11 core competencies

safe and quality nursing care,

communication,
collaboration and teamwork,
health education,
legal responsibility,
ethico-moral responsibility,
personal and professional development,
quality improvement,
research,
management of resources and environment, and record management.

11 Key Areas of Nursing Responsibility

1. Safe and quality nursing care
2.Management of Resources and environment
3. Health education
4. Legal responsibility
5. Ethico- moral responsibility
6.Personal and professional development
7. Quality improvement
8. Research
9. Records management
10. Communication
11. Collaboration and teamwork

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING

0 Early Beliefs and Practices
Diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with
mysticism and superstitions.
1. Beliefs about causation of disease: enemy or witch and evil spirits.
2. Belief that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with power to
expel demons.

1 Early Beliefs and Practices

3. Belief in special gods of healing, with priest-physician (called “word doctors”) as
intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors
(“herbolarios”)

2 Early Care of the Sick

0 Herbmen were called “Herbicheros”, one who practice witchcraft persons
suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believe bewitched by
the “mangkukulam” or “mangagaway”.
1 Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called pamao) were attributed to
“nonos”.

3 Early Care of the Sick

Difficult childbirth, during labor the “mabuting hilot” (good midwife) was called in.
If the birth became difficult, it was believe that was caused by witches. To
disperse their influence, gunpowder was exploded from a bamboo came close to
head of the sufferer.
4 Earliest Hospitals during the Spanish Regime
1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577)- it was established mainly to care for the
Spanish king’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov.
Francisco de Sande.
2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578)- founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was
administered for many years by the Hospitallier of San Juan de Dios
-Built exclusively for patients with leprosy.
5 Earliest Hospitals during the Spanish Regime
3. Hospital de Indios (1586) Established by the Franciscan Order: service was in
general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons
4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) established in Laguna, founded by Brother J.
Bautista of the Franciscan Order

6 Earliest Hospitals during the Spanish Regime

5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia
and administered by the Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios. Rendered general
health to the public.

0 Nursing During the Philippine Revolution

Prominent persons involved in nursing work:
1. Josephine Bracken
0◦ wife of Jose Rizal
1◦ Installed a field of hospital in an estate house in Tejeros; provided nursing
care to the wounded night and day
2. Mrs. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero
2◦ Converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers during the
Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899..
0 Nursing During the Philippine Revolution
3. Doña Hilaria de Aguinaldo
3◦ Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
4◦ Organized the Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Mabini
4. Doña Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
5◦ Second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
6◦ She provided Nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution
7◦ President of the Filipino Red Cross in branch in Batangas

1 Nursing During the Philippine Revolution

5. Melchora Aquino
8◦ Known as “Tandang Sora”
9◦ Nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food
6. Capitan Salome
10◦ Revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded
not in combat.

0 Nursing During the Philippine Revolution

7. Agueda Kahabagan
0◦ Revolutionary leader in Laguna; also provided nursing services to her troops
8. Trinidad Tecson
1◦ Known as “Ina ng Biac na Bato”
2◦ Stayed in the hospital to care for wounded soldier
1 Filipino Red Cross
Functions:
0• Collection of war funds and materials through concerts charity bazaars and
voluntary contributions.
1• Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers

2 Filipino Red Cross

2 Malolos- location of national head quarters.
3 Requirements for membership:
0 At least 14 years old, age requirement for officers was 25 years
1 Of sound reputation
7 Hospital and Schools of Nursing
1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing
(iloilo City, 1906)
11◦ It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America
2. St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing
(Manila, 1907)
12◦ It was established by the Archbishop of manila, the most Reverend
Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located
in Intramuros. It provided general health services

8 Hospital and Schools of Nursing

3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)
13◦ Began in 1901 as a small dispensary mainly for “civil officers and
employees” in the city of manila. Later grew into the civil hospital.
4. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City,
1907)
14◦ The hospital is an Episcopalian institutions
9 Hospital and Schools of Nursing
5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
15◦ It is started as a small dispensary On Calle Cervantes (now Avenida). It was
called Bethany dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of
suffering among women and children.
16◦ Miss Librada-Javalera was the first Filipino director of the School

