NAME:…………………………..……………………………………….CLASS:…..……..

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SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

JS 3 (BASIC 9)

SUBJECT: BASIC TECHNOLOGY

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1. Revision of first term work

2. Mechanical energy transmission system. (a) Friction (b) effects of friction (c) advantages and
disadvantages of friction (d) methods of reducing friction (e) belt and chain drive (f)
comparison with the gear drive

3. Mechanical energy transmission system. Gear. (i) Gears and gearing systems and related
calculations. (ii) types of gears; internal gear, external gear,… (iii) uses of gears; power transmission,
changing of direction, for selecting speed (iv) gear ratios and speed ratio (V) friction between
meshed gears.

4. Mechanical energy transmission system. Motion (i) linear motion (ii) lever arrangement to
produce linear motion (iii) uses of slides and slot in mechanical system (iv) Rotary motion,
types of rotary motion – one way rotary motion and the reversible rotary motion. (v)
Conversion of rotary motion to linear motion

5. Mechanical energy transmission system. Air flow. (i) Speed and pressure relationship in air
flow. (ii) Variation of air pressure and air speed and their applications. Pneumatics; (i) simple
hydraulics and pneumatics devices; simple force pump, double acting pump,… (ii)
Compressed air devices, hydraulic jacks, simple garden sprinkler, reaction turbine, water
wheel

6. Simple electrical wiring: (a) electrical circuit: series and parallel circuits (b) wiring tools and
materials; pliers, hammer, screw driver, clips, wooden blocks, cables, etc. (c) accessories:
switches, lamp holders, etc

7. Building (a) foundation (i) definition and function of foundation: support and weight of walls,
roofs and inhabitants (ii) foundation types: strip, stepped, raft etc. (iii) types and properties
of soil (iv) hand tools and plant for excavation: diggers, shovels, excavator, etc. (b) walls; (i)
materials for making walls: grass, zinc, curtain, bricks, etc. (ii) types of walls: walls grass, zinc,
curtain bricks etc. (iii) materials for bonding

8. Building (c) floors: (i) floor: basement, ground floor, first floor, etc. (ii) DPC (d) doors,
windows and openings (i) Doors: flush door, glazed, sliding, revolving, etc. (ii) windows:
louver, sliding, casement, etc (iii) lintel
9. Building (e) Roofs (i) types of roof: flat roof, double pitched, lean-to Gable, etc (ii) roofing
materials: grass, zinc, aluminium, etc. (f) simple blue print reading (I) sanitary wares: sink,
bath, showers, etc. soak-away, septic tank, socket, windows, doors, room, etc.

10. Practical projects.

WEEK ONE: Revision of last terms’ work

WEEK TWO

CLASS: Basic 9

TOPIC: Mechanical Energy Transmission system

Period one: Friction

Content; - Definition of friction

- Nature/characteristics of friction
- Types of frictional force
- Effect of friction
- Advantages of friction
- Disadvantages of friction
- Methods of reducing friction
Definition of friction
Friction can be defined as a force which opposes motion.
It is a force which stops/prevents motion. It acts whenever there is motion or tendency for
something to move. i.e friction (or frictional force) is absent if there is no motion or if there is no
force intending to cause motion. It stops your car when the brake is applied. It prevents your foot
from slipping backward when you walk.
Friction can also be defined as a force of attraction between the molecules of two bodies in contact
which prevents relative motion between the two bodies.

friction is preventing this box from moving.

Nature/characteristics of friction
 It always opposes motion
 It depends on the nature of surfaces in contact. Friction between rough surfaces is
greater than the frictional force between smooth surfaces.
  It does not depend on the relative speed between the two surfaces.
 It is directly proportional to the perpendicular force (normal reaction) between the
two surfaces. (R is the perpendicular force between the two surfaces in contact)
R
FαR
F = µR
F – Frictional force, R – normal reaction, µ - coefficient of friction W

Note that R = W for bodies on horizontal surfaces

Questions: A crate slid down an inclined plane such that the frictional force opposing its motion is
40N. If the normal reaction of the plane on the crate is 50N, calculate the coefficient of dynamic
friction.

Solution: Frictional force F = 40N

Normal reaction R = 50N

Coefficient of friction µ = ?

F=µR

40 = µ x 50 (dividing both sides by 50)

40
/50 = µ

µ = 0.8

Types of friction

There are two types of frictional force

1. Static friction. This occurs between two bodies that are not moving or at rest.
2. Dynamic friction. This occurs between two bodies in relative motion.
Effects of friction
Friction can best be imagined whenever there is motion or likelihood of motion. Friction exists in all
machines or systems with moving parts. Friction also applies in many day to day phenomena such as;
walking on a pavement, pulling the rope of a pulley system, dragging a crate on the floor, using a
grinding stone for blending, loosing or tightening a nut and bolt,… . Effects of friction can be
classified as desirable or undesirable.
Advantages of friction (or desirable effects of friction)
I. Locomotion: when we walk, friction between our shoes and the ground prevents our
shoes from slipping backward.
II. Enhances fastening: friction between the bolt and the nut enhances their fastening
ability. The friction between nails and wood also help the nail to hold woods together
in firm position.
III. Blending: friction between the grinding stones helps in grinding pepper, tomatoes, this
is also true of the friction between the two rough discs of the grinding machine.
 IV. Stops motion: friction between the car tyre and the road helps to stop the motion of a
moving car when the brake is applied.
V. Production of electric charge: when certain materials are robbed against each other,
static electric charges is produced. This principle is applied in the Van de Graff
generator.
VI. Use of Ladder: when a ladder to be used to climb over a wall rest on the wall, friction
between the foot of the ladder and floor prevent the foot of the ladder from slipping.
VII. Making of fire: matches sticks are ignited when they are robbed against the side of the
matches’ box. Fire can also be made by striking two stones together.

