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EARTH SCIENCE
QUARTER 1 – MODULE 3

Minerals and Rocks

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module Minerals and
Rocks.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Minerals and Rocks.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Humans have a long history with rock. Certain types of rock have helped us
survive and to develop both our ancient and modern civilizations. The study of rocks
helps answer questions about the history of the Earth and our solar system. Rocks
provide a record of what the Earth and other planets were like before recorded
history.
Rock has been an important natural resource as long as humans have existed.
Early humans used rocks as hammers to make other tools. They discovered that they
could make arrowheads, spear points, knives, and scrapers by carefully hammering
rocks. Rock has also been used for centuries to make buildings, roads, and
monuments. Buildings have been made out of marble, granite, and sandstone,
limestone, and slate. Modern buildings also use concrete, in which rock is an
important ingredient. Concrete is one of the most common building materials used
today.
Minerals and rocks are the significant building blocks of our dynamic Earth.
They make up the solid part of the lithosphere and provide us with valuable resources.
These are over 5,000 minerals but only few occur as rock forming minerals. Rocks are
classified according to their origin of formation. Over time, rocks gradually
transformed from one type to another in what we call Rock cycle. The origin of any
particular rock is determined by careful examination of its texture, composition, and
internal structure.
This is the basis of rock identification and classification. In this module, we will
study the more about rocks and minerals.
Good luck and I hope you will learn a lot from this module and eventually
pursue science courses in the future.

The module covers :

 Lesson 1 – Minerals and Rocks

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties
2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

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 What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What does the presence of tiny crystals in a piece of igneous rock tell you about
it?
A. The molten rock remains melted.
B. The molten rock cooled very slowly.
C. The molten rock cooled very quickly.
D. The molten rock cooled deep under the Earth’s crust.
2. Which of these rocks is an igneous rock?
A. conglomerate
B. granite
C. limestone
D. marble
3. Which statement about metamorphic rocks is correct?
A. They are formed from accumulated debris.
B. They are formed from heated sedimentary rocks only.
C. They are formed when rocks are transported and deposited.
D. They are formed from all types of rocks under intense pressure and
high temperature.
4. Which metamorphic rock is formed from limestone?
A. gabbro
B. marble
C. shale
D. granite
5. Which statement is TRUE about the crystals in metamorphic rocks?
A. In general, the size of crystals increase as the grade of metamorphism
increases.
B. Metamorphic rocks can exhibit great variation in crystal size
C. The size of crystals in metamorphic rocks is determined by heat and
pressure.
D. any of the above
6. Which of the following is the correct order in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Deposition>cementation>compaction
B. Compaction> deposition>cementation
C. Deposition>compaction>cementation
D. Cementation>compaction>deposition

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7. Which type of rocks never contains fossils?
A. Igneous rock
B. Foliated metamorphic rock
C. Non-foliated metamorphic rock
D. Sedimentary rock
8. In a cliff, where are the oldest layers of rocks made of sedimentary rocks
usually found?
A. At the top
B. In the middle
C. At the bottom
D. Nowhere to be found
9. If you live in areas near volcanoes, which type of rock would likely to be found
in the area?
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Porous
10. Which of the oxides below is present on the surface of a reddish brown rock?
A. iron oxide
B. calcium oxide
C. aluminum oxide
D. manganese oxide

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 Lesson
Minerals and Rocks
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What’s In

Batanes is surrounded by major bodies of water including the South China Sea
and the Pacific Ocean, hence it doesn’t have a very stable climate. The Ivatan houses
are not the typical houses you can find in the Philippines. The Ivatan people, an
ethnolinguistic group of the Batanes province in the northernmost part of the country,
built the now-famous stone houses for a very good reason: to protect them against the
harsh environmental conditions. The Ivatan houses are made of metre-thick limestone
and coral walls as well as cogon grass roofs, and they are sturdy enough to withstand
strong winds. It commonly consists of two structures, the house proper and the
kitchen or storage area. The main house has the larger area and is usually made of
lime, stone, wood, and thatch. The heavier materials (lime and stone) provide better
shelter from the constant rains. The kitchen or storage area is usually made of wood
and thatch.

