On The Sustainability of Local
On The Sustainability of Local
On The Sustainability of Local
Article
On the Sustainability of Local Cultural Heritage Based on the
Landscape Narrative: A Case Study of Historic Site of Qing Yan
Yuan, China
Di Feng 1,2, *, Shang-chia Chiou 1 and Feng Wang 2
1 Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan;
chiousc@yuntech.edu.tw
2 College of Fine Arts, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223001, China; edison-wangfeng@163.com
* Correspondence: fengdi165@gmail.com
Abstract: As a feature of local cultural heritage, historical garden sites should not only focus on
landscape sightseeing, but should also champion the sustainability of cultural heritage and promote
the local community’s wellbeing. This article uses the landscape narrative method to explore how
the local public, with both professional and non-professional backgrounds, manages the cultural
heritage and enhances its sustainability. Qing Yan Yuan is a historical garden site in Huai’an, Jiangsu
Province, China, and constitutes the research area of this study. This article firstly conducts in-
depth interviews with local residents with non-professional backgrounds; then, it collects relevant
information from professionals, such as introductions, comments, news, periodicals, etc.; finally, it
adopts the content analysis method to decode, summarize and sort out accordingly. Through the
analysis of landscape narrative data, this paper found that three cultural heritage value strategies are
used by the public: (1) origin landscape narrative; (2) functional landscape narrative; (3) meaningful
landscape narrative. The origin landscape narrative is the expression of a cultural heritage value of
Citation: Feng, D.; Chiou, S.-c.;
“past presentation”; the functional landscape narrative is a cultural heritage value of “place identity”;
Wang, F. On the Sustainability of
the meaningful landscape narrative shows a cultural heritage value of “future education”; all these
Local Cultural Heritage Based on the
Landscape Narrative: A Case Study
together constitute the local public subjective conception of the sustainability of cultural heritage.
of Historic Site of Qing Yan Yuan,
China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2831. Keywords: landscape narrative; cultural heritage sustainability; heritage management; heritage
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052831 value; local public
ways to improve community wellbeing and develop the sustainability of cultural heritage.
However, how the local public can establish the value system of local cultural heritage
through personal oral narration needs to be further studied.
Although studies on cultural heritage have mostly been derived from concepts and
features which have been used to establish the relationship between people and the heritage
environment, which have typically focused on the sense of place, identity, belonging,
imagery, historical features, etc. [7–9], in these frameworks, the local people themselves
have been conceptualized as being in a passive position. Under these circumstances, the
public has often thought of cultural heritage as a property that belongs to UNESCO, instead
of belonging to themselves [10]. In response to this, certain measures need to be taken
to reverse the local public’s perceptions, and sustainable cultural heritage management
practices are human-centered [11], which can enhance the connection between the local
public and the environmental space. Previous research on cultural heritage has been
about local community participation in heritage management, factors which are partially
involved in preservation practice [12–14]; however, in these research pieces, the opinions
of local residents were not taken into full consideration. In the present research, the local
community takes the roles of the owner and user in order to participate in the cultural
heritage preservation process for sustainability through the landscape narrative. On the
other hand, although research about the concept of landscape has been helpful for the public
to understand the values and significance of cultural heritage [8,15], it does not specify
how to implement. However, Lugeri and Farabollini (2018), based on the perspective of
landscape ecology, found that landscape is the result of the interaction of many natural
and cultural components, in addition to the expression of geological processes, and can be
a “medium” that communicates earth sciences to the whole of society [16]. Therefore, the
ways that the local community views preservation practices for cultural heritage through
the landscape narrative requires further exploration. This article selects the historical
garden site Qing Yan Yuan in Huai’an, Jiangsu Province, China, as a case study, based on
the concept of landscape and cultural heritage preservation, which, combined with the
common understanding of both experts and non-experts, aims to explore the management
of cultural heritage from the landscape description experience framework to promote the
local public’s awareness of cultural heritage sustainability.
This article explores the local cultural heritage value in personal thinking via the
interpretation of landscape information in daily life with the public, which establishes the
awareness of empowerment for residents, who then become the main characters of local
welfare development. As oral transmission from residents is a low-cost and economical way
to preserve the sustainability of local cultural heritage, the specific means of implementation
to promote the local public’s sustainable practice of cultural heritage is from the inside out
and bottom up. This spreads the cultural heritage value to surrounding residents and even
to the next generation by taking advantage of the public’s landscape language narrative
and communication. In addition, language communication and dissemination of the
local community can help the preservers of cultural heritage to discover how the residents
transform the landscapes they perceive into personal values of cultural heritage. In addition,
the local government does not need to invest heavily, but it should increase the awareness
of the landscape theme together with cultural heritage to attract locals to visit, which forms
the foundation of the management of cultural heritage sustainability. The structure of this
article is as follows: first, it introduces the sustainable management practices of cultural
heritage; second, it discusses how to integrate the landscape narrative into the sustainable
development of local cultural heritage, and outlines the research process and deployment;
then, it summarizes the local public’s landscape narrative strategies and discusses how to
incorporate them with cultural heritage sustainability; finally, the conclusion of the article
are presented.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2831 3 of 31
2. Literature Review
2.1. Cultural Heritage Sustainability
2.1.1. Cultural Heritage Value
Cultural heritage is protected and managed because of its value. “Heritage value”
provides an understanding of the status of heritage in the natural and cultural environment
that includes special or historical features in the landscape, and refers to the meaning and
value assigned by an individual or a group of people [17]. Similarly, cultural heritage
can explain past traditions, provide clues, memories and commemorations, and enhance
the cultural vitality of communities [10,18–20]. The Bula Charter proposes the concept
of heritage “place”, which enhances the understanding and identity between different
nations that emphasize the connection between heritage protection and the place [21].
This shows that cultural heritage is helpful for local residents to make an association
between the public and its historical significance, in addition the sense of identity, so that
they understand the community identity, symbolic meaning, spirit of the place, social
identity, etc. [6,8,22,23]. Furthermore, these forms of preservation and maintenance of
cultural heritage have educational significance to contemporary society and the following
generations because they maintain its historical and cultural significance. Antrop (2005)
believes that the preservation of cultural heritage is the resurrection of the past, which
helps to build future prospects [3]. Mei (2020), in analysis of the cultural relics of Gu-lang
Yu Island, proposed that the value content associated with the people and art should be left
to future generations, and comprises the landscape, art, history, society, education, emotion,
etc. [24]. Qiu et al. (2020) divided the value cognition of residents and tourists into aesthetic,
educational, spiritual, social, economic, and historical values that stimulate personal
emotional attitudes and travel intentions through the traditional firing technology of Long-
quan celadon in Zhejiang Province [25]. Therefore, the value of cultural heritage not only
has important social, cultural, economic, and environmental significance for contemporary
society, but is also an effective educational tool. We need to protect and manage it well
to pass the heritage to future generations, which is in line with the development goals of
cultural heritage in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [6].
manage cultural heritage sustainability, the most important task is to establish a consensus
on its value to ensure its successful implementation and maintenance.
understanding of preference for scenes [52]. Feng (2008) found that the use of storytelling
in the garden formation process is helpful to establish a personal subjective conception of
the place [53]. In terms of historical heritage protection research, Holtorf (2006) and van
der Laarse (2010) discovered the cultural self-evidence and sense of identity of the narrator
who used landscape language in an examination of the dynamics of the process of garden
change [49,50]. Smith (2010) and Potteiger et al. (1998) studied people’s explanations
of their places with stories and historical facts, and found the integration of landscape
narrative into the lives of residents makes the place real and natural [51,54]. Therefore,
the study of cultural heritage with a landscape narrative is a way to find the past, from
individual perception and cognition, which can help individuals and groups to induce a
deep understanding of the cultural heritage value.
tour guide; 83 reviews on Ctrip and four comments on Tianya Tieba. In addition, we
included 13 Qing Yan Yuan news reports from bilibili.com, toutiao.com, gmw.cn, and
huaianmh.com. A final collection of data totaled 149,383 words and 87,096 sentences that
described the landscape of Qing Yan Yuan was screened when the topic of these articles
were summarized and analyzed (Table 1).
coefficient is a credible value, however, if it is lower than 0.6, its internal consistency reli-
ability is considered to be insufficient, and the researchers need to again discuss the choice
ofchoice
a common code until
of a common it exceeds
code 0.6 to achieve
until it exceeds consistency.
