIΕU(X).
Eventually the display of a characteristic theonym in these categorized signaries may prove the
existence of a common, fundamental keyword such as “DIΕUS”, which had to be generated by
ordering the letter symbols in an alphabetical table structure. These tables also resembled to the
Hornbooks, which had been described by Flinders Petrie in “The formation of the alphabet"5.
The most complex theonym is a combination of two 5-gram words (DIOVS-PITER), which in the
course of time had been deteriorated to Jupiter (IV-PITER).
This complex structure (DIOVS-PITER) may be related to Jorge Stolfi's three-layer model for the
Voynichese alphabet.

4 The Origin of the Futhark, Ogham and Gothic Runes (In this paper all signaries are characterized as follows: the
linguals: D, Þ L, N, T, palatals: C, G, I, J, K, Q, X, the gutturals: A, Ε, H, O, Y, labials: B, ϝ - V, M, P, U, W and the
dentals: Z, S, R. )
5 The formation of the alphabet (Petrie, W. M. Flinders) (1912)
The categorization of the letters in the Voynichese Grammar
Stolfi's three-layer model6
In his three-layer model Jorge Stolfi7 suggests a distribution of the letters in 3 specific subsets of the
Voynichese alphabet:
As in our previous model [5], the normal words are parsed into three major nested
"layers" --- crust, mantle, and core --- each composed from a specific subset of the
Voynichese alphabet8:

core: t p k f cth cph ckh cfh

mantle: ch sh ee
crust: dlrsnximg

Table 7 Distributing of the letters in the three-layer VM-model (by Jorge Stolfi)
Jorge Stolfi lists a few rules for the three-layer VM-model, for example9:
The distribution of the "circles", the EVA letters { a o y }, is rather complex. They
may occur anywhere within the three main layers, as we discuss later on.

In normal words, the letter e, when not part of an ee group, is almost always located in
or next to the core and mantle layers, almost always after a non-empty core or mantle.

The paradigm also provides strong support for John Grove's theory that many ordinary-
looking words occur prefixed with a spurious "gallows" letter (T P K F in the EVA
alphabet)10.

The crust layer is the part of the word consisting of the letters Q D L R S X I M G,
with their a o y pre-modifiers and final y or o, if any. In normal words, the crust
comprises either the whole word (almost exactly 75% of the normal tokens), or a prefix
and a suffix thereof (25%). The bulk of the crust consists of a variable number of
"dealers", the letters D L R S.

The mantle layer consists primarily of the "bench" letters: Ch and Sh, and the ee group,
which, in its n-gram statistics, seems to be a variant of those two. As explained above,
we include in the mantle also isolated e letters, except those that follow a core letter;
and any o letters prefixed to the above.

Although each of these layers can be empty, the three-layer structure is definitely non-
trivial: it rules out, for example, words with two core letters bracketing mantle or crust
letter. More generally, suppose we assign "densities" 1, 2, and 3 to the three main letters
types above, and ignore the remaining letters. The paradigm then says that the density
profile of a normal word is a single unimodal hill, without any internal minimum.11

6 A Grammar for Voynichese Words (Jorge Stolfi)

7 Voynich manuscript analysis.
8 Source: A Grammar for Voynichese Words published by Jorge Stolfi
9 Source: A Grammar for Voynichese Words published by Jorge Stolfi
10 The letters cth cph ckh cfh are variants of the core-letters t p k f (the "gallows")
11 https://www.ic.unicamp.br/~stolfi/voynich/00-06-07-word-grammar/#s.whygram
Categorizing the EVA-letters
We may categorize these letters according to the 5 phonetic sources (gutturals, labial, palatals,
linguals, dental), which are specified in Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic comment to the Sefer
Jetsira:
# Layer Letters "circles"
1 core: ("gallows") T P K F CTh CPh CKh CFh { A O Y }
2 mantle: Ch Sh EE {AOY}
3 crust: Q ("dealers") D L R S NXIMG {AOY}
Table 8 The categorization of the letters in the three-layer model (by Jorge Stolfi)
Some of the letters may be related to one of the Hebrew alphabetical letters, e.g. as follows:

