SPSS Lab – Practical File

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelors of

Business Administration course of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University

Submitted By Under the guidance of

ARSHAN NASSIR MR. ASHOK ASTHANA

Batch: 2017-2020, Assistant Professor-(NDIM)

Semester – 4th

New Delhi Institute of Management

61 – Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi -110062
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to various people, who

directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work
and who influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts during the
course of study.

I am indebted to Ashok Asthana, Faculty - NDIM, and NDIM

College for their support, co-operation and motivation provided to
me during the study. I am also indebted to my group members
ARSHAN NASSIR (ROLL NO. 01615501717), ANKIT
PHOGAT (ROLL NO.44615501717) AAKASH JAGAT (ROLL
NO.41915501717) AMAN TIWARI (ROLL NO. without whom
the project could not be completed

The project has been a learning experience for me and my group.

Needless to say I and my group members alone remain responsible
for any errors that might have crept into the pages, despite of our
best possible effort to avoid them.

ARSHAN NASSIR
BBA (4thSem)
Enrollment No. - 01615501717
 DECLARATION

We,ARSHAN NASSIR (ROLL NO.01615501717.), ANKIT PHOGAT (ROLL NO.

44615501717), AAKASH JAGAT (ROLL NO.41915501717), AMAN TIWARI (ROLL NO.
40215501717) ,declared that this project is done by us on the basis of data provided by
our faculty guide. This is an original piece of work and we adhere to the norms and
guidelines provided

ARSHAN NASSIR (ROLL NO. 01615501717)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. CONTENTS Page No.

Chapter 1 Introduction to SPSS

1.1 Introduction to SPSS

1.2 About SPSS

1.3 Advantages and disadvantages

1.4 Functions of SPSS

Chapter 2 Layout of SPSS

2.1 Layout of SPSS

2.2 Components of SPSS – data view

2.2.2 Variable view

2.2.3 Analyze
2.2.4 File

2.2.5 Edit

2.2.6 Transform

2.2.7 Graphs
Chapter 3 Entering Data to SPSS
3.1 Entering Data to SPSS
3.2 How to enter data into SPSS?
3.3 Steps to enter data
Chapter 4 SPSS Lab Exercise
4.1 Exercise 1- Descriptive Statistics of Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5
4.2 Exercise 2 – Independent Sample Test.
4.3 Exercise 3 – Simple Bivariate Correlation

4.4 Exercise 4 – Simple Bivariate Regression

4.5 Exercise 5 – Reliability of Questionnaire

Annexure Sample Questionnaire

 Coded Data

Inputting Data to SPSS

List of Charts/ Screen Shots

CHART TITLE PAGE

NO.
NO.
1 Screen shot of SPSS
2 Screenshot of Data View
3 Screenshot of Layout of SPSS, variable view, analysis, file,
edit, transform, utilities.
4 Screenshot of Entering data into SPSS, method and Steps to
entering data
5 Screenshot of Frequency, Mean, Median, Mode and selection
of Chart- histogram, pie chart, bar diagram.
6 Table of Output of Frequencies of Descriptive Statistics. In
which mean median mode of q1, q2, q3, q4, q5 are
calculated.
7 Histogram of Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5
8 Screenshot of compare Means
9 Screenshot of one sample t test and output
10 Screenshot of correlation, output of correlation.
11 Screenshot of Regression, linear regression
12 Output of regression, model summary, correlation,
coefficient
13 Screenshot of reliability of Analysis of questionnaire,
14 Output of reliability of analysis
15 Screenshot of Coded data 1, 2, 3 .

Introduction to SPSS
What is SPSS

SPSS is a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs. SPSS is capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more. SPSS is
commonly used in the Social Sciences and in the business world, so familiarity with this
program should serve you well in the future.

Opening SPSS

Depending on how the computer you are working on is structured, you can open
SPSS in one of two ways.