0.6 to achieve The three
consistency. researchers
The in this
three researchers
study
in this study had similar backgrounds and conducted reliability analyses three com-
had similar backgrounds and conducted reliability analyses three times. The times.
mon
The code
commonexceeded
code the value of
exceeded the0.6 on the
value of third
0.6 onattempt, thereby
the third improving
attempt, the reliability
thereby improving the
ofreliability
the research data
of the (Tabledata
research 2). (Table 2).
ReliabilityCalculation
Figure4.4.Reliability
Figure CalculationFormula.
Formula.
Researcher First Reliability Calculation Second Reliability Calculation Third Reliability Calculation
Doctor of Yunke Design (Z) 0.441 0.622 0.720
College design professional teachers (W) 0.319 0.543 0.603
Doctor of Yunke Design (C) 0.296 0.483 0.612
(O1); Historical Water Control Center (O2); Canal Governor-General Designer (O3);
the historical evolution of Qing Yan Yuan (O4). The second category theme: Canal
Governor-General Back Garden (F1); Official status representative (F2); Temporary
dwelling place of an emperor (F3); Stone tablets show the achievements of officials
(F4); Landscape appellation expresses Canal Governor-General’s mood (F5). The
third category: symbol of local culture (S1); water control history display (S2), Citizen
Learning Park (S3). From the above four steps, we determined the landscape narrative
strategy of Qing Yan Yuan for cultural heritage sustainability, as used by individuals
and groups.
5. Finally, three strategies of landscape narrative forms were summarized, namely: orig-
inal landscape narrative, functional landscape narrative, and meaningful landscape
narrative. The origin is represented by the initial letter “O”, the function is represented
by the initial letter “F”, and the significance is represented by the initial letter “S”; for
example, F1-N06-04 indicates that 04 items of news materials in No. 06 indicates the
functional landscape narrative (F1) (Table 3).
Stone tablets show the achievements of Emperor Qianlong rewarded the Canal Governor-General‘s achievements
officials (F4) Other emperors messaged to the Officials
Stone tablets record the events of water control
Names of the garden wish no flood
Landscape appellation expresses Canal
Names of the couplet contain canal information
Governor-General’s mood (F5)
Names of the building implies the owner’s ideal
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2831 12 of 31
Table 3. Cont.
4. Results
People collectively preserve the cumulative culture of their predecessors through
language, which is the result of the process of understanding the objective world. Qing
Yan Yuan is a rare treasure among Chinese classical gardens that shows the artistic style of
gardens with unique local characteristics, and is the largest government garden of water
transportation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It exists as a “material” form of a historical
site that preserves the memory of the past in the landscape through the entity of “place” [83].
The public’s subjective ideas and thoughts give different meanings to the landscape when
they see the common landscape in Qing Yan Yuan. The landscape content, through “telling
stories”, allows discovery of the local culture and memory, and the charm of the cultural
heritage and landscape. The use of language by locals to describe scenic spots indirectly
affects the personal understanding, while establishing a cultural heritage value of their
own. This management method that considers local public the “owners” and “users” of
cultural heritage is low-cost, and is thus conducive to the sustainable development of local
cultural heritage.
In this section, we separately explain the landscape narrative strategies used by the
public in Huai’an. First, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal could not flow smoothly when Qing
Yan Yuan was built because of the location of Huai’an, at which the junction of Huai
River, Yellow River and Canal, and the Huang-Huai River was frequently flooded and
silted up. Thus, the Cao-yun Management Center in Huai’an was established to adopt
the “origin landscape narrative”. Secondly, the Canal Governor-General was responsible
for the control of flooding and the protection of the smooth canal when Qing Yan Yuan
was the highest water control institution in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the place
performed different functions according to the situation and adopted the “functional
landscape narrative”. Finally, Cao-Yun Management Center was dissolved when Qing
Yan Yuan became a local leisure park, and was endowed by the public with the image of
a Huai’an Canal cultural carrier, which adopted the “meaningful landscape narrative”.
The origin landscape narrative, functional landscape narrative, and meaningful land-scape
narrative of Qing Yan Yuan together constitute the connotation of heritage value by the
public. More importantly, it is easy to interpret and remember in the process of public who
tells these landscape narratives to others, which indirectly promotes the sustainability of
local cultural heritage practices.
found the landscape narrative data of the public who dealt with the construction of Qing
Yan Yuan through four conceptions: (1) Huai’an is located at the key position of Beijing-
Hangzhou Canal; (2) historical water control center; (3) Canal Governor-General Designer;
and (4) the historical evolution of Qing Yan Yuan. These landscape narratives are all
related to the establishment background of Qing Yan Yuan, so it is aptly named the “origin
landscape narrative”.
Beijing–HangzhouCanal.
Figure5.5.Beijing–Hangzhou
Figure Canal.
Figure 5. Beijing–Hangzhou Canal.
Figure 5. Beijing–Hangzhou Canal.
Yunxi Lake expanded rapidly and “the lake water rose every spring and summer, flooded
farmer’s fields” 「每春夏湖水涨, 没民田」 [86]. As recorded in Sizhou Chronicles by
Kangxi year, 1258 hectares and 45 mu land were destroyed, and 1117 hectares and 91 mu
were permanently submerged in Sizhou at that time [85]. In addition, the Great Dyke of
Hongze Lake in Huai’an broke more than 140 times from 1575 to 1855 [87]. Therefore,
the Cao-yun Management mechanism in Huai’an became the canal management center
responsible for construction for water conservancy. More well-known is Jixun Pan, which
adopted the strategy of “all water from the Huai River flows into Hongze Lake to raise the
water level to resist the Yellow River” 「蓄清刷」 and “Build dikes to prevent the Yellow
River from invading the south” 「束水攻沙」 in the Wanli year of the Ming Dynasty. In
the Qing Dynasty, Canal Governor-General Fu Jin and Penghe Zhang raised the levee of
Hongze Lake and widened lakes to guide river water. Bin Gao set up five wooden keels
on the south bank of the Yellow River to force it to flow to the north bank. Shixu Li used
the technique of diverting the flood to build the dyke 「分洪治水」, and retained dikes by
filling straw and reed with earth 「厢埽」, which ensured the canal was smooth [75]. In
addition, there were five dams in Huai’an, the name of them are benevolence, righteousness,
rituals, wisdom, credibility, which provide proof of the Canal Governor-General’s flood
controls. These materials together constitute the “historical water control center” of Qing
Yan Yuan in the mind of the public. For example, “Qing Yan Yuan is the site of the ancient
government office for water control with the highest rank, the longest duration and the most officials
in Huai’an history” (O2-N13-01); “In the early Qing Dynasty, although Qing Jiang Pu is the most
important place for river control projects at the confluence of the Yellow River, the Huai River and
the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, the General River Administration is located at Jining in Shandong
Province, which is far away and inconvenient. In order to grasp the water situation and direct the
river nearby, the Qing Dynasty government set up official posts to deal with floods at Qing Jiang
Pu” (O2-N04-02); “Qing Yan Yuan is a scenic spot in the downtown area of Huai’an. At that time,
it was set up by the government to deal with flooding along the Yellow River and Huai River, while
now it is a key cultural relic site under national protection” (O2-E02-22).