Disadvantages of friction (or undesirable effects of friction)

- Wearing: The thread pattern under your footwear soon wear out after a prolong use
due to friction. This is also true of the thread on the tyre of cars and other automobile.
- Tearing/cutting: you can easily cut a piece of rope or cloth by robbing it repeatedly
against the edge of the wall.
- Reduces efficiency of machines: all machines have efficiency less than 100% due to
friction between their moving parts. Friction causes waste of useful energy , therefore
it reduces the output of the machine.
- Generation of undesirable heat: moving machine parts/machine itself soon becomes
hot due friction and this may necessitate cooling of machine parts.

Methods of reducing friction

Due to the disadvantages of friction mentioned above, it is often necessary to reduce friction in
machines. This is possible through any of the following methods:

1. Lubrication: this is the use of certain substances (called lubricants) to reduce the
effects of friction. Examples of lubricants includes, grease, oil,… many of which are
petroleum products.
2. Use of rollers
3. Use of ball bearing
4. Use of belt/chain drive

Period two: Belt and Chain drive

Content:

- Drives
- Belt drive
- Types of belt drive
- Belt tensioning
- Application of belt drive
- Chain drive
- Application of chain drive
- Difference between chain drive and gear drive

Drives: Drives are devices used to transmit rotary motion from one shaft to another.
The drive mechanism is used in transmitting power from one location to another

There are three types of drives:

1. Belt and pulley drive

2. Chain drives
3. Gear drives

Belt drive

This is a device used to transfer power/motion from one shaft to another shaft parallel to it and at
some distance away. Belt drives are often used in place of chain drive when slip is not so important
to be taken into consideration. Hence, belt cannot provide positive drive because slip occurs from
time to time.

Types of belt drive

There are two types of belt drive based on the shape of the belt:

1. Straight (flat) belt

2. V- shaped belt

Belt can be lapped over the groove pulley in two styles. This includes:

i. Straight belt lap: Here the two pulleys join by the belt rotate in the same direction.
ii. Cross belt lap: Here the two pulleys join by the belt rotate in opposite

Straight belt lap cross belt lap

Belt tensioning

Sometimes, a belt in use is slack and may be slipping over the pulley. Such belts that are not taut do
not transmit motion/power effectively thereby wasting energy. This could be prevented by
tensioning the belt drive.

To tension a belt, another pulley (wheel called the idler) mounted on a separate shaft is used.

Idler

Application of belt drive

1. They are used to couple a diesel engine to an alternator to generate electricity

 2. They are used in cassava grinding machines
3. They are used for the radiator of cars.
4. They are used for tape recorders/ video cassette players
5. They are used in the engines of automobiles (Volkswagens –tortoise car)
6. They are used in block making machines

Chain drives
They are used for transferring power/motion from one shaft to another just as in the case for belt
drive. Chain is always used in conjunction with a sprocket for transmitting power. A sprocket is a
toothed wheel or a wheel with many contours round its circumference. The number of teeth on the
sprockets determines the speed of rotation of the driven sprocket.

One advantage of the chain and sprocket drive over the belt drive is that it has a firmer grip on the
area of lap than the belt drive. Chain drives do not allow slip unlike belt drive. Also, power is
transmitted positively in chain drive and not by friction as in the case of belt drives.

In chain drive, the driver and the driven sprocket rotate in the same direction just as in the case of
straight belt lap. Both the chain drive and the belt drives are used to transmit power and motion
between two shafts at some distance apart.

Applications of chain drive.

1. The motorcycle chain drive

2. The bicycle chain and sprocket drive.
3. Mechanical saw for slicing wood.

Differences between chain drive and the gear drive

Chain drive Gear drive

1. Power is transmitted between two Power is transmitted between very close
shafts at some distance apart shafts such that the teeth on the wheels
 mesh together.
2. Power is transmitted positively i.e Friction occurs between the meshed teeth of
power transmission do not engages the gears.
friction
3. Chain drives are used to transmit Gear drives could be used to transmit motion
motion only between two parallel between parallel as well as inclined shafts.
shafts.
4. The driven and the driver sprocket The driven and the driver wheel rotate in
rotate in the same direction opposite direction.
Practical

The teacher should allow the students opportunity to inspect the following

i. Bicycle chain and sprocket drive

ii. Interior of a radio cassette player with the belt in action or the belt of the car radiator in
action
iii. Ball bearing for reducing friction.

The students are to make note and discuss among themselves their various observations.