# Layer Letters "circles"

1 core: ("gallows") T22 P17 K19 F6 CTh9 CPh17 CCh11 CFh6 { A1 O16 Y6 }
2 mantle: Ch11 Sh21 EΕ5 { A1 O16 Y6 }
3 crust: Q19 ("dealers") D4 L12 R20 S15 N14 X15 I10 M13 G3 { A1 O16 Y6 }
Table 9 A suggested representation of the Hebrew letters in the three-layer model (by Jorge Stolfi)
The indices represent the position number of the letter in the Hebrew alphabet.
A core for the Voynichese alphabet seems to be derived from the Hebrew alphabet: A1, G3, D4, Ε5,
F6 and Y6, Th9, I10, Ch11, L12, M13, N14, S15 , resp. X15, O16, P17 and Ph17, Q19, resp. K19, R20, Sh21, T22.
Some of the Hebrew letters are missing: Bet B2, Zayin Z7, Heth H8, Ayin Gh16, Tsade Ts18.
The dental letters R20 S15 Sh21 seem to be absent in the core and restricted to the mantle and crust.
Integrating the Voynichese alphabet in the Ugaritic alphabet
The mapping the three-layer VM-model (by Jorge Stolfi) in the Ugaritic alphabet may be based on
the location of the Hebrew letters:

# Layer Letters "circles"

1 core: ("gallows") T22 P17 K19 F6 CTh9 CPh17 CCh11 CFh6 { A1 O16 Y6 }
2 mantle: Ch11 Sh21 EΕ5 { A1 O16 Y6 }
3 crust: Q19 ("dealers") D4 L12 R20 S15 N14 X15 I10 M13 G3 { A1 O16 Y6 }
Table 10 A suggested representation of the Hebrew letters in the three-layer model (by Jorge
Stolfi). The indices represent the position number of the letter in the Hebrew alphabet.
The Hebrew letters follow the Ugaritic structure. An exception disturbs the sequence at the position
(#13 in the Ugaritic and #21 in the Hebrew alphabet) of the letter “sh” (Shin).
Some of the Hebrew letters are missing: Bet B2, Zayin Z7, Tsade Ts18. The letter Heth H8 is
integrated in the aspired combinations (CTh9, CPh17, CCh11, CFh6, Ch11 and Sh21). The Ayin (Gh16)
represents the vowel “o”.
Index (Ugaritic) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
transcription ʾA B G Ḫ D H W Z Ḥ Ṭ Y K Š L M Ḏ N Ẓ S ʿ P Ṣ Q R Ṯ Ġ T ʾI ʾU S2
Index (Hebrew) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22
Hebrew
‫גבא‬ ‫מ לשכ י טחז ו הד‬ ‫נ‬ ‫רקצפעס‬ ‫ת‬
mapped g p-kr
Voynichese a - de f -h th i ch sh lm n s o ph t
alphabet c q
EVA-European g k
Voynich a de f h i lm n sop r t
Alphabet c q
Table 11 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)
In the Voynichese alphabet the aspirate letter-symbols (cth cph ckh cfh, ch and sh) are composed
from individual letters. This strategy reduces the complexity of the alphabetic structure.
The "gallows" (T P K F) however indicate the capital symbols.

Letters "circles"
core: TPKF cth cph ckh cfh {AOY}
mantle: ch sh ee {AOY}
crust: dlrs nximg {AOY}

Table 12 Alphabetic structure in the three-layer VM-model (by Jorge Stolfi)

Theoretically a genuine theonym “diefs” or one of the abbreviations “dies” or “dis” may be found
in a 2-dimensional array of the letters in the EVA-composition.
The theonym in the EVA-Composition
The EVA-theonym may have been inherited as ṬYḪWŠ from the Ugaritic structure. The structure
EVA-alphabet may have been simplified by skipping superfluous letter-symbols. The EVA-alphabet
(16 letters) may be listed as follows: a c d e f h i l m n s o p q r t.