Qing Yan Yuan is attributed to the “Canal Governor-General Designer”. For example, the
the public’s landscape narrative content shows, “ Qing Yan Yuan was a private garden firstly
public’s landscape narrative content shows, “ Qing Yan Yuan was a private garden firstly
built by Fu Jin who was the Canal Governor-General” (O4-N08-02); “Qing Yan Yuan formed its
built by Fu Jin who was the Canal Governor-General” (O4-N08-02); “Qing Yan Yuan formed its
full scale after every Canal Governor-General‘s renovations” (O4-J06-03); “The most famous is
full scale after every Canal Governor-General‘s renovations” (O4-J06-03); “The most famous is
the He fang Academy which Bin Gao built for his son-in-law who was the emperor” (O4-I01-13);
the He fang Academy which Bin Gao built for his son-in-law who was the emperor” (O4-I01-13);
“There was a Canal Governor-General named Qing Lin who liked to design gardens, built a lot of
“There was a Canal Governor-General named Qing Lin who liked to design gardens, built a lot of
pavilions, even the number reached 16” (O4-I02-13).
pavilions, even the number reached 16” (O4-I02-13).
Figure8.8.Rockery
Figure Rockeryand
andPavilion.
Pavilion.
4.1.4.
4.1.4.The
TheHistorical
HistoricalEvolution
Evolutionof ofQing
QingYanYanYuan
Yuan
Qing
Qing Yan Yuan has experienced multipleidentity
Yan Yuan has experienced multiple identitychanges,
changes,andandeacheachtransformation
transformation
occurred during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The earliest
occurred during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The earliest identity of Qing identity of Qing Yan Yuan was
Yan Yuan
the household registration management department. By order of
was the household registration management department. By order of Fu Jin, to directFu Jin, to direct flooding
near Qing-jiang
flooding River in Huai’an,
near Qing-jiang River inthe gardenthe
Huai’an, temporarily became the
garden temporarily water the
became control
wateroffice
con-
in theoffice
trol 17th year
in theof17th
Kangxi
year(1678). Later,(1678).
of Kangxi Qing Yan Yuan
Later, hadYan
Qing the Yuan
statushad
of canal management
the status of canal
organization
managementbecause Qing-kou
organization becausewasQing-kou
an importantwas area to canal management,
an important area to canal and the
manage-
temporary office was changed to the office of the Canal Governor-General
ment, and the temporary office was changed to the office of the Canal Governor-General (Figure 8). At
the end of the Qing Dynasty, in 1860, the government abolished
(Figure 8). At the end of the Qing Dynasty, in 1860, the government abolished the Water the Water Transport
Management departmentdepartment
Transport Management and the Cao-yun and theManagement department department
Cao-yun Management moved to themoved gardento
to became both the office of the river course and grain transport. Transportation
the garden to became both the office of the river course and grain transport. Transporta- on the
Grand
tion onCanal declined
the Grand anddeclined
Canal maritimeand transportation was developed
maritime transportation was during this period.
developed duringThe this
railway also became a more economical means of transportation, and
period. The railway also became a more economical means of transportation, and the ad- the administrative
status of the status
ministrative Cao-yun Management
of the departmentdepartment
Cao-yun Management began to weaken. Finally, Finally,
began to weaken. the water the
transportation management posts were disbanded and Qing Yan Yuan
water transportation management posts were disbanded and Qing Yan Yuan successively successively became
the office space of commander-in-chief of Jiangbei Province, Jiangbei Governor’s Mansion,
became the office space of commander-in-chief of Jiangbei Province, Jiangbei Governor’s
Jiangbei Military Region, Huaiyang Government Office and Local Government. Then,
Mansion, Jiangbei Military Region, Huaiyang Government Office and Local Government.
Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was no longer in use because of the Yellow River changed the
Then, Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was no longer in use because of the Yellow River changed
direction in the 30th year of Emperor Guangxu (1904) [77]. In general, Qing Yan Yuan was
the direction in the 30th year of Emperor Guangxu (1904) [77]. In general, Qing Yan Yuan
a community park opened to citizens who recognized its multiple identities via the spread
was a community park opened to citizens who recognized its multiple identities via the
of anecdotes and the indicative landscape elements when the Qing Dynasty ended. For
spread of anecdotes and the indicative landscape elements when the Qing Dynasty ended.
example, “the former household management department was turned into the yamen of the flood
For example, “the former household management department was turned into the yamen of the
control agency” (O3-E03-04); “We saw two signs containing the Jiangnan River management
flood control agency” (O3-E03-04); “We saw two signs containing the Jiangnan River manage-
agency and the Cao-yun Governor-General Transportation Department that were hung to represent
ment agency and the Cao-yun Governor-General Transportation Department that were hung to
them” (O3-N07-05); “it was burned down during the peasant uprising movement in the late Qing
represent them” (O3-N07-05); “it was burned down during the peasant uprising movement in the
Dynasty, and ministers rebuilt it consistent with its original appearance while the Water Transport
late Qing Dynasty,
Management and ministers
was abandoned rebuilt
to became it consistent
a park with its original appearance while the Water
“ (O3-I03-09).
Transport Management was abandoned to became a park “ (O3-I03-09).
4.2. Functional Landscape Narrative
4.2. Functional Landscape Narrative
Qing Yan Yuan became a well-known site of Huai’an because the Water Transport
Qing Yan
Management Yuan became
Agency a well-known
once played an important site of Huai’an
role. because
The Canal the Water Transport
Governor-General who
Management
lived in the Qing AgencyYan once
Yuan played an important
left traces, role. Thethe
such as handling Canal Governor-General
water transportation and who
lived in the Qing Yan Yuan left traces, such as handling the water transportation
flood affairs, and receptions for the patrol of the emperor. For example, although the and flood
construction scale of the garden should suit the status of officials, some buildings are
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2831 17 of 31
beyond the hierarchy because they were used as palaces for the emperor. In addition,
there are a large number of stone tablets in the garden that contain encouragement, praise,
and other content written by the emperor of the Qing Dynasty. In general, Qing Yan
Yuan has multiple functions, such as an office and leisure place for the Canal Governor-
General. These functions provide the materials that allow the public to organize landscape
narratives to establish the notions of cultural heritage: (1) Canal Governor-General Back
Garden; (2) official status representative; (3) temporary dwelling place of an emperor;
(4) stone tablets show the achievements of officials; (5) landscape appellation expresses
Canal Governor-General’s mood. As these vocabularies are all related to various functional
features of Qing Yan Yuan, they can be referred to as the “functional landscape narrative”.