EVALUATION

1. A force which opposes motion is called --- (a) tension (b) elastic (c) friction (d) pull
2. A process of applying a substance to machine parts in order to reduce friction is called --- (a)
lubrication (b) elimination (c) banking (d) friction control
3. --- is a type of friction which occurs between two bodies in relative motion. (a) moving
friction (b) static friction (c) lubricating friction (d) dynamic friction
4. Which of these drives involves positive transfer of motion? (a) gear drive (b) belt drive (c)
chain drive (d) friction drive
5. Block moulding machine is an application of the --- (a) belt drive (b) gear drive (c) chain drive
(d) sprocket drive
6. There are --- types of drives. (a) 1 (b)2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Assignment

i. State two differences and two similarities between the belt drive and the chain drive
ii. Mention two advantages of chain drive over the gear drive.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Define the following terms

i. Gear drive
ii. Gear ratio
2. List five types of gears.

WEEK: 3

TOPIC: GEAR DRIVE

CONTENT:
 - Gear drive
- Seizure
- Types of gears
- Use of gear drive
- Gear ratio
- Speed ratio
- Changing direction of drive

Gear drive

This is a device used to transmit motion between parallel or inclined shafts that are close to each
other (such that the tooth on the wheel mounted on the shafts mesh together). When two gears are
in mesh, they are called GEAR TRAIN. Friction always occurs between the meshed teeth of the gear
train. Constant lubrication is therefore necessary to prevent wearing. The teeth on each gears in
mesh must be uniformly spaced around the gear (that is symmetrical) for them to mesh properly
and to prevent damage of the tooth. Improperly meshed gears can also lead to seizure of the gear
train.

Seizure is the total movement stoppage of the gear train.

Unlike the belt and the chain drive, the driver and the driven gear move in different direction. To
make the driver and the driven gear move in the same direction, another gear (called the IDLER) is
inserted between the two (driver and the driven gear).

Types of gears

1. Spur gear: this has teeth parallel to the shaft of the gear.
2. Helical gear: this has teeth inclined to the shaft of the gear.
3. Worm gears: these are gears formed when a spur gear mesh with a screw.
4. Rack and pinion: these are gears that run on a flat toothed rack.
5. Planetary gears: these consist of a number of spur gear meshed with one another and
another gear with internal gear.
6. Bevel gears: these are gears used when power is to be transmitted between inclined shafts
 Spur gear Helical gear

Uses of gear drive

1. To transmit motion between two inclined or parallel shafts.

2. To change direction of motion.
3. For speed selection .

Gear ratio

This can be defined as the ratio of the number of teeth on the driver gear to that on the driven gear

T1
G=
T2 T1 is number of teeth on driver gear
T2 is number of teeth on driven gear
Speed ratio
This can be defined as the ratio of the speed of the driven gear to the speed of the driver gear.

S2
S=
S1
S1 speed of the driver gear
S2 is speed of the driven gear
The gear ratio and the speed ratio of a gear train are equal. The speed of rotation of the driven gear
depends on the number of teeth on the driven and the driver gear. Where a large increase in speed
is desired (like in the case of motor car), a compound gear train is used.

Compound gear
The speed of the driven gear S2 is given as

T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

Where each symbols has it usual meaning.

Changing the direction of drive,

Chain drives cannot be used for changing the direction of rotation of drives. Belt drive cannot be
used to change direction of rotation of drive except when belt is crossed. Gears can be used for
changing the direction of motion. The bevelled gear is often used for changing direction of motion
between two perpendicular/inclined shafts.

EVALUATION

1. Which of these drives can be used to change the direction of rotation? (a) straight lap belt
(b) chain drive (c) gear drive (d) none of the above
2. A gear with tooth parallel to the shaft is called ---(a) helical gear (b) planetary gear (c) worm
gear (d) spur gear
3. The ratio of the speed of driver gear to the speed of the driven gear is --- (a) gear ratio (b)
speed ratio (c) velocity ratio (d) none of the above
Answers
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d)

PERIOD TWO

CONTENT

CALCULATIONS ON GEAR AND SPEED RATIO

Question 1: the number of teeth on the driver and the driven gear is 12 and 16 respectively. If the
speed of the driver gear is 100rev/min, calculate (i) the gear ratio (ii) speed of the driven gear

Solution

Number of teeth on the driver gear T 1 = 12

Number of teeth on the driven gear T2 = 16

 T1
(i) Gear ratio G = ? G=
T2

12 3
G= =
16 4

3
Gear ratio G =
4

(ii) Speed of the driver gear S1 = 100rpm

T1
Speed of the driven gear S2 = ? S2=S 1 ×
T2

12
S2=100 × =75 rpm
16

Speed of the driven gear S2 = 75 rpm

Question 2: A gear train is such that the number of teeth on the driver gear is 20 while that on the
driven is 8. If the speed of the driver gear is 150rev/min. calculate the speed of the driven gear.

Solution

Number of teeth of the driver gear T 1 = 20

Number of teeth on the driven gear T2 = 8

Speed of the driver gear S1 = 150rpm

Speed of the driven gear S2 = ?

T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

20
S2=150 × =375 rpm
8

Speed of the driven gear S2 = 375rpm

16
Question 3: in a compound gear train, the effective gear ratio is . if the speed of the driver gear
5
is 100rev/min, calculate the speed of the driven gear.

Solution

Speed of the driver gear S1 = 100rpm

T 1 16
Gear ratio G= =
T2 5
Speed of driven gear S2 = ?

T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

16
S2=100 × =320 rpm
5

Speed of the driven gear S2= 320rpm

5
Question 4: A gear train has a gear ratio of and a driven gear rotating at a speed of 180revolution
2
per minute. What would have been the speed of the driver gear?