1. If there is an SPSS shortcut like this on the desktop, simply put the
cursor on it and double click the left mouse button.
2. Click the left mouse button on the button on your screen, then put
your cursor on Programs or All Programs and left click the mouse. Select SPSS for
Windows by clicking the left mouse button. (For a while that started calling the program
PASW Statistics 17, but they seem to have given that up as a dumb idea when everyone
else calls it SPSS. The version number may change by the time you read this.) Either
approach will launch the program.

Use one of these approaches to open SPSS yourself.

You will see a screen that looks like the image on the next page. The dialog box
that appears offers choices of running the tutorial, typing in data, running queries, or
opening an existing data source. The window behind this is the Data Editor window
which is used to display the data from whatever file you are using. You could select any
one of the options on the start-up dialog box and click OK, or you could simply hit
Cancel. If you hit Cancel, you can either enter new data in the blank Data Editor or you
could open an existing file using the File menu bar as explained later.

Click Cancel, and we’ll get acquainted with the layout of SPSS.

Advantages and Disadvantages of SPSS

Advantages of SPSS
  One can import data from other sources, when data is organized as a database,
including Excel.
 Comprehensive Data Management tools - The most critical part of any data
analysis is the initial data entry. IBM SPSS offers a simple spread sheet format for
data entry that is intuitive and easy to start with. More importantly, IBM SPSS
provides a broad range of data documentation (especially value labels) that will
help you to ensure consistency in your data entry.
 Excellent graphical display options.- IBM SPSS provides scatterplots, boxplots,
and histograms that help to see patterns in your data. These graphics will provide
a general framework for understanding your data and its interpretation
 IBM SPSS offers a broad range of highly flexible statistical models: most notably
the general linear model and a variety of logistic regression models. These allow
you to have a single program that will meet almost all your data analysis needs.

Disadvantages of SPSS

 Does not support Structural Equation Modelling (by and large, an extension
method of regression models based on covariance matrix)
 Does not allows for simultaneous estimation of regression parameters and
associations between independent (predictor) variables
 Does not provides model fit indices to evaluate how well data is represented
 Does not allows including latent traits without building composite scores or
extracting factor regression scores

Uses of SPSS
 Data Collection and Organisation - SPSS is often used as a data collection tool
by researchers. The data entry screen in SPSS looks much like any other spread
sheet software. You can enter variables and quantitative data and save the file as a
data file. Furthermore, you can organize your data in SPSS by assigning
properties to different variables. For example, you can designate a variable as a
nominal variable, and that information is stored in SPSS. The next time you
access the data file, which could be weeks, months or even years, you'll be able to
see exactly how your data is organized.
 Data Output - Once data is collected and entered into the data sheet in SPSS, you
can create an output file from the data. For example, you can create frequency
distributions of your data to determine whether your data set is normally
distributed. The frequency distribution is displayed in an output file. You can
export items from the output file and place them into a research article you're
writing. Therefore, instead of recreating a table or graph, you can take the table or
graph directly from the data output file from SPSS.
 Statistical Tests - The most obvious use for SPSS is to use the software to run
statistical tests. SPSS has all of the most widely used statistical tests built-in to the
software. Therefore, you won't have to do any mathematical equations by hand.
Once you run a statistical test, all associated outputs are displayed in the data
output file. You can also transform your data by performing advanced statistical
transformations. This is especially useful for data that is not normally distributed.
 CHAPTER 2

LAYOUT OF SPSS

Layout of SPSS

The Data Editor window has two views that can be selected from the lower left
hand side of the screen. Data View is where you see the data you are using. Variable
View is where you can specify the format of your data when you are creating a file or
where you can check the format of a pre-existing file. The data in the Data Editor is
saved in a file with the extension .sav.

Menu bar

Icons

Start-up dialog box

 The other most commonly used SPSS window is the SPSS Viewer window which
displays the output from any analyses that have been run and any error messages.
Information from the Output Viewer is saved in a file with the extension .spo. Let’s open
an output file and look at it.