Figure 9. Southern-StyleRockery.
Rockery.
Figure9.9.Southern-Style
Figure Southern-Style Rockery.
4.2.2. OfficialStatus
4.2.2. Status Representative
4.2.2.Official
Official StatusRepresentative
Representative
The
The construction regulation of Qing Yan Yuan should be in line with the official sta-
The constructionregulation
construction regulationofofQing Qing Yan
Yan Yuan
Yuan should
should be be
in line
in linewithwiththethe official status,
official sta-
tus, which
which is specified
is specified by a localby a local government institution. That is, the owners of Qing Yan
tus, which is specified by a government
local government institution. That is,
institution. the is,
That owners of Qing
the owners ofYan
Qing Yuan
Yan
Yuanthe
were were
Canal theGovernor-Generals
Canal Governor-Generals who were who were conferred
conferred the positions the of positions
“deputy ofsecretary
“deputy
Yuan were the Canal Governor-Generals who were conferred the positions of “deputy
ofsecretary
defense”of ofanddefense”
“assistantand “assistant to the Supreme Supervisory Organ”, which were
secretary defense” and to the Supreme
“assistant to theSupervisory Organ”, which
Supreme Supervisory Organ”, werewhich“Zheng wereII
“Zheng II Pin” or “Zhengyi Yi Pin Senior Officer”, also known
Pin” or “Zhengyi Yi Pin Senior Officer”, also known as “Hetai”, “Heshuai”, and “River as “Hetai”, “Heshuai”, and
“Zheng II Pin” or “Zhengyi Yi Pin Senior Officer”, also known as “Hetai”, “Heshuai”, and
“River Superintendent”
Superintendent” [75,94,95]. [75,94,95]. The construction
The construction of buildings of buildings
and gardens andisgardens
symbol is of symbol
status
“River Superintendent” [75,94,95]. The construction of buildings and gardens is symbol
inofthe
status in the
“ritual “ritualofsystem”
system” Chineseoffeudal
Chinese feudaland
society, society,
also has andan also has an aesthetic
aesthetic effect
effect [96–98].
of status in the “ritual system” of Chinese feudal society, and also has an aesthetic effect
[96–98]. However,
However, the Governor-General
the Governor-General had a higherhad astatus
higherinstatusthe Qingin theDynasty,
Qing Dynasty, and theand Qing the
[96–98]. However, the Governor-General had a higher status in the Qing Dynasty, and the
Qing
Yan Yan Yuan,
Yuan, as a government
as a government building,
building, was was
secondsecond onlyonlyto theto the emperor’s
emperor’s palace.Thus,
palace. Thus,
Qing Yan Yuan, as a government building, was second only to the emperor’s palace. Thus,
the
theconstruction
constructionscale scaleof ofQing
QingYanYanYuanYuanreflects
reflectsthe the“official
“officialstatusstatusrepresentative”.
representative”.For For
the construction scale of Qing Yan Yuan reflects the “official status representative”. For
example,
example,the thelayout
layoutofof Qing
Qing YanYanYuan Yuanfollows
followsthe the
order of the
order of traditional
the traditional buildingbuildingconcept,
con-
example, the layout of Qing Yan Yuan follows the order of the traditional building con-
incept,
which the office
in which buildings
the office of theof
buildings Canal Governor-General
the Canal Governor-General and the andmain the mainplaces of theof
places
cept, in which the office buildings of the Canal Governor-General and the main places of
garden
the gardenwereweredistributed
distributed on the central
on the axis.
central AsAs
axis. shown
shown in in
Figure
Figure 11,11,thethefront
frontofofmainmain
the garden were distributed on the central axis. As shown in Figure 11, the front of main
buildings
buildingsfaces facessouth
south andandthethe
backbackfaces north,
faces thusthus
north, forming
forming a central axis, such
a central axis, assuchLiuas Ping
Liu
buildings faces south and the back faces north, thus forming a central axis, such as Liu
Pavilion, Hewang
Ping Pavilion, Pavilion,
Hewang Huaixiang
Pavilion, Hall, Zhan
Huaixiang Hall,Pavilion, and Heand
Zhan Pavilion, fangHe Academy,
fang Academy, which
Ping
are Pavilion, Hewang
distributed in sequence Pavilion, Huaixiang
from south Hall,XuYuan,
Zhan Pavilion, and He fangGovernor-
Academy,
which are distributed in sequence fromto north.
south to north. XuYuan, the Jiangnan
the JiangnanCanal Canal Gov-
which
General’s are distributed
office, Yu-bei in sequence from south to north. XuYuan, the Jiangnan Canal Gov-
ernor-General’s office, Yuan,
Yu-beiand Yuan,Huanyi Villa lie Villa
and Huanyi to thelie east,
to theandeast,
to theand west are west
to the located are
ernor-General’s
the Wisteria office,
Garden, YeYuan, Yu-bei Yuan, and Huanyi Villa lie to the east, and to the west are
located the Wisteria Garden, and YeYuan,Mingand Dynasty
Ming Guandi
DynastyTemple Guandi[75,99].
TempleHowever, [75,99]. How- the
located the Wisteria
construction system of Garden,
the Qing YeYuan,
YanQing and Ming
Yuan neither Dynasty Guandi the Temple [75,99].nor How-
ever, the construction system of the Yan Yuantranscends
neither transcends officialthe status
official status is
ever, the
equivalent construction
to that of system of the Qing Yan Yuan neither transcends the official status
nor is equivalent toanthatordinary garden. garden.
of an ordinary Thus, it Thus,
is between the royalthe
it is between garden
royaland a private
garden and a
nor is equivalent
garden, and some to that of an ordinary
interpretations of garden.and
mountains Thus, it is between
stones are related thetoroyal
this: garden
“The and a
rockery
private garden, and some interpretations of mountains and stones are related to this: “The
private
and stonesgarden, inand some interpretations of mountains andand stones are relatedonly to this: “The
rockery andthat
stones the
thatgarden, which were
in the garden, whichtransported
were transportedby canal by canalthenandbuilt,
then built, officials are
only officials
rockery
treated and
like stones
this” that in
(F2-E03-07); the garden,
“The which
area of were
the pondtransported
is almost by
halfcanal
size and
of then
the built,
garden only
in Qing officials
Yan
are treated like this” (F2-E03-07); “The area of the pond is almost half size of the garden in Qing
are treated
Yuan like this” (F2-E03-07); of “The area of(F2-E03-08);
the pond is almost half size of the stylegarden in Qing
Yan that
Yuanis that
linkedis to the
linked identity the owner”
to the identity of the owner” “The architectural
(F2-E03-08); “The architectural in the
style garden
in the
Yan Yuan that is linked to the identity of the owner” (F2-E03-08); “The architectural style in the
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that creating
garden a serious
that creating atmosphere
a serious such assuch
atmosphere the as
calm, heavy,heavy,
the calm, and orderly”(F2-J03-09); “Qing
and orderly”(F2-J03-09); Yan
“Qing
Yuan is an official garden which uses the precious materials that have two different styles of
Yan Yuan is an official garden which uses the precious materials that have two different styles ofrockery”
(F2-N06-02).
rockery” (F2-N06-02).
Figure11.
Figure 11.Layout
Layout of
of Qing
Qing Yan
Yan Yuan.
Yuan.
4.2.3.