Solution

Speed of the driven gear S2 = 180rpm

5
Gear ratio G=
2

Speed of the driver gear S1 = ?

T1
S2=S 1 ×
T2

5
180=S 1 ×
2

S1 ×5
180=
2

180 ×2=S 1 ×5

180 ×2
S 1= =72 rpm
5

Speed f the driver gear S1 = 72rpm

Practical

The teacher should guide the students on how to use a hard cardboard to construct gear with
uniform tooth with the aid of the construction tools.

Using hard cardboard gear of different radii and their centres with nail at different portion on a
wood, the students should demonstrate the operation of compound gear.

Evaluation question

1. Which of these gears is a combination of a spur gear and a screw? (a) bevel gears (b) helical
gear (c) spur gear (d) worm gear
 2. A condition in which the movement of a gear system is halted due to a spoil is known as ----
(a) slip (b) seizure (c) reverse (d) bevel
3. The friction between the teeth of meshed gears can be reduced BY (a) avoiding the use of
gear (b) exposing gear to air (c)Lubrication (d)aeration
4. The major use of drive is to (a) transmit motion (b) change direction of motion (c) reduce
speed (d) avoid friction
5. The ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number of teeth on the driver
gear is called (a) speed ratio (b) gear proportion (c) gear ratio (d) none of the above
7
6. The gear ratio of a gear train is and the speed of the driver gear is 80rpm. What is the
4
speed of the driven gear? (a) 70rpm (b) 140rpm (c) 150rpm (d) 210rpm

ASSIGNMENT

1. Consult your textbook and make a list of ten types of gear.

2. List five applications of the gear drives

READING ASSIGNMENT: Read your Basic Technology textbook by Olawehinmi, pages 160 - 169 and
answer the following questions.

1. Define motion.
2. Write a short note on the following (i) linear motion (ii) rotary motion.

WEEK 4

TOPIC MOTION

CONTENT:

- Motion
- Linear motion
- Rotary motion

MOTION

This can be defined as the change in position of objects. This is a common phenomenon in nature.
The moon moves, we human move from one place to another… . It is also a common practice for
various component of a mechanical system to move relatively to one another; examples include :
the needle of a sewing machine at work, the tyre of a moving car etc

Mechanical systems are commonly engaged in basically TWO types of motion.

1. Linear motion
2. Rotary motion

Linear motion:
This can be defined as change in position in a straight line. Like the motion of the needle of the
sewing machine or motion of a crane being hauled up using a pulley. There are different types/parts
of a mechanical system that exhibit this type of motion. They include;

1. Lever: It helps us to do work easily. Examples are the crowbar, the door knob etc. It often
has a pivot (or a point of support) about which the lever turns. This point is called fulcrum.
An example is a crowbar.
2. Linkages; this is an assembly of metallic bars in which each bar is connected to at least two
other bars in an elbow/sliding joint. They are often used for converting linear motion to
rotary motion and vice versa or for converting a linear motion to another linear motion but
in the opposite direction. Application of linkage include, bicycle brake, crank and slide

Bicycle brake

Linkages

Rotary motion:
This can be defined as change in position around fixed axis. Like the motion of the blade of a
ceiling fan or the tyre of a moving car. There are two types of rotary motion:

i. One way rotary motion: This allows continuous rotation and can only be brought to rest
by the application of a brake. Examples include the clock mechanism, the circular
mechanical saws for cutting wood, shaft of cars… .
Note that in some of these motions, reversibility may be required ( e.g shaft of a moving
car, trains or crane) while for others reversibility may be dangerous and need to be
prohibited (e.g circular saw for cutting wood, clock mechanism) and their motions can be
controlled by the ratchet wheel

ratchet wheel
ii. Non return rotary motion: This allows intermittent rotation but only in one direction. i.e
the motion can stop and continue at intervals in the same direction.

EVALUATION

I. State one difference between the one-way rotary motion and the non-return rotary
motion.
II. Mention three mechanical systems in linear motion.
III. List some applications of the linkage system.

Sub topic 2

- Control of rotary motion

- Conversion of rotary to linear motion

Control of rotary motion

This involves the use of devices for initiating and arresting the flow of motion. These
devices include;

1. Brakes
2. Clutch
3. Ratchet

Brakes; These are devices used to slow down or bring to a complete stop a moving
body. Brakes are used for removing kinetic energy form moving bodies. There are
different types of brakes

i. Disc brake; used for light vehicles

ii. Drum brakes; used for heavy vehicles
iii. External block brakes; used for cranes and winches
iv. Internal shoe brake; used for motorcycles and other small automobiles.

Disc brake bicycle brake

Clutches; these are devices used for connecting and disconnecting two moving parts.
Types of clutches include;

i. Friction clutch
ii. Dog clutch
Disengaged shafts
 Engaged shaft

Conversion of rotary to linear motion.