Index (Ugaritic) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
transcription ʾA B G Ḫ D H W Z Ḥ Ṭ Y K Š L M Ḏ N Ẓ S ʿ P Ṣ Q R Ṯ Ġ T ʾI ʾU S2
Index (Hebrew) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22
Hebrew
‫גבא‬ ‫מ לשכ י טחז ו הד‬ ‫נ‬ ‫רקצפעס‬ ‫ת‬
g p k
EVA-European a -
c
d e f - h th i ch sh l m n s o
ph
-
q
r t
Voynich
Alphabet g
a d e f h i l m n s o p kq r t
c
EVA-theonym
Ḫ F Ṭ Y Š
ṬYḪFŠ
Table 13 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(Categorized according to the Hebrew standard of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's comments)
In the following EVA-alphabet the deleted letters are uncolored:

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals #

7 t→ 1

T27
6 ṯ→ r→ 2

Θ 25 R24
5 n→ ġ→ ʿ→ ṣ→ 4

N17 Gh26 O20 Ṣ22

4 ḏ→ q→ ḥ→ p→ s→ 5

Z16 Q23 H9 P,Φ21 S19

3 l→ k→ h(e) → m → ẓ → 5

L14 K12 E6 M15 Ẓ18

2 y→ w → š→ 5
ṭ→ ḫ→
Th10 (Θ,Þ) Y11 Kh4 W7 Ś13
1 d→ g → ʾa → b→ z→ 5

D5 G3 A1 B2 Z8
# 7 5 5 4 6 27
Table 14 A sky-god's theonym ṬYḪWŠ (ṬhYkḪWŠ) at the 2nd row of the Ugaritic Signary
(in a Latin transliteration) – (source: The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets)
The Futhark Signaries
The elder Futhark Signary
The Elder Futhark Signary12 may have been designed to display a dedicated theonym TIÆWS.,
which correlates to equivalent PIE-names for the sky-god DIÆUS:

1
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1
Elder ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛟ ᛞ
Futhark F U Þ A R KGW HN I J Æ P Z S T B E ML Ŋ O D
ætts "Freyr's ætt" "Hagal's ætt" Tyr's ('Mars') ætt
Table 15 The Categorization of the elder Futhark Signary
rd
At the 3 row the Futhark signary displays a similar pentagram TIÆWS which may be varied
between TIWÆS and TWÆIS.
linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals
6 ᛞ- D ᛗ- M
5 ᛜ- Ŋ ᛟ- O ᛒ- B
4 ᛚ- L ᛃ- J ᛖ- E ᛈ- P
3
ᛏ- T ᛁ - I ᛇ- Æ ᚹ- W ᛊ- S
2 ᚾ- N ᚷ- G ᚺ- H ᚢ- U ᛉ- Z
1 ᚦ- Þ ᚲ- K ᚨ- A ᚠ- F ᚱ- R
Table 16 Displaying the PIE-theonym TIÆWS for the sky-god in the Elder Futhark Signary
linguals palatals labials gutturals dentals
6 ᛞ- D ᛗ- M
5 ᛜ- Ŋ ᛒ- B ᛟ- O
4 ᛚ - L ᛃ- J ᛈ- P ᛖ- E
3 ᛏ - T ᛁ - I ᚹ- W ᛇ- Æ ᛊ- S
2 ᚾ - N ᚷ- G ᚢ- U ᚺ- H ᛉ- Z
1 ᚦ - Þ ᚲ- K ᚠ- F ᚨ- A ᚱ- R
Table 17 Displaying the Germanic theonym TIWÆS in the Futhark Signary

12 The Origin of some Personal Pronouns of the First Person Singular

The sequence of the letters in the Younger Futhark Signary
The EVA-alphabet (16 letters) may be listed as follows: a c d e f h i l m n s o p q r t, which
corresponds to the Younger Futhark Signary.
The categorization of the Younger Futhark Signary and equivalent EVA-symbols may be listed as
follows:

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Transcript Younger Futhark FUÞ ARC HN I Æ S T B M L R
Equivalent EVA-Alphabet f - d a r c h n i e s t - m l -
u
Alternative EVA-symbols q o p
y
Ætts "Freyr's ætt" "Hagal's ætt" Tyr's ('Mars') ætt
Table 18 The Categorization of the Younger Futhark Signary

Transforming the Younger Futhark Signary in the 2-dimensional array may result in:

linguals palatals labials gutturals dentals

6 D
5 Ŋ B/M O
4 L J P/B E S
3
T12 I9 U2/W Æ10 R16
2 N (G) (U) H Z/S
1 Þ K/C F A R
Table 19 Displaying the Germanic theonyms TIU and
T12I9U2Æ10R16 in the Younger Futhark Signary

The skipped letters have been left (uncolored) at their former location in the elder Futhark. Several
positions (G) and (U) are left open without filling the open space with another suitable dummy
letter. The S had been shifted downwards to replace the skip the letter Z.