4.2.3.Temporary
TemporaryDwelling
Dwelling Place
Place of
of an
an Emperor
Although
Although Qing Qing Yan Yan Yuan
Yuan was was mainly
mainly designated
designated as as aa place
placefor forthetheCanal
CanalGovernor-
Governor-
General
Generaltotowork workand andlivelivein,in,thetheemperor
emperor also
alsovisited
visited it.it.
It It
is is
oneoneof of
thethefew places
few placeswhere where the
emperor
the emperor stayed in addition
stayed in addition to the toForbidden
the Forbidden City City
in Beijing, and is
in Beijing, and called the Xing-gong.
is called the Xing-
“Cihai” interpreted
gong. “Cihai” “Xing-gong”
interpreted “Xing-gong” 「行宮」 「行宮」 as “a palace outsideoutside
as “a palace the ancient capitalcapital
the ancient where
the emperor
where lived when
the emperor livedtraveling.”
when traveling.” Thus, Xing-gong
Thus, Xing-gongis a temporary place toplace
is a temporary stay and rest
to stay
at
andimportant locationslocations
rest at important to meet the needs
to meet theofneeds
ancient of Chinese emperors
ancient Chinese when on
emperors whenparade,on
hunting, and military
parade, hunting, activities
and military [100–102].
activities One function
[100–102]. One function of theofQingthe Qing Yan Yan
YuanYuan waswas as a
Xing-gong;
as a Xing-gong; because of its of
because convenience,
its convenience, two emperors
two emperors of Kangxi and Qianlong
of Kangxi and Qianlong of theofQingthe
Dynasty
Qing Dynasty lived in Qing
lived in Yan
QingYuan Yan Yuanto inspect the construction
to inspect the construction of theofGrand
the GrandCanal when
Canal whenthey
went
they towent the to Jiangnan
the Jiangnan area [103–105].
area [103–105]. For example,
For example,Qianlong once said
Qianlong oncethat
said“Qing-kou
that “Qing-is
the
koujunction of Huang
is the junction and Huai
of Huang andRivers, which is
Huai Rivers, the first
which important
is the area forarea
first important flood forcontrol
flood
in Jiangnan”
control [106]. In[106].
in Jiangnan” Volume 4 of the4“Southern
In Volume of the “Southernpatrol record”
patrol record”of “Canal engineering
of “Canal engi-
management”,
neering management”, it was recorded that the Canal
it was recorded that the Governor-General
Canal Governor-General Bin Gao and Bin Gaoassistant
and as- Shi
Zhang invited the emperor to inspect the Cao-yun
sistant Shi Zhang invited the emperor to inspect the Cao-yun Canal while Qianlong read-Canal while Qianlong readily agreed
to
ilygo [107].toTo
agreed goensure
[107]. To thatensure
the emperorthat the livedemperor more comfortably,
lived more comfortably,Bin Gao Bin chose Gaothe best
chose
position to build to
the best position thebuild
“Hethe fang “He Academy”
fang Academy” as the temporary
as the temporary residence in Qing
residence Yan Yuan
in Qing Yan
before the firstthe
Yuan before visit of visit
first Qianlong, who visited
of Qianlong, who Huai’an four times
visited Huai’an four intimes
total toin inspect
total to the river
inspect
course
the river [104] (Figure
course [104]12).(FigureZengyun Ji recorded
12). Zengyun “Bin Gao
Ji recorded “Binwas Gao stationed
was stationedin Jiangnan
in JiangnanCanal
Governor-General’s
Canal Governor-General’s Court Court
in the in early
the years of Qianlong,
early years of Qianlong, and theandHe thefang Academy
He fang Academy was
built in hisinexpansion
was built his expansion of theofsitethe and has been
site and has beenthere for more
there for more thanthan200200 years”.
years”. In short,
In short, He
fang Academy was the “temporary dwelling
He fang Academy was the “temporary dwelling place of an emperor”, and accommo- place of an emperor”, and accommodated
Qianlong’s
dated Qianlong’s visit invisit 1751inand 1751 1784
and[108]. Therefore,
1784 [108]. it became
Therefore, a well-known
it became a well-known fact that
fact Qing
that
Yan
Qing Yuan
Yanwas Yuan a “Xing-gong”,
was a “Xing-gong”, and theand He fangthe He Academy
fang Academywas the was placethe where
placethe emperor
where the
lived.
emperor For example:
lived. For“Qing example: Yan Yuan
“Qing hasYansurvived
Yuan the haschanges
survived andtheused to be Qianlong’s
changes and used to residence”
be Qi-
(F3-N06-03);
anlong’s residence” Yan Yuan was
“Qing(F3-N06-03); the daily
“Qing Yan Yuanoffice and
was residence of theand
the daily office Canal Governor-General
residence of the Canal
while it was also thewhile
Governor-General reception
it wasplacealso thefor reception
the emperor to for
place inspect the floods”
the emperor (F3-J03-11);
to inspect “In order
the floods” (F3-
toJ03-11);
please the“In emperor,
order to pleasethe officials specifically
the emperor, decorated
the officials buildings
specifically in imitation
decorated of theinfolk
buildings houses
imitation
in
of Huai’an”
the folk houses (F3-N05-07);
in Huai’an” “when hearing the
(F3-N05-07); namehearing
“when Zou Shu the Guan,
name Zou we know the place
Shu Guan, we knowwas usedthe
for work
place wasfor thefor
used emperor
work for andtheofficial”
emperor(F3-E02-11); “He fang Academy
and official” (F3-E02-11); “He fang was built bywas
Academy BinbuiltGaobyto
welcome
Bin Gaohis to son-in-law
welcome his who was the Emperor
son-in-law who wasQianlong the Emperor(F3-E03-11)”;
Qianlong “Kangxi, Yongzheng,
(F3-E03-11)”; “Kangxi, and
Qianlong
Yongzheng, all traveled
and Qianlong to the allsouth of China
traveled to theto south
inspectofthe Grand
China Canal, the
to inspect andGrand
they lived
Canal,in Qing
and they Yan
Yuan”
lived in(F3-E02-27).
Qing Yan Yuan” (F3-E02-27).
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Figure12.
Figure 12.He
Hefang
fangAcademy.
Academy.
4.2.4.
4.2.4.Stone
StoneTablets
TabletsShowShowthe theAchievements
AchievementsofofOfficials Officials
Inscriptions
Inscriptions on on stone
stone tablets are are aa commemorative
commemorativeand anddemonstrative
demonstrativelandscape landscape el-
element that combine with classical
ement that combine with classical gardens gardens to explain historical and cultural connotations.
historical and cultural connotations.
WeWeknowknow that the stone
that the stonetablet
tabletinscriptions
inscriptions have
have high high historical,
historical, cultural,
cultural, and artistic
and artistic value,
value, and comprise
and comprise historical
historical significance,
significance, cultural
cultural landscape,
landscape, and and calligraphy
calligraphy art research
art research ma-
materials [109–111].
terials [109–111]. The The stone
stone tablets
tablets is the
is the unique
unique scenery
scenery of ofthethe garden
garden that that represent
represent the
the historical
historical stories
stories to increase
to increase its connotations
its connotations [112,113].