The following devices are used in the conversion of rotary motion to linear motion and
vice versa;

1. Rack and pinion (e.g kerosene stove, kerosene lantern)

2. Crank and slider
3. Bench vice
4. G-clamp
5. Screw jack
6. Connecting rod and piston (motorcycles)
7. Reverse linkage and the push – pull linkage
Ratchet

These are devices that transmit motion intermittently or allow motion only in one
direction.

ratchet wheel

Evaluation

1. Which of these devices is used for removing the kinetic energy in moving bodies? (a)
clutch (b) brake (c) linkage (d) ratchet
2. --- is a type of motion along a straight line. (a) linear motion (b) rotary motion (c)
random motion (d) relative motion
3. Which of these brakes is suitable for heavy vehicles? (a) internal shoe brake (b) disc
brakes (c) drum brake system (d) external shoe brake.
4. --- is applied in raising the oil wick of kerosene stove. (a) rack and pinion (b) cranks
and piston (c) cranks and connecting rods (d) screw

ASSIGNMENT

1. Making a list of three mechanism that applies the following

i. Rack and pinion
ii. Crank and connecting rod (piston)

WEEKEND READING ASSIGNMENT

Read your Basic Technology textbook written by Olawehinmi and answer the following
questions:

1. Write a short note on each of the following

i. Aerodynamics
ii. Streamlined bodies
iii. Pneumatics
WEEK: 5

TOPIC: AIR FLOW

CONTENT

- Air flow
- Bernoulli’s principle
- Aerodynamics

Air flow

This refers to air molecules in motion. Flow is an exclusive property of all fluids (liquids
and gases). However unlike liquids, air does not necessarily need a channel or container
for it to flow. Breeze/wind is formed when molecules of air are set in motion. Molecules
of air can be set in motion by any of the following processes:

i. Blowing air
ii. Using the bellows (often used by blacksmith)
iii. Using pumps
iv. Using fan

When liquids flow through channels, agents such as gravity or a mechanical device is
necessary to sustain the flow. Liquid (water) flow could either be laminar (streamline)
or turbulent.

In laminar flow, all the portions of the water move gently in a path parallel to the
confining channel.

Turbulent flow is a force flow; water particles do not move in a straight line. An
example of this is the water flow in drainage during a heavy downpour.

Moving air molecules possess energy. This energy can be applied in the following
processes;

- Action of the wind mill

- Movement of flag attached to flag pole.
- Destructive action of the hurricane

When air moves over the surface of an object at high speed, the pressure on the surface
is greatly reduced (i.e the faster air molecules move over a surface the lesser the
pressure acting on the surface). This principle is called the Bernoulli’s principle. This
principle is used for explaining the lift force experienced by helicopters and aeroplanes
when they are in air. To demonstrate this principle, you may try blowing air between
two papers; you’ll observe that the papers move toward each other instead of going
apart. This is because increase in the speed of air between the papers result in decrease
in the pressure between the papers.

A science that studies the force on object moving through air is called Aerodynamics.

Aeroplanes’ wings are designed to have a streamline shape which allows the air above it
to move faster than the air under it. The pressure under the aeroplane is therefore
greater than that above the aeroplane thereby resulting in net pressure acting under the
aeroplane as well as a lift force on the plane. The streamline shape of the aircraft also
minimises the frictional drag force opposing the motion of the plane.
Aerofoil with a streamline shape

The drag force acts on the aeroplane in a direction perpendicular to the lift force.
Summarily, four forces act on a body moving through air: L

i. The weight(W) of the body which act downward

ii. The lift force(L) which act upward T D
iii. The drag force(D) which opposes the motion of the bodies
iv. The thrust(T) of body itself moving it forward W

Other applications of the Bernoulli’s principle include;

I. Balloon

II. Kite

Evaluation

1. state the Bernoulli’s principle

2. List the types of water flow.

SUB TOPIC 2: PNEUMATIC DEVICES

CONTENTS:

- Water wheel
- Turbines
- Air compressor
- Hydraulic lift
- Water sprinkler

Pneumatic devices.
These are devices that use compressed air to do useful work. Some of these devices also
use liquids to transmit energy. They include:

i. Pumps and turbines

ii. Air hammer
iii. Compression pump
iv. Garden sprinkler
v. Water wheel
vi. Hydraulic jack
vii. Paint sprayer

Water wheel

This is a simple mechanical device which converts water power into rotary motion. It is
sometimes also called gravity wheel. Falling water is used to turn the axle of the water
wheel.

water wheel

Turbines

This is a rotary machine which converts the energy of moving water, steam or hot gas
into mechanical energy.
 turbines
Air Compressor
Air Compressor, also air pump is a machine that decreases the volume and increases the
pressure of a quantity of air by mechanical means. Air thus compressed possesses great
potential energy, because when the external pressure is removed, the air expands rapidly.
The controlled expansive force of compressed air is used in many ways and provides the
motive force for air motors and tools, including pneumatic hammer, air drills, sandblasting
machines, and paint sprayers.

Paint sprayer

Hydraulic lift
 This applies the Pascal’s principle of transmissibility of pressure to generate a huge force
by applying a small effort.

A small force can be used to lift a heavy car using the hydraulic lift. Many other hydraulic
systems (e.g hydraulic press, hydraulic water pump, hydraulic jack…) also apply this
principle.

Garden sprinkler

This applies the Newton’s third law of motion which states that for every action there is an
equal but opposing reaction. When water is ejected from the nozzle of the sprinkler, the
forward thrust of the water result in a backward push on the nozzle thereby making the
sprinkler turn about it axis watering several portion of the garden and not just on a single
spot.