The role of the Stupmadr “R”

The last runic symbol R (16) is a special “terminal” letter (“stupmadr”, “reversed Man” 13). The first
R (5) is the standard consonant letter R, which also could be used to terminate a word. However
with only 2 dental letters left the sky-god's name TIUÆR would have lost a terminal letter.
The “terminal” letter (“stupmadr”) is needed to provide a terminal dental “R” for the sky-god's
name “TIUÆR” in the third row of the array.

13 The last R is a special letter (“Reversed Man” - stupmadr). (see Appendix1)

The missing A in the Helsingrunen
The staveless runes (the Helsingrunen14 found in Sweden) an extra letter (A) is skipped, which
reduces the number of letters (of the Younger Futhark Signary) from 16 to 15 runes. This simply
reduces the number of gutturals to 2 symbols H and Æ. The sky-god's name remains the same:
TIUÆR.

14 The alphabet of the Helsingrunen (Helsingland, Sweden) contains 15 runic symbols

The Ogham signaries
The architecture of the ogham signary is based on the ordering mechanism for the “ FEDA”
(ogham runes, singular “FID”) in the 4 original aicmí.
The name (“feda”) of the ogham characters may correlate:
• with the ancient Indian “Vedas” (“to wit”),
• with the initial runes “Futha” of the “Futhark”-signary,
• with the West-Slavic expression “VIThA” for the runes. Runes were called VIThA by the
West Slavs, which is a genetive of *VID or *VIT meaning "image" or "side", "facet"
(referring to the multifaceted essence of the supreme God).[164] 15
The words vitha and feda (interpreted as the “ogham runes”) may have been derived
from the first 3 or 4 initial characters f, u, þ, ā (fuþā) of the runic alphabet16.

In the ogham signaries the ordering mechanism is equivalent to the mechanisms to display a sky-
god's name in the Ugaritic, Phoenician, Greek, Latin and the Futharc runic alphabets, which were
designed to display a theonym in the 5 colums of the 2-dimensional categorized array-structure.
Three of the 4 arrays of the ogham signaries display a typical PIE-theonym “TIΕU” in the 4th row of
the ogham signary. Only the medieval order displays a theonym “NgIΕM” in the 4th row of the
signary. The mechanism of the typical PIE-theonym “TIΕU” in the 4th row of the ogham signary
may be explained.
This essay will be integrated in the overview How to Read the Theonym „TIWÆS“ in the Runic
“Futhark Signary" 17.

Aicme Beithe Aicme hÚatha Aicme Muine Aicme Ailme

Goidelic order B L N F/V S H D T C Q M G NG SS R A O U Ε I
Pictish order B L V S N H D T K KH M G NG ST R A O U Ε I
Medieval order B L F S V H D T K Q M G NG DD R A O U Ε I
Standard order B L F S N H D T C Q M G NG Z R A O U Ε I
Equivalent l f s n h d t c q m r a o e i
EVA-letters
Missing p u
EVA-letters

Table 20 3 chronological orders (from Proto-Ogham (2008) and the “standard order”.
The EVA-alphabet (16 letters) may be listed as follows: a c d e f h i l m n s o p q r t, which more or
less corresponds to the Ogham Signaries.

15 Woda (WODA) in Germanic deities and others

16 The Role of the Ætts in the Futharc Alpabet
17 The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary (11.02.2021)
The display of the theonym TIΕUӿ or TIΕUX
The X may be an archaic ending for a plural form: In French Dieux is the plural of Dieu..

linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals

5 NG
4 T I Ε U (?) → ᚕ
3 D G O M R
2 N Q A F Z
1 L C H B S
Table 21 Displaying the theonym TIΕUᚕ or TIΕUX in the Ogham signary (for the standard order)
The Ognam signaries display TIΕU or TIΕUX, which may expect an influence or support from
French monks.