[112,113]. There There
are 17arestone
17 stone tablets
tablets in
in Qing
Qing Yan Yuan, namely, one of Emperor Kangxi, 13 of Emperor
Yan Yuan, namely, one of Emperor Kangxi, 13 of Emperor Qianlong, one of Emperor Qianlong, one of Emperor
Daoguang,
Daoguang,one oneinscription
inscriptionwithout
withoutwords,words,and andone oneChastity
ChastityStele.Stele.These
Theseare aremainly
mainlythe the
emperor’s reward for the honor of the Governor-General, such
emperor’s reward for the honor of the Governor-General, such as the many inscriptions as the many inscriptions on
the
on promenade,
the promenade, as shown in Figure
as shown 13. The
in Figure 13.“Indifferent
The “Indifferent Tranquility” stone tablet
Tranquility” stonebestowed
tablet be-
by Emperor
stowed Kangxi is Kangxi
by Emperor praise and affirmation
is praise of the Governor-General
and affirmation Penghui Zhang.
of the Governor-General PenghuiIn
addition, Qianlong awarded inscriptions to Bin Gao, Fenghan
Zhang. In addition, Qianlong awarded inscriptions to Bin Gao, Fenghan Li, Jin Gao, and Li, Jin Gao, and Zhongshan
Bai during hisBai
Zhongshan sixduring
southern histours, and the tours,
six southern contents and of the
the contents
inscriptions were
of the “Flood control
inscriptions were
achievements”, “Work diligently”, “Message to the Governor-General”,
“Flood control achievements”, “Work diligently”, “Message to the Governor-General”, etc. In addition,
the
etc.emperor of Daoguang
In addition, the emperor inscribed “Governor-General
of Daoguang of Li Shixu who met
inscribed “Governor-General of the emperor”
Li Shixu who
on the stone tablets [114]. Among these rewards, the Governor-General
met the emperor” on the stone tablets [114]. Among these rewards, the Governor-General of Penghui Zhang
“raised the levee of Hongze Lake and widened lakes to guide river water”, and Bin Gao
of Penghui Zhang “raised the levee of Hongze Lake and widened lakes to guide river
used the “Qing-kou Mulong” technique [75]; the remarkable effect on the Grand Canal
water”, and Bin Gao used the “Qing-kou Mulong” technique [75]; the remarkable effect
control was affirmed by the emperor by giving a stone tablet. Mei Yuan wrote “Four Poems
on the Grand Canal control was affirmed by the emperor by giving a stone tablet. Mei
say goodbye to He fang Academy” that described: “Look at the deepest reward of Emperor,
Yuan wrote “Four Poems say goodbye to He fang Academy” that described: “Look at the
steles stood against the setting sun. Most of the stone tablets in the garden were awarded by
deepest reward of Emperor, steles stood against the setting sun. Most of the stone tablets
high officials” [93]. Therefore, the stele inscription symbolizes the praise given to the Canal
in the garden were awarded by high officials” [93]. Therefore, the stele inscription sym-
Governor-Generals who contributed to the transportation of water, and “Stone tablets show
bolizes the praise given to the Canal Governor-Generals who contributed to the transpor-
the achievements of officials “represents the public’s understanding of the existing steles in
tation of water, and “Stone tablets show the achievements of officials “represents the pub-
Qing Yan Yuan. Figure 14 shows the stone stele awarded to Gao Bin by Emperor Qianlong.
lic’s understanding of the existing steles in Qing Yan Yuan. Figure 14 shows the stone stele
For example: “The Imperial Stele Pavilion and the Stele Corridor have many inscriptions, most of
awarded
which were to Gao Bin
rewards by emperor
by the Emperor of Qianlong.
Qing Dynasty” For example:
(F4-J07-06); “The
“The Imperial Stele Pavilion
Stele Garden representsand
the Stele Corridor have many inscriptions, most of which were rewards
the achievements of river governance in previous generations” (F4-N06-05). “The Indifferent by the emperor of Qing
Dynasty” (F4-J07-06);
Tranquility “The Stelethe
stone tablet represents Garden
awardrepresents
of the emperorthe achievements
that praises theof river governance
achievement in pre-
of official
“(F4-N04-06); “The three-sided corridor with many stone tablets embedded in the front of corridorof
vious generations” (F4-N06-05). “The Indifferent Tranquility stone tablet represents the award
isthe
theemperor thatcommendation
emperor’s praises the achievement of official “(F4-N04-06);
to the Governor-General.” (F4-E01-06);“The “The
three-sided
Yu-beicorridor
Yuan is with
the
many stone
emperor’s tablets
reward forembedded in the of
the governance front
the of corridor
canal” is the emperor’s commendation to the Gover-
(F4-N09-04).
nor-General.” (F4-E01-06); “The Yu-bei Yuan is the emperor’s reward for the governance of the
canal” (F4-N09-04).
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Figure 14. The Inscription Given to Bin Gao by the Emperor Qianlong.
Figure14.
Figure 14.The
TheInscription
InscriptionGiven
GiventotoBin
BinGao
Gaobybythe
theEmperor
EmperorQianlong.
Qianlong.
4.2.5. Landscape Appellation Expresses Canal Governor-General’s Mood
4.2.5. Landscape
4.2.5.The
Landscape Appellation Expresses Canal
CanalGovernor-General’s Mood
naming Appellation
of Chinese classicalExpresses gardens isGovernor-General’s
related to the mainMood functions of the gar-
dens,The
The naming
which alsoofreflect
naming Chinese
of theclassical
Chinese gardens
classical
sentiments of theisowners
gardens related to the
is related
of tomain
the the main
gardens. functions of thethe
functions
Generally, ofgardens,
the gar-
prom-
which
dens, also
which reflect
also the sentiments
reflect the of
sentimentsthe owners
of the of
ownersthe
inent garden theme is “words concise but full of meaning” [112,115,116], and naming gardens.
of the Generally,
gardens. the
Generally, prominent
the prom-
garden
forms theme is
inent garden
include “words
theme
memorial, concise
is “words
scenery, butaspiration,
concisefull but
of meaning”
fulland [112,115,116],
of meaning”
lyricism. and
[112,115,116],
Plaques andnaming forms
and naming
couplets are
include
mostly memorial,
forms include
written by scenery,
memorial,
the garden aspiration,
scenery, and
owneraspiration, lyricism.
according to and Plaques
hislyricism. and
personalPlaques couplets
mood, which are
and couplets mostly
the viewer are
written
can see by
mostly the garden
written by theowner
“「象外之象、景外之景、弦外之音」 garden according to his the
owner according personal
to his mood,
image outsidewhich
personal mood,
the thewhich
picture,viewer
the the can
scene see
viewer
out-
“「象外之象、景外之景、弦外之音」
can see
side the “「象外之象、景外之景、弦外之音」
garden, the sound outside the thespace”
imagethroughoutside
the imagehisthe picture,
outside
personal thethe scenethe
picture,
association outside
scenethe out-
[112,117].
garden,
side the the sound
garden, outside
the sound the space”
outside thethrough
space” his personal
through his
This is mainly due to the cultural habit of ancient Chinese literati who express their per- association
personal [112,117].
association This
[112,117].is
mainly
This is due
mainlyto thedue cultural
to the habit ofhabit
cultural ancient ChineseChinese
of ancient literati literati
who express
who their personal
sonal aesthetics, ideals, and aspirations through poetry. Successive Canalexpress their per-
Governor-Gen-
aesthetics,
sonalwrote ideals,
aesthetics, and
ideals, aspirations through
and aspirations poetry.
through Successive Canal Governor-Generals
erals poems and couplets on plaques and poetry.
buildings Successive
to encourageCanalthemselves
Governor-Gen- and
wrote
erals poems
wrote and couplets on plaques and buildings to encourage themselves and declare
declare their poems
aspirations and couplets
when they onpresided
plaques and buildings
over the management to encourage themselves
of the Grand Canaland in
their aspirations
declare their when they
aspirations presided
when over theover
they presided management
the managementof the Grand theCanal in Qingin
Qing Yan Yuan. The name of Qing Yan Yuan changed in differentofperiods GranddueCanalto this
Yan
QingYuan.