Image credit: https://www.tripzilla.com/photo-ivatan-houses-batanes- philippines/16908#:~:text=Designed%20to%20withstand

%20the%20harsh,cultural%20attraction%20in%20the%20Philippines.&te xt=The%20Ivatan%20houses%20are%20made,enough
%20to%20withstand%20strong%20winds.

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 What’s New

Activity 1. Rock Detective: Types of Rocks

Perform the activity below.
Objectives:
 Identify some properties of rocks.
 Classify rocks according to color, texture, density, and hardness.
Materials:
5 samples of rocks basin of water
magnifying lens hammer
Procedure:
1. Collect ten samples of rocks at different places. Take photo of each rock sample.
2. Using a magnifying lens, examine the different rock samples. Describe the sizes,
color, and appearance of the grains/ particles that compose each rock. Record your
observation.
3. Using your sense of touch, compare the texture of the rock samples. Record your
observation as coarse or smooth.
4. Compare the color of the samples. Examples: white, black, reddish, and the like, or
white with spots of dark particles, among others.
5. Immerse each rock sample in a basin of water, If the rocks sample sinks in water,
record your observation as denser than water. If the rock floats, record your
observation as less dense than water.
6. Using a hammer, gently hit the rock samples. If the rocks breaks fully after one hit,
record its hardness as 1; if it breaks fully after two gentle hits, record its hardness as
2; if it breaks fully after three or more hits, record its hardness as 3.
Procedure:
Record your observation on the table.
Rock Sample Size of
Texture Color Density Hardness
(Attach photo for each sample) grains
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Procedure:
How do rocks differ from the activity that you have performed?

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 What is It

TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous rocks got its name from a Latin word “ignis” which means fire. The
parent material of igneous rocks is usually magma, a molten material from deep
within the Earth that cools and hardens. Igneous rocks may be classified into two
groups according to where the magma cools and solidifies.

https://openei.org/w/images/thumb/0/00/Extrusive-and-intrusive-rocks.jpg/300px-Extrusive-and-intrusive-rocks.jpg
Intrusive or Plutonic igneous rocks are formed when magma rise and flow into
the cracks in the crust but do not reach the surface; instead they harden deep inside
the crust. They cools slowly and takes thousands or even millions of years to solidify
because the surrounding rocks are also hot.
The slow rate of cooling often forms large crystals. These rocks are usually coarse
grained in texture. Most common examples of igneous intrusive rocks are granite,
gabbro, and diorite.

Mineralogy4kids.org
Extrusive or Volcanic are formed when magma reached the surface or erupt
onto the surface from volcanoes. The extrusion is called as lava. When lava cools it
solidifies. Lava cools faster and solidifies quickly. The rapid cooling rate gives very little
opportunity for crystal to form. Others would have no crystal at all so they are

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described as glassy. They have fine grained texture. Most common examples of
igneous intrusive rocks are basalt, obsidian, and andesite.

Mineralogy4kids.org

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Sedimentary rocks are formed from lithification, a process of cementing soft,

unconsolidated sediment into hard rocks. When rocks are fragmented into tiny bits,
these bits are carried or transported to low lying areas. When the river reaches a lake
or sea, the transported rock pieces settle at the bottom. This process is called
deposition. The rocks that are deposited are called sediments. Over the years many
sediments build up strata in a process called sedimentation. The weight of the
sediments on top squashes the sediments at the bottom, causing the sediments at the
lower layer to harden. This is called compaction. Compaction leads to cementation. The
water is squeezed out from between the pieces of rock and different salt and crystals
are formed. The salt crystals form a sort of glue that bonds or cements the fragments
together. With some action of some chemicals in the water such as calcium carbonate,
silica, and iron oxides plus the great pressures of new sediments at the upper layers,
the grain of sediments are cemented together. These processes eventually form
sedimentary rocks.

https://eschooltoday.com/rocks/images/sedimentary-rocks-formation-process.png
There are three main types of sedimentary rocks namely: clastic which are
derived from weathered & fragmented rock(e.g. mudstone, shale, sandstone), chemical

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which are dissolved minerals transported in solution & precipitated(e.g. limestone,
evaporates) and organic which are remains of dead organisms may contain fossils of
plants and animals trapped in the sediments as the rock was formed (.e.g. coal)