Signary Range Great Name Row Abbrev. Displayed pronoun

Ogham signaries Goidelic TIΕU or TIΕUX 4 I
Pictish order
Medieval order NgIΕM 4 I
Table 22 Overview of the runic-based signaries
which display the Great Name at the at the 3rd and 4th row of the signaries
Conclusion
This essay investigates in how far the Voynichese Alphabet may be interpreted as a derivative of the
Ugaritic alphabet.
According to Jorge Stolfi's three-layer model the Voynichese grammar18 distributes the EVA-letters
over three levels: core, mantle and crust.
For example, okoecheody is parsed as (o(k)oe)((ch)e)(o(d))(y).
The core layer of a normal word, by definition, consists of the "gallows" letters { t p k f }
or their "pedestal" variants { cth cph ckh cfh }.
The mantle layer consists primarily of the "bench" letters: ch and sh, and the ee group,
which, in its n-gram statistics, seems to be a variant of those two.
The bulk of the crust consists of a variable number of "dealers", the letters d l r s.
Except the Futhark and Ogham signaries most European alphabets are derived from the Ugaritic
signary. Most of these signaries display a theonym such as “ṬYḪWŠ” (“ṬYḪWŠ”) in one of the
rows of the 2-dimensional table.
If the Voynichese signary is derived from the Ugaritic alphabet the Voynichese alphabet may also
display a theonym on one of the rows of the 2-dimensional table. In the following three-layer model
of Jorge Stolfi's concept the Voynichese alphabet may be derived from one of the earlier alphabets.
As the Younger Futhark signaries (with 16 or even 15 letter symbols) the bulk of the Voynichese
manuscript may have followed a “RISC”-concept (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), which
resulted in a more complex text with a repetitive character of a reduced number of letter symbols.
Theoretically a genuine theonym “diefs”, “ṬYḪWŠ” (“ṬYḪWŠ”) or one of the abbreviations
“dies” or “dis” may be found in a 2-dimensional array of the letters in the EVA-composition.

18 Source: A Grammar for Voynichese Words (Jorge Stolfi)

Conntents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
The categorizing of the letters in the Hebrew model............................................................................2
The categorizing of the letters in the Latin alphabet............................................................................3
The Ugaritic alphabet's Northern Semitic order...................................................................................4
The modern European alphabets..........................................................................................................5
The categorization of the letters in the Voynichese Grammar..............................................................6
Stolfi's three-layer model.................................................................................................................6
Categorizing the EVA-letters...........................................................................................................7
Integrating the Voynichese alphabet in the Ugaritic alphabet.........................................................8
The theonym in the EVA-Composition................................................................................................9
The Futhark Signaries.........................................................................................................................10
The elder Futhark Signary.............................................................................................................10
The sequence of the letters in the Younger Futhark Signary.........................................................11
The role of the Stupmadr “R”...................................................................................................11
The missing A in the Helsingrunen...........................................................................................12
The Ogham signaries .........................................................................................................................13
The display of the theonym TIΕUӿ or TIΕUX..............................................................................14
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................15
Appendix: Previous study-essays in the Voynich-Project..................................................................17
Appendix: Previous study-essays in the Voynich-Project
The following study-essays have been documented as stages in the Voynich-Project:
1. The Roots of the Voynich-Manuscript
2. The Search for Water- and Air-Words in the Voynich-Manuscript
3. The Relations between the Hunter Orion, the Pleiades and Baskets in the Voynich
Manuscript
4. The (Green) Aachtopf and the (Blue) Blautopf as Karst-Springs in the Voynich Manuscript
5. The Life-Cycle in Page f79v of the Voynich Manuscript
6. The Origin of the Yellow, Blue and Green Waters
7. The Role of the Queens in the Voynich Manuscript
8. The Misinterpretation and Reinterpretion of the Voynich Manuscript
9. The Background of the Voynich-Manuscript
10. The Text to the Ponds at Page f84v of the Voynich Manuscript
11. Analysis of the Rainbows in the Voynich Manuscript
12. Analysis of the Names for the Nymphs
13. A RISC-Design for the Voynich Alphabet (?)
14.