Yan The name
Yuan. The of name
Qing Yan Yuan Yan
ofname
Qing changedYuan in differentin periods dueperiods
to this reason; to for
reason; for example, the initial of Qing Yanchanged different
Yuan was “HuaiYuan” because due Huai’an this
example,
reason; the
for initial
example, name the of Qing
initial Yan
name Yuan
of Qing was Yan“HuaiYuan”
Yuan was because
“HuaiYuan” Huai’an is
because located
Huai’anat
is located at the intersection of the Huai River and the canal, where most local buildings
the intersection of the Huai River and the canal, where most local buildings were named
is located
were named at “Huaiwu”
the intersection [90]. of the Huai
Then, the CanalRiverGovernor-General
and the canal, where most
of Jing Wu local
changedbuildingsthe
“Huaiwu” [90]. Then, the Canal Governor-General of Jing Wu changed the name to Dan
were to
name named “Huaiwu”
Dan Yuan, according[90]. toThen, the Canal Governor-General
the “Indifferent Tranquility “stoneoftablet, Jing Wu changed the
for self-encour-
Yuan, according to the “Indifferent Tranquility “stone tablet, for self-encouragement during
name to Dan
agement during Yuan,theaccording to the “Indifferent
Jiaqing period. It was later Tranquility
renamed “Qing “stone tablet,
Yan Yuan” for self-encour-
which was
the Jiaqing period. It was later renamed “Qing Yan Yuan” which was derived from the
derived from the meaning of “The river was calm and grain was plentiful while which
agement during the Jiaqing period. It was later renamed “Qing Yan Yuan” the people was
meaning of “The river was calm and grain was plentiful while the people lived and worked
derived
lived and from
workedthe meaning
in peace「河清海晏, of “The river
and contentment was calm and grain
「河清海晏,五穀豐登,百姓安居」” was plentiful while the people
in peace and contentment 五穀豐登, 百姓安居」” [84]. In addition [84]. to theIn
lived andtoworked
addition the name in peace
of the and contentment
garden, the other 「河清海晏,五穀豐登,百姓安居」”
designation also expressed the Canal [84].
Gov- In
name of the garden, the other designation also expressed the Canal Governor-General’s
addition to the name
ernor-General’s descriptionof theof garden,
the Grandthe other
Canal designation
as smooth alsocalm.
and expressed
For the Canal
example, a Gov-
poem
description of the Grand Canal as smooth and calm. For example, a poem was written about
ernor-General’s
was written description of the Grand Canal as smooththe and calm. For of example, asa“Hide
poem
the “He fangabout
Academy” the “He fang
that Academy”
expressed thethat
meaningexpressedof plaque meaning
as “Hide plaque
bad revelation
was
badshowwritten
revelation about
and tothe
show “He fang Academy” that expressed the meaning of plaque as “Hide
and the good takethe thegood to take the
homophony of homophony
river defense” of [89],
riverwhich
defense” [89], flood
implies which
prevention and management. Qing Lin once renamed the Hengjian hall to the “Lan which
bad
impliesrevelation
flood and
prevention show the
and good to
management. take the
Qing homophony
Lin once of river
renamed defense”
the Hengjian [89], hall
Tianto
implies
the “Lanflood prevention
Tian Feng and management.
Ding pavilion” and the “Tian QingBo Lin
Lou”oncewas renamed the Hengjian
set up during the Tongzhihall to
the “Lan Tian Feng Ding pavilion” and the “Tian Bo Lou” was set up during the Tongzhi
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2831 22 of 31
Feng Ding pavilion” and the “Tian Bo Lou” was set up during the Tongzhi period, in the
hope that the river course in the Huang–Huai area would “Calm without flood”. As shown
in the landscape narrative data: “The plaque in the garden has the meaning of water control
and the ideals of the Canal Governor-General” (F5-N12-10); “Qing Yan Yuan was not the original
name, which we named in the hope that Huai river was calm and had no floods“(F4-I04-06); “Qing
Yan Yuan implies the water was calm without flood” (F5-N07-02); “the buildings in the garden were
all named in line with the theme of ‘water governance’, such as the boat-form pavilion of Qingyan
Fang and Jinyu Tower ”(F5-T10-05)“; the name of Jinyu Tower is taken from Du Fu’s poem of ”Lin
Yu Si Xian that implied a virtuous scholar with heavy rain after a drought“ (F5-N09-05).
Figure15.
Figure 15.Office Simulationof
Office Simulation ofthe
theCanal
CanalGovernor–General.
Governor–General.
4.3.3.
4.3.3.Citizen
CitizenLearning
LearningPark
Park
Qing
QingYan
YanYuan contains
Yuan important
contains landscape
important architecture
landscape for thefor
architecture public to learntoabout
the public learn
Huai’an culture,culture,
about Huai’an and contains the historical
and contains background
the historical of water
background transportation
of water in thein
transportation
Ming and Qing Dynasties (Figure 16). It is the only government garden in the history of
water transport [108,119], and contains rich artistic and historical values. As such, it is the
most representative classical garden in Huai’an. In addition, it is free to enter for the public
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Figure16.
16. WaterTransport
Transport ManagementAgency.
Agency.
Figure 16.Water
Figure Water TransportManagement
Management Agency.
local cultural heritage. The language narrative of the landscape theme allows the public
to become the disseminators of heritage values, and leaves the local culture and spirit to
the future generations. It also conforms to the sustainable cultural heritage management
model [28,29]. From the address of Qing Yan Yuan in Huai’an, the public realized its special
position as the key to flood control in the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. In addition, the build-
ings in different periods indicate that successive officials have repaired the environment
of Qing Yan Yuan, and the later expansion of Ye Ting Memorial Garden shows that the
function of it changed due to historical changes. Overall, the landscape of Qing Yan Yuan is
vast and integrates landscapes, flowers, trees, lakes and stones, inscriptions, and pavilions.
Historically, it served as the office and living place of local officials during the Ming and
Qing Dynasties, which indirectly reflected the social status of Canal Governor-Generals.
These significant functions of Qing Yan Yuan also enhanced the symbolism of the canal
culture in the space. Therefore, the public gradually recognized the Huai’an canal culture
due to its construction, site selection, and the style of architecture and rocks in Qing Yan
Yuan. Furthermore, the Water Transport Culture Museum in the garden helped the public
realize the value of cultural heritage for present and future generations.
In summary, we observed that the Huai’an public, with a mix of professional and non-
professional backgrounds, organized their personal notions according to three aspects—origin,
function, and meaning—which established a basic understanding of the historical relic
of Qing Yan Yuan through landscape narrative materials. Behind these value concepts
is the comprehension by the Huai’an public of cultural heritage sustainability as “Past
presentation, place identification, and future education.” More importantly, these heritage
values are inherited by the local community through the oral interpretation of landscape,
so that the sustainability of local cultural heritage can be practiced accordingly.