Water sprinkler

EVALUATION

1. What are pneumatic devices?

2. Mention five types of pneumatic device.
Assignment

Students should consult their textbooks and make abrief note on the air hammer.

WEEK: SIX
DATE:
TOPIC: SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING
SUB-TOPICS: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

• Meaning of electrical circuit and types

• Wiring tools and materials

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning of electrical circuit and types.

An electric circuit is a system that consists of the load, source of electricity, the key or
switch and the connecting wires.
There are two types of electrical circuits (i) Series circuit (ii) parallel circuit.
Series circuit: In this arrangement, the load(resistors) are connected end to end. The same
current flows through all appliances. If one stops functioning, the others stop.

Series circuit
Parallel circuit: In this arrangement, the load(resistors) are connected side by side in
parallel order. The same voltage is used. A fault which may occur in one electrical path
will not affect the others.

Parallel circuit
Evaluation
• What is Electrical circuit?
• Differentiate between series circuit and parallel circuit.
Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Wiring tools and materials.

Electrical wiring is an arrangement whereby electrical loads are connected to the mains
supply. A good wiring protects the user from electric shock and prevents fire outbreak.

Wiring tools are tools used for wiring and installation of circuits in homes, offices and other
building structures and equipment.

Wiring tool Uses

Pliers Used for cutting cables and twisting together wire ends
Screw driver Used for tightening screws to wooden blocks and fixing electrical
accessories in position
Clips They are used to fasten electrical cables to the wall or ceiling.

Hammer It is used to drive nails through clips into the wall.

Mallet It is used to straighten out hunches in wires during surface wiring.

Drilling It is an electrically power machine used for making holes in walls or
machine wooden blocks.
Screws and They are used to hold the cable and electrical accessories in position.
nails
Tester It is used to check where live current flows in the circuit.
Cable It is the insulated wire that provides electrical connection between the
electrical load and the supply point.

Electrical accessories are devices other than lighting fittings associated with the wiring and
current utilizing appliances of an installation. Accessories are rated for the maximum voltage
or current they are designed to withstand without undue over-heating or failure. These
include switches, lamp holders, ceiling roses, joint boxes, fuse boxes, socket plugs,
connectors, adaptors etc.

Switches: These are used to control the flow of current through a particular point.

Lamp holders: They are used to hold light bulbs when fixed to the ceiling or wall.

Wall socket and plugs: They are located on the walls for the drawing of current by
appliances

Diagram
Evaluation

1. Mention four tools used in electrical wiring and their uses.

2. Mention three electrical accessories and their uses.

Weekend Assignment
Draw four wiring tools and three electrical accessories.

Reading Assignment
The students should read about Simple Electrical wiring, NERDC Basic Technology for Junior
Secondary School 3.

WEEK: SEVEN
DATE:
TOPIC: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:

• Definition and function of foundation

• Types and materials for making walls
Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
sub-Topic I: Definition and function of foundation

Foundation.
The term foundation is the expanded base of a column in addition to the ground or sub-soil
which supports the base. The ground or sub soil on which the building stands is the natural
foundation, while the expanded base which is constructed of concrete or mansory materials
like rocks, stones, bricks is called artificial foundation. The choice of foundation depends on
the type of building to be constructed, the load imposed on the building and the type and
nature of the soil.

Functions of foundation:

1. To receive the weight of the building.

2. To distribute the weight of the building to the ground effectively.

3. To hold the building firmly to the ground against external forces like wind, storms.

4. To transmit the weight of the building to the sub-soil or ground.

5. To sustain the dead load of the building.

Types of foundation:

1. Strip foundation: This consists of a continuous strip of concrete laid on the trench after
excavation. It is usually 225mm thick and used for bungalows, fences etc and on a
moderately hard soil.

2. Pad foundation: This type of foundation is an isolated foundation used to support

columns. The size of the pad foundation could be reduced by providing steel reinforcement
towards the bottom of the foundation running in both directions. It is used for storey
building.
3. Raft foundation: This is used where the load bearing capacity of the soil is weak. It is
used on sandy, swampy or marshy ground. It consists of reinforcement slab up to 300mm
thick. It covers the whole area of the building and usually extends beyond it.

4. Piled foundation: This is used for multistory buildings, for supports in bridges and water
logged areas to support the structures. The imposed load is transmitted to suitable
materials in a lower stratum by the use of piles.
TYPES OF SOIL AND THEIR PROPERTIES

S/N TYPE OF SOIL PROPERTIES

1 Sand The particles are gritly to finger, loose, easily break when dry
2 Clay Easily moulded, brittle and tough when dry, sticky when wet.
3 Gravel It is loose, easily removed by shovel and homogenous
4 Silt Dries quickly, moderately plastic, soft and firm, homogenous

Excavation for foundation: This is the process of digging the ground to the required depth
not less than 750mm. There are two basic methods of excavation.

1. Manual method: This involves the use of digger, shovel, wheelbarrow

2. Mechanical method: This involves the use of mechanically operated machine e.g
excavation tractor, mechanical shovel, ditcher etc

EVALUATION

1. What is foundation?

2. Mention three reasons why it is necessary to construct foundation.

3. Under what conditions are the different types of foundation used?

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic II: Types and materials for making walls.

Wall: It is a structural member in building(450mm) used mainly for the enclosure or division
of a space within a building. It can be external wall or load bearing wall built right from the
foundation to the roof level, it carries the weight of itself and some other elements e.g roof.