Mineralogy4kids.org
METAMORPHIC ROCK
Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed by heat and /or pressure. It gets its
name from meta (change) and morph (form). The change is transformation of the
rock’s mineralogy and physical characteristics. Metamorphic rocks have been modified
by heat, pressure, and chemical processes, usually while buried deep below Earth's
surface. Exposure to these extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture,
and chemical composition of the rocks. (e.g. marble, quartzite)
There are two types of metamorphic rocks rocks. Non Foliated are metamorphic
rocks that are formed around igneous intrusions where the temperatures are high but
the pressures are relatively low and equal in all directions (confining pressure). The
original minerals within the rock recrystallize into larger sizes and the atoms become
more tightly packed together, increasing the density of the rock. Foliated are
metamorphic rocks formed within the Earth's interior under extremely high pressures
that are unequal, occurring when the pressure is greater in one direction than in the
others (directed pressure). This causes the minerals in the original rock to reorient
themselves with the long and flat minerals aligning perpendicular to the greatest
pressure direction. This reduces the overall pressure on the rock and gives it a
stripped look. (e.g. Slate, serpentine, gneiss, schist, phyllite)

Mineralogy4kids.org

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 ROCK CYCLE

Rock cycle summarizes the transformational processes that change rocks from
one kind to another. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into
metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into
igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/cWAtivzyfneUhkDd2sHfUxalseQ3ufZ3cePpfAcIQR9p-HP08rUSHpsr6i-
EVdirxSBpIKPIIC2tiF2rHHQllLO0fYt9Y76Xp25wjIICX4DcZHTKT2yZghBpaR2MiA

MINERALS
Minerals are naturally occurring homogeneous substance which has a more or
less definite atomic structure. Minerals have different physical properties to help
identify them. These are:
Color or the absorption of the certain wave lengths of light by atoms making up the
crystal. Color and appearance in light depends upon the composition and structure of
the substance.
Streak is the colour of mineral powder. It is obtained by rubbing the mineral against
an unglazed porcelain plate called the “streak plate”.
Luster is the way minerals reflect the light from its surface
Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasion.
Habit of a mineral is the size and shape of the crystals, and the structure or form
shown by the crystals.
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break more easily with smooth surfaces along
planes of weak bonding.
Fracture is the way a mineral breaks when it does not yield along cleavage or parting
surface.
Feel is the sensation upon touching or handling minerals . The different types of feel
are “greasy” , “soapy”, “rough” , and “harsh” .
Tenacity of mineral denotes the degree or character of cohesion. These could be sectile,
malleable, or flexible.
Magnetism is the attractability of the mineral to the magnet.

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Fluorescence is the way minerals produce a color quite different from their own.
Specific gravity is a number which represents the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the
weight of an equal volume of water. Thus a mineral with specific gravity 4.0 is four
times as heavy as water.
Form is the internal atomic arrangement of a mineral is manifested outwardly by
development of geometrical shapes of crystal structure.

What’s More

Activity 2. Picture Analysis: Types of Rocks and Properties of

Minerals
Directions: Analyse the diagram and choose the correct option for each item.
The diagram below represents geological processes that act continuously on Earth to
form different rock types.
1. Which table correctly classifies each rock
type?

2. In which set are the rock drawings labeled with their correct rock types?

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3. Most of the rocks shown were formed by
A. volcanic eruptions and crystallization
B. compaction and/or cementation
C. heat and pressure
D. melting and/or solidification
4. Which two rocks are composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals?
A. rock salt and conglomerate
B. rock salt and brecias
C. sandstone and shale
D. sandstone and limestone

5. Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture?

The diagram below shows the index minerals of Mohs hardness scale compared with
the hardness of some objects.

6. Which of the statement is best supported by

the diagram?

A. A fingernail will scratch calcite but not gypsum

B. Calcite will be scratched by a copper penny
C. The mineral apatite will scratch topaz.
D. A steel file has a hardness about 7.5.

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7. Which rock most probably formed 8. Which physical property of halite is
directly from lava cooling quickly at demonstrated by this pattern of breakage?
earth’s surface?

A. Hardness
B. Streak
C. Cleavage
D. Luster

Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on the diagram below which shows three
minerals with three different physical test A, B, and C, being performed on them.
9. Which sequence correctly
matches A, B, and C, with
mineral property tested?
A. Cleavage, streak, hardness
B. Cleavage, hardness, streak
C. Streak, cleavage, hardness
D. Streak, hardness, cleavage

10. The results of the physical

tests shown are most useful in
determining the
A. Rate of weathering of minerals
B. Identity of the minerals
C. Environment where the
minerals were formed
D. Geologic time when the
minerals were formed.