5.1. The “Past Presentation” between the Original Landscape Narrative and Cultural Heritage Sustainability
The original landscape narrative is the public’s understanding of the background of
the construction and establishment of Qing Yan Yuan. In the process of data analysis, we
discovered that the public used concepts such as “Huai’an is located at the key position
of Beijing-Hangzhou Canal”, “Historical water control center”, “Canal Governor-General
Designer”, “The historical evolution of Qing Yan Yuan”, which formed the basis of the
public’s awareness of why the Grand Canal governance institutions were established
in Huai’an in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, these expressions tell others
something about the renovation and transformation of the well-known position of the
Canal Governor-General, including how it evolved from the highest institution of river
management to a local management department. The whole conceptual process is the
sustainable implementation of cultural heritage resulting from public actions. Through
the public’s attention to the landscape and understanding of the scenes, it is transformed
into a language narrative that forms personal landscape experience while establishing a
historical framework of Qing Yan Yuan. This is the resurrection of the past of the place by
the public through the interpretation of space. Therefore, the original landscape narrative
formed by the public establishes the concept of “resurrecting the past” in the local cultural
heritage value.
5.2. The “Place Identity“ between the Functional Landscape Narrative and Cultural Heritage Sustainability
The functional landscape narrative is the public’s understanding of the past environ-
ment usage through landscape elements and space layout planning. In terms of spatial
layout, Qing Yan Yuan covers an area of about 8 hectares, of which one half is the location
of an office building and the other half is a space for leisure. Although Qing Yan Yuan now
has an open space that encourages citizens to visit and enjoy the garden, the public still
clearly knows that the Water Transport Management Agency had an important historical
function during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Qing Yan Yuan was designed for habitation
and recreation by Canal Governor-Generals, and even received emperors who came to
inspect the canal in plain civilian clothes. The data shows that the contents of the landscape
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2831 26 of 31
described by the public are all related to government affairs, and status, merits, ambitions,
and life of the Canal Governor-Generals. The appellation of the garden, buildings, and the
decorative couplets reflected the ambitions and ideals of the officials. In addition, a large
number of stone tablets were the inspiration for the Canal Governor-Generals, while also
showing that the emperor of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the smooth
transportation of water. Therefore, the contents of these landscape materials, according to
the public, formed the functional concepts of the place, such as “Canal Governor-General
Back Garden”, “official status representative”, “temporary dwelling place of an emperor”,
“stone tablets show the achievements of officials”, and “Landscape appellation expresses
Canal Governor-General’s mood”. These concepts indicate it was a government office
building and a landscape garden earmarked for officials’ leisure during the Ming and Qing
Dynasties, and that the public generally have a basic understanding of the site’s usage.
At the same time, the public gained the identity of Qing Yan Yuan through the content
of the landscape narrative, which echoed the contribution of cultural heritage values to
contemporary society.
5.3. The “Future Education” between the Meaningful Landscape Narrative and Cultural Heritage Sustainability
The meaningful landscape narrative is the public’s understanding of the local cultural
heritage status of historical sites, and is based on the landscape elements in Qing Yan Yuan.
Although Qing Yan Yuan has undergone tremendous changes, the characteristics of the
garden style are obvious and currently in a good state of preservation. It is well-known
to the public that the scale of Qing Yan Yuan’s construction is higher than that of private
gardens, and the landscape elements combine the beauty of the south and the vigor of the
north, thus forming a unique Jianghuai garden. In addition, because it was also used as
the office and living place of Canal Governor-Generals, it is recognized by the public as
a symbol of the water transport officials’ garden. The Huai’an Water Transport Culture
Museum was constructed at the exit of Qing Yan Yuan to display the location and frequency
of floods during the Ming and Qing Dynasties; the widespread water control techniques
used at that time, such as sluice models; and the models of emperor and ministers who
have inspected the flood. Analyzing the data shows that the public visit the ruins of
Qing Yan Yuan that are associated with the past to learn about the contribution of the
garden to history, and these landscape experiences have enriched the personal background
knowledge of the local cultural heritage. In addition, these landscape narratives have
become the image of Huai’an history, which is conducive to future generations, whether
they are familiar with it or not. It is also helpful to understand the local cultural heritage
value to learn the knowledge of the water transport culture. Therefore, the interpretation
of the landscape architecture site formed by the public who uses the landscape narrative
materials is a form of cultural heritage education, which is beneficial to the present and
future-oriented, and contributes to the sustainable management of cultural heritage.
6. Conclusions
The management of cultural heritage is a top-down development model that is usually
dominated by experts who propose suggestions to localities and residents. In addition, the
study of cultural heritage preservation in the concept of the landscape is also undertaken
from an expert perspective. However, expert-based assessments cannot capture the dynam-
ics and essence of social values. In particular, the public are the owners of the local cultural
heritage and are thus more familiar with the stories of the heritage, while also having their
own interpretation of cultural heritage values. Therefore, the public should not be passive
in the preservation of the heritage. From a long-term perspective, sustainable cultural
heritage management needs to be based on local areas and empower local populations,
because personal knowledge and understanding are required to stimulate the public’s
awareness of heritage management.
This article adopts the landscape narrative method to systematically integrate the
opinions of experts and non-experts, and analyzes how the public uses the experience of
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2831 27 of 31
landscape observation to organize personal thinking in daily life. The study found that
the local public established the identification strategy of Qing Yan Yuan as water transport
cultural heritage through “originating landscape description, functional landscape descrip-
tion, and meaning landscape description”. The original landscape narrative adopted by
the local public is an expression of the “past presentation” that is based on recognizing the
cultural heritage value; the functional landscape narrative is the embodiment of shaping
cultural heritage value with “place identity”; and the composition of the meaningful land-
scape narrative is the symbolic spirit of local cultural heritage value. Thus, pride in the
personal cultural heritage background is enhanced, and the realization of cultural heritage
value via future education is promoted. From this perspective, the management of local
cultural heritage value through the public who use the landscape narrative is conducive
to establishing a sense of ownership and empowerment. This ownership is derived from
personal experience and understanding, that is, the expression of the subjective thinking
process to promote the local practice of cultural heritage sustainability.
The case study in this paper is Qing Yan Yuan in Huai’an, China, which is a site
combining architecture and landscape, so the landscape narrative can explore the means
by which the public describes the cultural heritage value. However, the promotion of
this result requires architectural heritage with the same conditions. In addition, cultural
heritage sustainability with the local public as the mainstay is an active heritage education
learning method. Although the characteristics of origin, function, and meaning can help
the public to interpret the connotations of local cultural heritage, researchers and heritage
management departments can further explore how to mobilize the public to use the
landscape narrative to spread the value of cultural heritage.
Author Contributions: D.F. contributed to the conceptual design of the study, data collection, draft-
ing the article, formal analysis, and final approval. S.-c.C. contributed to the conceptual design of
the study, supervision of the progress, and final approval. F.W. contributed to the conceptual design
of the study, and data collection. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by the Program of Jiangsu Social Science Foundation Youth
Project in 2019 (No. 19YSC005), China. This research was supported by the project Program of
Philosophy and Social Science Research in Jiangsu Universities in 2020 (No. 2020SJA1765), China.
This research was also supported by the Program of National Natural Science Youth Fund Project
Approval in 2018(No. 51808249), China. This research was also supported by Chinese Ministry of
Education Project Approval in 2019(No. 19YJA760055), China.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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