On the File menu, click Open and select Output. Select appendixoutput.spo from the
files that can be found at
http://www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/fundamentals7/SPSSManual/SPSSLongerManual/
DataForSPSS/. (At the moment this set of web pages is the most recent version
whichever of my books you are using.) Click Ok. The following will appear. The left
hand side is an outline of all of the output in the file. The right side is the actual
output. To shrink or enlarge either side put your cursor on the line that divides them.
When the double headed arrow appears, hold the left mouse button and move the line
in either direction. Release the button and the size will be adjusted.

Finally, there is the Syntax window which displays the command language used to
run various operations. Typically, you will simply use the dialog boxes to set up
commands, and would not see the Syntax window. The Syntax window would be
 activated if you pasted the commands from the dialog box to it, or if you wrote you own
syntax--something we will not focus on here. Syntax files end in the extension .sps.

SPSS Menus and Icons

Now, let’s review the menus and icons.

Review the options listed under each menu on the Menu Bar by clicking them one at a
time. Follow along with the below descriptions.

File includes all of the options

you typically use in other programs, such
as open, save, exit. Notice, that you can
open or create new files of multiple types
as illustrated to the right
.
 Edit includes the typical cut,
copy, and paste commands, and allows
you to specify various options for
displaying data and output.

Click on Options, and you will see

the dialog box to the left. You can
use this to format the data, output,
charts, etc. These choices are rather
overwhelming, and you can simply
take the default options for now. The
author of your text (me) was too
dumb to even know these options
could easily be set.
 View allows you to select which toolbars you want to show, select font size, add
or remove the gridlines that separate each piece of data, and to select whether or not to
display your raw data or the data labels.

Data allows you to select several options ranging from displaying data that is
sorted by a specific variable to selecting certain cases for subsequent analyses.

Transform includes several options to change current variables. For example,

you can change continuous variables to categorical variables, change scores into rank
scores, add a constant to variables, etc.

Analyze includes all of the commands to carry out statistical analyses and to
calculate descriptive statistics. Much of this book will focus on using commands located
in this menu.

Graphs includes the commands to create various types of graphs including box
plots, histograms, line graphs, and bar charts.

Utilities allows you to list file information which is a list of all variables, there
labels, values, locations in the data file, and type.

Add-ons are programs that can be added to the base SPSS package. You probably
do not have access to any of those.

Window can be used to select which window you want to view (i.e., Data Editor,
Output Viewer, or Syntax). Since we have a data file and an output file open, let’s try
this.

Select Window/Data Editor. Then select Window/SPSS Viewer.

Help has many useful options including a link to the SPSS homepage, a statistics
coach, and a syntax guide. Using topics, you can use the index option to type in any key
word and get a list of options, or you can view the categories and subcategories available
under contents. This is an excellent tool and can be used to troubleshoot most problems.

The Icons directly under the Menu bar provide shortcuts to many common
commands that are available in specific menus. Take a moment to review these as well.

Place your cursor over the Icons for a few seconds, and a description of the underlying
command will appear. For example, this icon is the shortcut for Save. Review the
others yourself.

In the chapters that follow, we will review many specific functions available
through these Menus and Icons, but it is important that you take a few moments to
familiarize yourself with the layout and options before beginning.
Exiting SPSS

To close SPSS, you can either left click on the close button located on the
upper right hand corner of the screen or select Exit from the File menu.
Choose one of these approaches.

A dialog box like the one below will appear for every open window asking you if you
want to save it before exiting. You almost always want to save data files. Output files
may be large, so you should ask yourself if you need to save them or if you simply want
to print them.

Click No for each dialog box since we do not have any new files or changed files to
save.

Exercises

1. Look up “ANOVA” in Help/Help topics. What kind of information did you

find?

2. Look up “compare groups for significant differences” in Help/ Statistics Coach.

What did you learn?

3. Open appendixd.sav. In the Data Viewer click Grid Lines in the View menu and
note what happens.

4. While in the Data Viewer for appendixd.sav, click Font in the View menu and
select the font style and size of your choice.

5. Using Edit/Options/General, under Variable View select Display Labels and

File. In future this means that SPSS will list the variables in the order they appear
in the file using the variable labels rather than variable names. As you are
analyzing data in future exercises try to notice whether or not you like this option.
If not, change it.
 CHAPTER 3
ENTERING DATA TO
SPSS
Entering Data to SPSS

When you open the SPSS program, you will see a blank spreadsheet in Data View. If you
already have another dataset open but want to create a new one, click File > New > Data
to open a blank spreadsheet.

You will notice that each of the columns is labeled “var.” The column names will
represent the variables that you enter in your dataset. You will also notice that each row
is labeled with a number (“1,” “2,” and so on). The rows will represent cases that will be
a part of your dataset. When you enter values for your data in the spreadsheet cells, each
value will correspond to a specific variable (column) and a specific case (row).

Follow these steps to enter data:

1. Click the Variable View tab. Type the name for your first variable under the
Name column. You can also enter other information about the variable, such as
 the type (the default is “numeric”), width, decimals, label, etc. Type the name for
each variable that you plan to include in your dataset. In this example, I will type
“School_Class” since I plan to include a variable for the class level of each
student (i.e., 1 = first year, 2 = second year, 3 = third year, and 4 = fourth year). I
will also specify 0 decimals since my variable values will only include whole
numbers. (The default is two decimals.)

2. Click the Data View tab. Any variable names that you entered in Variable View
will now be included in the columns (one variable name per column). You can see
that School_Class appears in the first column in this example.

3. Now you can enter values for each case. In this example, cases represent students.
For each student, enter a value for their class level in the cell that corresponds to
the appropriate row and column. For example, the first person’s information
should appear in the first row, under the variable column School_Class. In this
example, the first person’s class level is “2,” the second person’s is “1,” the third
person’s is “1,” the fourth person’s is “3,” and so on
4. Repeat these steps for each variable that you will include in your dataset. Don't
forget to periodically save your progress as you enter data.
CHAPTER 4
SPSS EXERCISE

Inputing data into SPSS

To enter data:

First, open SPSS. Now a spreadsheet will appear on the screen. Then insert numbers
from1 to 25 in the first column on the data sheet. To select any data entry click within
the cell and to move around the spreadsheet, use ENTER Key – to go down, TAB – to go
across to the right and SHIFT TAB – to move left or you can use ARROWS to move
around the spreadsheet.

To Input Variable Information (example):

Go to the variable view and click on the first variable name.

STEP1: var00001 with ID where it says Name. Continue to move across the row and fill
in the information for that variable.
STEP2: Type- the default is numeric. Do not change for this example.

STEP3: Width- the default is 8 spaces. Do not change for this example.

STEP4: Decimal places- the default is 2. Change to 0 for this example.

STEP5: Label- In the "variable label" bar, type your variable name, in this
example:

Identification number

STEP6: Missing- This is to identify variables that you want treated as missing. For
example, if a respondent had put in not applicable on a survey item you would want to
code it as a missing variable. Leave blank for this example.

STEP7: Columns- The default is 8. Do not change for this example.

STEP8: Align- This changes how the variables appear on your screen. Do not change for
this example.

STEP9: Measure- There are three different types of levels of measurement you can
choose from - nominal, ordinal, and scale. Choose the appropriate measure. In this
example, choose nominal.

For the categorical variables, Province, Gender, Ethnicity, and Religion, you will need to
define the categories.

For example, variable 2: Province:

  Under values -double click on the box labeled: None…

 type: 1 in value bar

 type: Alberta in value label bar

 Click Add

 type: 2 in value bar

 type: British Columbia in value label bar

 Click Add

 Continue

 SPSS Training Exercises 2

 OK

Enter all the data and name all the variables in this manner, according to the description
provided. Repeat this sequence for all the variables.