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The sequence of the diagram below represents the gradual geologic changes in layer X,
located just below the Earth’s surface.

11. Which type of sedimentary rocks was formed at layer X?

A. conglomerate C. shale
B. rock salt D. coal

12. Which rock was formed by 13. Which crystals most likely
rapid cooling in a volcanic flow? formed from molten material that
cooled and solidified most rapidly?

14. Which rock is metamorphic and show 15. Halite has three cleavage at
evidence of foliation? directions at 90 degree to each other.
Which model best represents the shape
of a broken sample of halite?

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 3. Test your Knowledge!

A. Direction: Classify the following rocks as Igneous, Sedimentary, or Metamorphic.
1. Marble 9. Pumice
2. Limestone 10. Coal
3. Obsidian 11. Diorite
4. Slate 12. Schist
5. Sandstone 13. Conglomerate
6. Granite 14. Quartzite
7. Gneiss 15. Phyllite
8. Shale

B. Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

1. The parent material of igneous rocks is called sediments.
2. The parent material of sedimentary rock are the molten material called magma.
3. Rapid cooling results to formation of smaller crystal.
4. Slower cooling rate results to larger crystal formation.
5. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.
6. A sandstone is an example of a organic sedimentary rock.
7. Limestone is a clastic sedimentary rock.
8. A quartzite is an example of a non-foliated metamorphic rock.
9. Sedimentation is the process of cementing soft, unconsolidated sediment into
hard rocks.
10. Rocks are composed one or more different type of aggregated minerals.

C. Direction: Read the following statements and fill in the missing word/ phrase.
1. Igneous rocks may be classified into two groups according to where the
cools and solidifies.
2. The slow rate of cooling often forms in intrusive or plutonic
igneous rocks.
3. Extrusive igneous rocks are usually in texture.

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4. Extrusive or volcanic rocks are formed when magma reached the surface or erupt
onto the surface from volcanoes. The extrusion is called as .
5. When the river reaches a lake or sea, the transported rock pieces settle at the
bottom. This process is called .
6. Metamorphic rocks have been modified by , usually
while buried deep below Earth's surface.
7. are naturally occurring homogeneous substance which has a
more or less definite atomic structure.
8. is a number which represents the ratio of the weight of a
mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water.
9. The cooling rate in igneous rocks gives very little opportunity
for crystal to form.
10. The rocks that are deposited are called which build up strata.

What I Can Do

Activity 4. Chocolate Rock Cycle!

Chocolate can be ground into small particles (weathered), heated, cooled, and
compressed — just like rocks. Unlike rocks, chocolate can undergo these processes
safely and at reasonable temperatures. Use your chocolate to create “sedimentary,”
“metamorphic,” and “igneous” chocolate. And at the end of it all, make a tasty treat!
Materials:
 Blocks of dark and white chocolate
 Aluminum foil and/or aluminum foil cupcake holders
 Hot water and a container to hold it
 A plastic knife or another simple scraping device
Procedure:
First, make "sedimentary" chocolate:
1. Scrape some small shavings from your chocolate blocks.
2. Gather these scrapings onto a piece of aluminum foil and press down on them. You
might fold the aluminum foil and then press on the chocolate shavings. You could
even stand on enclosed foil packages.
3. Observe the joined-together bunch of chocolate scrapings in the foil, which is now
similar to sedimentary rock.

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Second, make "metamorphic" chocolate:
1. Place a small pile of your sedimentary chocolate, maybe some of your original
unused shavings, and a couple of small chunks from your original blocks into
aluminum foil or a cupcake holder.
2. Float this concoction on medium hot water.
3. Watch as the heat from the water transfers to the foil and chocolate, which should
start to melt.
4. Remove the foil when the chocolate is soft to the touch (for safety, use the plastic
knife, not fingers).
5. Let the chocolate cool. The partially melted and cooled chocolate is now similar to
metamorphic rock.
Third, make "igneous" chocolate:
1. Place a small pile of sedimentary and metamorphic chocolate and some chunks
from the original blocks into your aluminum foil or cupcake holder.
2. Float this concoction on very hot water.
3. Watch as the heat transfers from the water to the foil and melting chocolate. Allow
the chocolate to melt until a smooth liquid forms.
4. Carefully remove the molten chocolate and let it cool, still contained in aluminum.
Your melted and cooled chocolate is now similar to igneous rock

Guide Questions:
1. Describe the how do the chocolates represents each type of rocks.