It can be internal cross walls, they are the non-load bearing wall (150mm), it carries only
the weight of itself.

Function of a wall:

i. To carry the load and other elements in the building structure.

ii. To divide a space as partition and as a compartment wall.

iii. To protect the structure against weather.

iv. For privacy

v. For security purpose

Walling Materials: They include stone, clay and mud, Timber, Bricks, sand creates blocks
etc.

Types of walls: There are many types of walls, depending on the materials used and the
method of construction.

i. Block wall ii. Partition wall iii. Sleeper wall iv. Timber wall v. Foundation wall vi. Glass
wall vii. Retaining wall viii. Cavity wall ix. Reinforced concrete walls x. Stone wall xi.
Bamboo wall xii. Clay or mud wall xiii. Masonry wall.

WALL FINISHES: They are materials used to protect the surface of a wall from weather
element. The common wall finishing are Plastering, rendering and painting.

Plastering: This is the type of finishing that is given to the internal wall of a building. Cement
and sand are mixed with water in ratio 1:3 with the help of hand Trowel. Two or three layers
of plastering are recommended on the surface of a masonry wall.

Rendering: This is the type of finishing that is given to the external wall of a building. This
can be done using

i. Mixture of cement, sand and water and applied to the surface of the wall with hand
trowel.

ii. Pebble dash: This is done by throwing about 10mm size of gravel on the surface of the
external wall.

iii. Spattered dash finish: This is done by spraying about ratio 1:6 (cement and sand ratio)
mixture containing colored pigment on the surface of the wall.

Painting: This is a liquid coating applied on the surface of a building wall for the purpose of
decoration and protection from the elements of weather.

BONDING: This refers to the arrangement of bricks or blocks in a way that a brick or block
rests on at least 2 others so that continuous vertical joint which reduces strength and
stability in walls is eliminated.

EVALUATION:

• Mention three functions of a wall.

• Mention four materials for walling

• List five types of wall.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Within your locality get the different types of soil.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
The students should read about Building foundation NERDC Basic Technology for Junior
Secondary School 3

WEEK: EIGHT
DATE:
TOPIC: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:

• Floors
• Doors, windows and Openings

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic 1: FLOOR

Floors

Floors are the horizontal components of buildings that support all imposed load. Floors
normally satisfy a number of requirements depending on their location.

Types of Floors.

a. Solid Floors: Solid floors usually consist of concrete, which may simply be finished
with a smooth surface or laid with tiles (plastic and linoleum floor tiles), which are not
normally laid down in the specifications.

b. Suspended Floors: These consist of wood, which are nailed over solid lengths of
timber, the ends of which are supported by the many walls of the building. These solid
timbers are known as joists, and they vary according to the type of house.

Suspended timber ground floors are susceptible to dry rot, because of lack of
ventilation. This situation of fungus attack could be overcome by providing air bricks in
the external walls at suitable distances around the perimeter of the building.

Types of floor based on method of construction:

1. The Basement floor: This is the floor below ground level and is used mostly for car
parks.

2. The Ground floor: This is floor on ground level.

3. The Upper floor: This is the floor above the ground level.
Damp proof course (D.P.C): It is a layer of material capable of preventing the
penetration of moisture which is embedded in the walls just below the exposed surface
through which water can percolate. A properly placed D.P.C will prevent blistering of
paint, rotting of timber and bulging of plaster.

General floor finishes.

a. Cement screed: this is a mixture of cement and sand and is common for most
ordinary dwelling houses. Carpet or linoleum is usually used on such floors. They can
also be painted.

b. Floor tiles: A variety of tiles made of wood, ceramics and thermoplastics are available
for floor finishes.

c. Terrazzo : This is a very good but costly finish and is used for high class jobs.

d. Timber: Timber is also used and requires to be polished.

Evaluation

• Name the various types of floors

• What is D.P.C?
• Of what importance is D.P.C in building?

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic 2: Doors, Windows and Openings.

A door is a solid flat barrier that closes the opening entrance to a building or a room. The
principal function of a door to a building is to prevent unrestricted access to an enclosed
space. In other words, entrances and exits into and from buildings, rooms, etc are
possible only through doors.

Functions of doors

 They provide inlets and out-lets to the building and its various compartments or
rooms.
 They provide security to the building. Unwanted elements (e.g mosquitoes, wild
animals, thieves etc) can be shut off.
 Doors contribute to the beauty of the building.

Types of doors: Interior doors and exterior doors.

Interior doors: there are four types of doors generally used as interior doors, they are:

Panel door ii. Flush door iii. French door iv. Louvre door

Exterior doors: Usually exterior doors are of solid core construction. They may be
wooden or glass doors, they may be panel or flush doors.

Sliding door: these are space saving doors which are used for closets in bedrooms, etc
their installation usually requires the making of special panels by the craftsman, with the
manufacturers providing the tracks and other necessary hardwares.

Revolving doors: these are usually traffic control doors within a building. The door
normalizes inward and outward movements with its four leaves revolving on a pivot,
thereby allowing a person in and out in turns.

Folding door or Roller shutter door: these are doors which are easily installed, as they
take little space. These types of doors are mostly made of metals.

Diagram
Door sizes

Door can be made to any specified size depending on the use and choice of the designer
or owner. Some standard sizes include:

826 x 2049mm. Usually used as external doors.

726 x 2040mm. Suitable for most internal doors.

626 x 2040mm. Usually used for cupboards and cloakrooms.

526 x 2040mm.Usually used for small cupboards.

The normal thickness of the above door size is usually 40mm.

Door frames

A door-set consists of a door plus the frame. It is the frame which holds the door in
position so that it can open or close. The frame is normally fixed in position either during
the construction of the wall or thereafter. A frame consists of three members, these are
two posts which are secured at the top to a cross-piece called the head. The head
usually has horns which are some 50 to 100 mm projections of the head beyond the
posts. The horns assist in making the frame secure when it is built into the wall. In order
that the door may be well received by the frame, a 13 to 16mm deep recess or rebate is
formed round the frame.
Mounting of doors.

Doors are mounted on frames which are already positioned on the walls by the use of
hardwares such as hinges and fittings such as bolts and locks. It also includes door
handles or knobs.

Window: A window is an opening in wall, designed for the purpose of admitting light
and air into an enclosed space. Occupants of a building can also have an outside view
through the window. Majority of today’s designs emphasize windows as decorative
structures, as portrayed by their shapes and sizes, which are better installed into frames.

Types of windows:

i. Casement window ii. Louvered window iii. Double hung window iv. French window
v. Hopper window vi. Sliding window

Diagram

Lintel: A lintel is a horizontal beam supporting a wall over an opening of relatively short
span. The lintel spans an opening to carry the load above the opening and to transmit
the same load to the wall on either side of the opening. A lintel could be of concrete,
wood or metal.

Functions of Lintel

(i) Lintel is used to support wall block/bricks set above the openings. Such as doors
and windows.
(ii) Lintel is also used to support the roof.
(iii) Lintel such as arch and vaults are designed to beautify the building structure.

Diagram
 EVALUATION

• What are the main functions of doors?

• What are the main functions of windows.
• What is a lintel?
• List 3 functions of a lintel?
• Why is a door frame necessary?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Visit a construction site and identify the lintel.

2. Move round the school building and identify the various types of doors and
windows used.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about Doors and windows in NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary school
3.

WEEK: EIGHT
DATE:
TOPIC: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:

• Roofing
• Simple Blue Print reading

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic I: Roof
Roof is the top feature in a building structure which provides covering for the entire building
and protect any internal decoration or fittings from the weather thereby rendering the
house habitable. The roof of a building is supported by frame work of Ridges, Trusses,
purling, Rafters, Eaves.
Roofs perform specific functions which include:
 Weather Resistance: The roof must be water proof and shield the house from the
direct rays of the sun.
 Strength: The roof must be strong enough to be able to carry its own weight and the
superimposed weight of wind, and foot traffic for a considerable length of time
without failing.
Types of common roof
a. Hipped roof: the hip roof has four slanting surfaces from a peak known as ridge. The
construction has a shortening effect on the length of the building visually. The hip
roof is widely used for most houses in Nigeria.
b. Pitched roof: This is often called gable roof. This type of roof is very common
because it can be constructed easily. A typical characteristic of pitched roof is a
cavity wall at the gable end, and vent between the fascia and soffit which prevents
the rafter timbers from disintegration.
c. Shed roof: this is the simplest form of roof construction, having only one slope
usually to the rear of the building. The overhang of the roof is usually greater at the
front and the design has added simplicity and attractiveness to modern building
construction.
d. Butterfly roof: this is double shed roof which slopes inwards with the low points to
the centre of the building. It has a wide overhanging at the front and at the back
which protects the walls from rains. It is mostly used where a large span is to be
covered.
e. Monitor roof: the roof has two surfaces on either side of the house, with the lower
one and vents or lightning spaces fixed vertically between them. It is commonly used
for large factory buildings or warehouses.
f. Half Monitor roof: this roof has two surfaces only. One surface is lowered on one
side while the other is raised a little above the lower one in the centre. The gap
 between the upper and lower central edges of the roof along the length is usually
fitted with ventilation devices for roof members.
g. Combination roof: this roof has two surfaces sloping away more on one side than on
the other. The greater slope is usually on top of the rooms while the smaller slope
usually covers the veranda portion of the house. It is mostly used in school building
construction.
h. Arched roof: this type of roof is usually used for large span construction work. The
top is rounded and most economical in timber consumption. It could be made in the
workshop and ready for fixing on the site.
i. Mansard roof: Mansard roof has double slopes on each side. Although not common
nowadays, mansard roof allows the use of the space in the roof area. The lower part
of the roof which is fitted with dormer windows has a steep pitch, while the upper
part has a slope of about 30˚.
diagram

Diagram
Roofing materials: grass, zinc, corrugated aluminium sheets, wood, steel, concrete or clay,
slates, plain tiles, corrugated iron sheets, corrugated asbestos cement sheets.

Diagram

Evaluation:
i. What is a roof?
ii. Mention five types of roof.
iii. Mention six roofing materials.
Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Sub-Topic II: Simple blue print reading.
EVALUATION

• What is blue print drawing?

• Draw the building symbols for sink, bath, showers, socket, door

READING ASSIGNMENT:

The students should read about Simple blue print in NERDC Basic Technology for Junior
Secondary School 2.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

• Move round the school premises and identify the type of roof used and the
roofing materials.