Data Description
Var1 Name
Var2 POI
1.00 = University
2.00 = Degree College
3.00 = Engineering College
4.00 = Management College
5.00 = Others
Var3 NOI
1.00 = Government Aided
2.00 = Self Financed
3.00 = Others
Var4 Age
1.00 = Less than 30 years
2.00 = 31 years to 40 years
3.00 = 41 years to 50 years
4.00 = 51 years and above
Var5 QUALIFICATION
1.00 = Graduate
2.00 = B.Ed/M.Ed
3.00 = M.Tech/M.Sc/M.C.A
4.00 = M.A/M.B.A/M.Com
5.00 = Ph.D.
6.00 = UGC-NET
Var6 GENDER
1.00 = Male
2.00 = Female

Var7 SALARY
1.00 = Between 20k-35k
2.00 = Between 35k-50k
3.00 = Between 50k-65k
4.00 = 65k and above
Var8 EXPERIENCE
1.00 = Less than 5 years
2.00 = 6 years - 10 years
3.00 = 11 years - 15 years
4.00 = 16 years - 20 years
5.00 = More than 20 years
Var9 Q1 - Q5
1.00 = Strongly Disagree
2.00 = Disagree
3.00 = Neutral
4.00 = Agree
5.00 = Strongly Agree

SPSS Lab Exercise 2

Running Frequencies in SPSS
To run frequencies for each variable, with the data editor open in the data view, go
to:
STEP 1-Analyze
STEP 2-Descriptive Statistics
STEP 3-Frequencies
● Click on the selected variable in the left box and transfer it to the Variable(s) box
by clicking the arrow. Note: You can transfer more than one variable to the
Variable(s) box and run frequencies for all variables at the same time.

● In the same window click on Statistics

● Select Mean, Median and Mode

● Click on continue and then on OK.

Output of Lab Exercise 2

Statistics
Descriptive statistics describes the frequencies of data in terms of mean, median and
mode. Pertaining to the data given the descriptive statistics was calculated for first 5
questions and the result obtained is given below
Question - 1
Mean =3.4075 ( It is obtained by add all the values together and divide by the number of
values in the set, in this data set the overall scores given by respondents are added and

● divided by the total number of respondents, 400)

● Median=3.0000 ( It is a middle value in give sequence of numbers that is obtained

by taking the average of two middle values)

● Mode=4.00 ( It is a statistical term used that refers to the most frequently occuring
value found in a set of numbers)

Question - 2
● Mean=4.4100

● Median=4.0000

● Mode=4.00

Question - 3
● Mean = 2.2700

● Median = 3.0000

● Mode = 3.00
Question - 4
● Mean = 1.9675

● Median = 2.0000

● Mode = 2.00

Question - 5
● Mean = 4.4000

● Median = 4.0000

● Mode = 4.00
 SPSS Lab Exercise 3
Histograms

Steps for making histogram for the given data set

Step 1Analyse

Step 2 Descriptive Statistics

Step 3 Frequencies

Step 4 Click on the selected variables in the left box and transfer them to the
variable(s) box by clicking the right arrow.

Step 5 Click on Charts

Step 6 Select Histogram from the given options

Step 7Click on Continue and then on OK

 Output of Lab Exercise 3

Question - 1
Question-2

Question-3

Question-4
Question- 5

Lab Exercise 5

Steps for Sample Test

Step 1 Analyse

Step 2 Compare Means

Step 3 One sample test

Step 4 Transfer your variable to the test variable

Step 5 Click on option and select confidence level

Step 6 Continue and then ok

Output of lab exercise 5
In the above table, the value of Sig. is less than 0.05 is statistically significant that is why
the null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative will be accepted.

Lab Exercise 6

Steps for Bivariate Correlation

Step1 Analyze

Step 2 Click on correlation

Step 3 Click on bivariate

Step 4 Transfer your variable to the test variable.

Step 5 Option (click on mean and standard deviation).

Step 6 Continue

Step 7 Pearson coeficient

Step 8 continue,ok

Output of lab exercise 6

Lab Exercise 7
Steps for simple bivariate regression

Step 1Analyze

Step 2Regression

Step3 Linear

Step 4 Transfer your variable to the Dependent Variable List

Step 5Transfer your variable to the Independent Variable List