2. Explain the process of rock cycle in relation to the chocolate experiment you just
performed.

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 Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. These are metamorphic rocks that are formed around igneous intrusions where
the temperatures are high but the pressures are relatively low and equal in all
directions.
A. plutonic C. foliated
B. volcanic D. non foliated
2. These are metamorphic rock which do not have a layered or banded appearance.
A. felsic C. foliated
B. mafic D. non foliated
3. These are metamorphic rocks that are formed within the Earth's interior under
extremely high pressures that are unequal, occurring when the pressure is
greater in one direction than in the others
A. plutonic C. non foliated
B. volcanic D. foliated
4. These are naturally occurring homogeneous substance which has a more or
less definite atomic structure
A. mineral C. soil
B. rocks D. stones
5. When a rock is subjected to heat and pressure, the resulting rock will be:
A. igneous C. sedimentary
B. metamorphic D. organic
6. Which of the following refers to a process of cementing soft, unconsolidated
sediment into hard rocks?
A. deposition C. lithification
B. mineralization D. solidification
7. Which of the following is the parent material of an igneous rock?
A. magma C. sediments
B. mineral D. soil
8. The parent material of sedimentary rock are sediments which resulted from:
A. molten material C. weathering and erosion
B. heat and pressure D. temperature and gravity
9. Hardness of minerals can be determined through the following except one:
A. scratch with finger nails C. scratch with penny
B. scratch with knife D. burning
10. It is the tendency of a mineral to break more easily with smooth surfaces along
planes of weak bonding.
A. cleavage C. hardness
B. fracture D. steak

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Direction: Complete the diagram below.

Additional
Activities
The rock cycle explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and
how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes
rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle. In
this activity, you are going to make an analogy of a rock cycle and your life. Create a
composition as you relate your own life in a rock cycle. It can be in the form of an
essay, a song, a poem, a drawing/ illustration etc.

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 Answer Key

What I Know
1. C
2. B 3. D 5. D 7. A 9. A
4. B 6. C 8. C 10. A

Activity 1. Rock Detective: Types of Rocks

Answers may vary.

Activity 2. Picture Analysis: Types of Rocks and Properties of

Minerals
1. (B) 4. (C) 7. (B) 10. (B) 13. (D)
2. (D) 5. (A) 8. (B) 11. (D) 14. (A)
3. (B) 6. (C) 9. (A) 12. (C) 15. (B)

Activity 3. Test your Knowledge!

A.
1. Metamorphic 6. Igneous 11. Igneous
2. Sedimentary 7. Metamorphic 12. Metamorphic
3. Igneous 8. Sedimentary 13. Sedimentary
4. Metamorphic 9. Igneous 14. Metamorphic
5. Sedimentary 10. Sedimentary 15. Metamorphic

B.
1. F 3. T 5. T 7. F 9. F
2. F 4. T 6. F 8. T 10. T

C.
1. magma 6. heat, pressure, and chemical
2. large crystals processes
3. fine 7. minerals
4. lava 8. specific gravity
5. deposition 9. rapid
10. sediments

Activity 4. Chocolate Rock Cycle!

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Answer may vary.

2
Assessment
1. D
2. D 3. D 5. B 7. A 9. D
4. A 6. C 8. C 10. A

1. igneous rock
2. magma
3. metamorphic rock
4. sediments
5. sedimentary rocks

Additional Activities
Answers may vary.

References

Bayo-ang, Roly.B., Maria Lourdes G. Coronacion, Annamae T. Jorda, and Anna

Jamille Restubog. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Metro Manila: Educational Resources Corporation., 2016.

Bureau of Secondary Education. (n.d.) Project EASE (Effective and Alternative

Secondary Education), Intergrated Science I. [PDF]

De Silva, et al (2016). Earth Science [PDF]. Commission on Higher Education, Diliman,

Quezon City

Miller, G.Tyler, et al. (2014). Earth Science. Philippine Edition. Ortigas Avenue, Pasig
City. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch)