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Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

1. This document describes an experiment to construct an amplitude modulation circuit using a transistor. The circuit is used to modulate a 8V, 1kHz modulating signal onto a 50mV, 500kHz carrier signal. The modulated output is then analyzed and the modulation index is calculated. 2. Next, an envelope detector circuit is used to demodulate the amplitude modulated signal and reconstruct the original modulating signal. The input signals and output waveforms are measured and plotted. 3. Finally, the amplitude modulation is simulated using SCILAB software to generate an AM wave with a modulating frequency of 1kHz, carrier frequency of 20kHz, and 75% modulation index.

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Chandrahasa reddy E
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100 views5 pages

Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

1. This document describes an experiment to construct an amplitude modulation circuit using a transistor. The circuit is used to modulate a 8V, 1kHz modulating signal onto a 50mV, 500kHz carrier signal. The modulated output is then analyzed and the modulation index is calculated. 2. Next, an envelope detector circuit is used to demodulate the amplitude modulated signal and reconstruct the original modulating signal. The input signals and output waveforms are measured and plotted. 3. Finally, the amplitude modulation is simulated using SCILAB software to generate an AM wave with a modulating frequency of 1kHz, carrier frequency of 20kHz, and 75% modulation index.

Uploaded by

Chandrahasa reddy E
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

1.1 Objective

To construct an amplitude modulator circuit using transistor with V c=50mv, Vm=8v to


satisfy under modulation condition and generate amplitude modulated signal. Calculate the
modulation index and also demodulate using envelope detector and reconstruct the
modulating signal. Simulate Amplitude Modulation (AM) wave in time domain using
SCILAB.

1.2 Hardware Required

S.No Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity


1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1
2 Audio Frequency Oscillator (0-2) MHz 2
3 Regulated power supply (0 -30V), 1A 1

4 Resistors 1.5K Ω 2
10 K Ω 3
20 K Ω 1
100 K Ω 2
5 Capacitors 0.1 µf 1
0.01 µf 1
0.001 µf 3
22 µf 1
6 Semiconductor Device(Transistor) BC108 1
7 Semiconductor Device( Diode) OA79 1

1.3 Theory

Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier signal


is varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred to
as the modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the
modulation signal.

AM Modulation Circuit Diagram

Specifications
R1 = R2 = R5 = 10KΩ; R3 = 1.5KΩ; R4 = 20KΩ; C1 = 0.01µF; C2 = 0.001µF;

C3 = 0.1 µf; Vc = 50mV; fc = 500KHZ; Vm = 8V; fm = 1KHZ; VCC = 30V

Fig. 1.1 AM Modulator Circuit

1.3.1 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which amplitude of the carrier


wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal. The
envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the
following two requirements are satisfied

1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency components
fm of the message signal m (t)

i.e. fc >>fm

2. The modulation index must be less than unity. If the modulation index is greater than
unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

1.3.2 Amplitude Demodulation

The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from
modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The envelope detector
circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the
envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier
frequency and phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope.

An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the modulation


envelope. A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become horizontal if the rate
of modulation envelope during negative half cycle of the modulation voltage is faster than the
rate of voltage RC combination ,the output fails to follow the modulation resulting distorted
output is called as diagonal clipping : this will occur even high modulation index.

The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than unity and circuit
impedance is less than circuit load (R l>Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of
modulating signal. It is called “negative clipping “

AM Demodulation Circuit Diagram

Specifications

C1=0.001μf, C2=22 μf, C3=0.001μf, R1=100KΩ and R2=100KΩ.

Fig. 1.2 AM Demodulator Circuit

1.4 Pre Lab Questions

1. Define Modulation.

2. Why Modulation is necessary for communication system.

3. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of an AM wave is 16 mV and the minimum


peak-to-peak voltage is 4 mV. Calculate the modulation factor.
4. The load current in the transmitting antenna of an unmodulated AM transmitter is 8A.
What will be the antenna current when modulation is 40%?

5. Define Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation?


1.5 Lab Procedure

1.5.1 Amplitude Modulation

1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.

2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the transistor.

3. Set the input signal fm as 1 KHz and 8 volt sinusoidal signal in AFO

4. Set the carrier signal fc as 500 KHz and 50 millivolt sinusoidal signal in AFO

5. The Amplitude Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor.

6. Note down Emax and Emin from the Output waveform.

7. Calculate modulation index using the formula.

E max−E min
Modulation index m =
E max+ E min
8. Plot the input signals and obtained AM output waveforms in the graph sheet

1.5.2 Amplitude Demodulation

1. The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The amplitude modulated signal from AM generator is given as input to the de-
modulator circuit.

3. The demodulated output is observed on the CRO

4. Plot the obtained AM demodulated output waveforms in the graph sheet

1.6 Observation - Hardware

Signal name Amplitude Frequency Time period


Modulating signal

Carrier signal

Modulated signal

Demodulated signal
1.6.1 Model graph

Fig. 1.3 Amplitude Modulation waveforms

Fig. 1.4 AM Demodulated Waveform

1.7 Post Lab Questions


1. Use SCILAB to produce AM wave with the following specification

Modulating Wave Sinusodal


Modulation Frequency 1kHz
Carrier frequency 20kHz
Percentage Modulation 75%

1.8 Lab Result


Thus the amplitude modulation and demodulation were performed and the modulation
index for various modulating voltage were calculated.

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