10 Hospital and Schools of Nursing

6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing
0• Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,
1903)
1• Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (manila (1911)
2• Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1912)
11 Hospital and Schools of Nursing
7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
17◦ The School has been run by the Daughters of Charity
18◦ Sister Taciana Triñanes was the first directress of the school

12 Hospital and Schools of Nursing

8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)
19◦ The American Baptist Foreign Mission Society sent by Dr. P.H. J. Lerigo to
Capiz for the purpose of opening a hospital. Miss Rose Nicolet assisted him.
20◦ Miss Clara Pedrosa was the First Filipino Prinicipal
13 Hospital and Schools of Nursing
9. Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)
21◦ Established in 1911 under the Bereau of Health.
22◦ The school opened in 1918 with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.
23◦ Miss Visitacion Perez was the first Principal

14 The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)
24◦ The College began as the UST School of Nursing Education on
February 11, 1941.
0◦ Ricarda Mendoza was the first dean
2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
1◦ Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal.

15 The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)
0 The idea of opening the College began in a conference between Miss Julita
Sotejo and the UP president Gonzales.

16 Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

1. Anastacia Giron-Tupas
3◦ First Filipino nurse to hold the position of chief nurse and superintendent
4◦ Founder of Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)
2. Cesaria Tan
5◦ The first Filipino to receive a Masteral Degree in nursing abroad

17 Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

3. Socorro Sirilan
6◦ Pioneered in Hospital Social service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was
the first Chief Nurse
4. Rosa Militar
7◦ A pioneer in school health education
5. Sor Ricarda Mendoza
8◦ A pioneer in Nursing Education
18 Nursing Leaders in the Philippines
6. Socorro Diaz
9◦ First editor of the PNA magazine called “The Message”
7. Conchita Ruiz
10◦ First full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “The Filipino
Nurse”
8. Loreto Tupaz
11◦ “Dean of Philippine Nursing”; Florence Nightingale of Iloilo
19 Health and Nursing Organizations
Early institution for child welfare:
1. Hospicio de San Jose (Manila, 1782)
2. Asylum of San Jose (Cebu)
3. Asylum of Looban (Manila)
4. Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City)
2◦ Took care of the poor girls
20 Health and Nursing Organizations
5. Gota de Leche
0 Objective was to promote health in infants through proper feeding
6. Liga Nacional Filipiniana para sa La Protection de la Primera Infancia
25◦ Worked for the passage of child welfare legislations
7. Public Welfare Board
26◦ Conducted a systematic campaign on child welfare legislations

21 Health and Nursing Organizations

8. Philippine Nurses Association
27◦ National organization for Filipino nurses
28◦ Rosario Montemayor Delgado- first president
9. National League of Nurses
29◦ The association of nurses employed by the Department of Health (DOH)
10. Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines

22 References
Balita, Carl E. and Octavaiano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing:
The Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 2008
Udan, Josie Quiambao. Fundamentals of Nursing, 2nd Edition. Educational
Publishing House Jafe Bookstore. 2004
Website: www.yahoo.com
www.google.com
CARMENCITA M. ABAQUIN
“PREPARE ME” Interventions and the Quality of Life of Advance Progressive
Cancer Patients
0 Carmencita Abaquin
0 She is a nurse with Master’s and Doctoral Degree in Nursing obtained from
the University of the Philippines College of Nursing.
1 She is expert of Medical Surgical Nursing with subsequently in oncologic
nursing, which made her known both here and abroad.
2 She had served the University of the Philippines College of Nursing, her
Alma Mater, as faculty and held the position as secretary of the College of
Nursing.
3 Her latest appointment as chairman of the Board of Nursing speaks of her
competence anad integrity in the fields she has chosen.
Basic Assumptions and Concepts
PREPARE ME (holistic Nursing Interventions) are the nursing
interventions provided to address the multi-dimensional problems of cancer
patients that can be given in any setting where patients choose to be confined.

This program emphasizes a holistic approach to nursing care.

PREPARE ME has the following components:
1. Presence- being with another person during the times of needs. This includes
therapeutic communication, active listening and touch.
2. Reminisce Therapy- recall of past experiences, feelings and thoughts to
facilitate adaptation to present circumstances
3. Prayer
4. Relaxation Breathing- techniques to encourage and elicit relaxation for the
purpose of decreasing undesirable signs and symptoms such as pain, muscle
tension and anxiety.
5. Meditation- encourages an elicit form of relaxation for the purpose of altering
patient’s level of awareness by focusing on an image or thought to facilitate inner
sight which helps establish connection and relationship with GOD.
6. Values Clarification- assisting another individual to clarify his own values about
health and illness in order to facilitate effective decision making skills. Through
this, the patient develops an open mind that enhance values. The process of
values clarification helps one become internally consistent by achieving closer
between what we do and what we feel.
Quality of life is a multifaceted construct that encompasses the
individuals capacities and abilities with an aim of enriching life when it cannot be
longer be prolonged. This includes proper care of the body, mind and spirit to
maintain integrity of the whole person despite limitations brought by the present
situation.
Findings
and Recommendations
0 Terminally ill patients require holistic approach of nursing that
encompasses the different aspects of man namely physical, psychological, social,
religious, level of dependence, environment and spiritual
1 PREPARE ME interventions are said to be effective in improving the quality
of life of cancer patients.
3. The utilization of the interventions are said to be effective in improving the
quality of life of cancer patients.

4. Development of training of nurses both in the academe care professionals

where intervention is a part of treatment modalities is also recommended.
5. For patients, an honest view an feedback regarding their illness and
management, and obtaining their perceptions can lead to improvement of
services and communication.
6. Supportive environment where patients with advanced progressive cancer and
the terminally-ill patients can attain dignity with peace while their families are
given necessary support they need to cope up with.
0 References:
1 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998.

FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH

21 Nursing Problems
1 Faye Glenn Abdellah
2 She was born on March 13, 1919 in New York City.
3 Finished her basic nursing education, magna cum laude in 1942 from Fitkin
Memorial Hospital School of Nursing now Ann May School of Nursing in Neptune,
New Jersey.
4 Finished her Master of Arts in 1947 and her Doctor of Education in 1955
from the Teachers College at Columbia University.
5 She became the first nurse and first woman to serve as Deputy Surgeon
General of the United States.

0 She changed the focus of nursing theory from a disease-centered to a

patient-centered approach and moved nursing practice beyond the patient to
include care of families and the elderly.
Metaparadigm in Nursing
6 Person
She classifies as the beneficiary of care as individuals.

7 Health
It is the center and purpose of nursing services. She does not give a
definition of health, she speaks to a “total health needs” and a healthy state of
mind and body.

8 Environment
9 The idea of environment is addressed by Abdellah and is included in
“planning for optimum health on local, state, national, and international levels”.
However, as Abdellah elaborates her ideas, the apex is nursing service is the
individual.

10 Nursing
4 The concept of nursing in this theory is generally grouped into twenty-one
nursing problem areas for nurses to work out their judgment and appropriate
care.
11 Nursing Problems
5 Overt- which is obvious or can be seen condition
6 Covert- which is an unseen or masked one
12 21 Nursing Problems
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
2. To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep
3. To promote safety through the prevention of accident injury or other trauma
and through the prevention of the spread of infection
13 21 Nursing Problems
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells.
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
14 21 Nursing Problems
9. To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease condition-
pathological, physiological and compensatory.
10. To facilitate the maintenance of the regulatory mechanism and functions.
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feeling and
reactions.
15 21 Nursing Problems
13. To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal
communications
15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals.
16 21 Nursing Problems
17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment.
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional
and developmental needs.
19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and
emotional.
17 21 Nursing Problems
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from
illness
21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause
of illness.
18 References:
0 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998
1 George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: the base for professional Nursing Practice
(Fifth Edition)
2 Pfettscher, Susan A. Florence Nightingale Modern Nursing.
3 Udan, Miriam Q. Fundamentals of Nursing

ELSIE ANTIPORTA-TEE
Caring Behavior in Nursing Education: A Quantitative and Phenomenological
Approach
7 She finished her BSN degree at San Pedro College.
8 She both took her MAN and PhD in Education Administration at Ateneo de
Davao.
9 She worked as a staff nurse at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City.
10 She is also a registered pharmacist and finished her BS in Pharmacy at the
University of Immaculate Conception at Davao City.
11 At present, she is the president of Davao Nurses Association and the
Philippine Nurses Association- Davao Chapter.
Basic Assumptions and Concepts
There are four independent variables of care perception
19 Authentic response
20 Sharing of self
21 Emotional support
22 Competence

Faculty caring patterns may create an affluence on student

behaviors, competence and emotional support.
Findings
and Recommendations
0 Levels of caring behaviors are “very high” in nursing education, and over all
caring behavior is ‘high”.
1 There is a marked difference in levels of caring behavior as seen by the
faculty, patients and students in the four domains/variables of care perception.
2 There are unique phenomenological themes of caring that were distinct
form common western studies.

4. Caring behaviors specifically those grouped under the four perceptions of care
are manifested in nursing education through interactions with patients, students,
and faculty.
5. Not all faculty, patients and student show the same level of caring behavior.
6. There are observed similarities with a small number of differences among
caring behaviors observed if the study is compared to other countries.
7. Evaluation among faculty and students must be taken to ensure caring behavior
in the healthcare system.
8. Clarification regarding standards of performance and expectations must be
established since the participants do not show the same degree of caring
behavior.
9. If implemented, a yearly follow-up of the module is preferable
10. A comparative study between sectarian and non-sectarian schools should be
done to determine levels of caring; module must be tested before
implementation by no less than deans/administrators of nursing colleges/schools.
11. An annual in-service training is highly recommended, and it should focus on
caring behaviors amidst the fast turnover of faculty members.
23 References:
24 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998.

IRMA BUSTAMANTE
Towards the Enhancement of Self-Esteem for the Filipino Abused Women
2 Irma Bustamante
12 She finished her BSN and her Master of Arts in Nursing, major in maternal
and Child Health, both at the University of Santo Tomas, with the highest honors.
13 She obtained her Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at the University of
Philippines.
1 She is an educator, a counselor, a writer, a consultant, and a researcher,
both nationally and internationally.
2 She is faculty of the UST Graduate School and College of Nursing.
Basic Assumptions and Concepts
0 Feminist Belief System
25 Recognition of the fact that women are oppressed, which necessities an
examination of the reasons for oppression in order that changes can be made.
26 The personal is political, which acknowledges and accepts the value of
women’s experiences.
27 Consciousness raising, which results in alternative views of the world from
a women’s perspective.
Findings
and Recommendations
3 The essence of womanhood is being a good mother and a good wife.
4 Role that women play can either be working mother or non-working
mother, however, whether women are working or not, they should still perform
their responsibilities as mother and wife.
5 Respondents felt that it is still the male who has higher status in the
society, although they were others who felt that men and women are equal.
4. Abused was perceived to be wrong, however, respondents felt they could do
little about the situation.

5. A number of respondents felt that women are to be blame for the occurrence
of abuse.

6. As measured by the self-esteem scale, the respondent self-esteem was found

to be moderate.

7. There was no relationship between the roles that women play and their status
in society to their levels of self-esteem.

28 References:
29 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998.
LYDIA E. HALL
Core, Care & Cure
0 LYDIA E. HALL
23 She was born in New York City on September 21, 1906.
24 She earned her BS and MA degrees from Teachers College, Columbia
University in New York.
25 She promoted involvement of the community in health-care issues.
26 She derived from her knowledge of psychiatry and nursing experiences in
the Loeb Center the framework she used in formulating her theory of nursing.

4 The theory contains of three independent and interconnected circles:

0◦ The Core
1◦ The Care
2◦ The Cure

27 The Core

28 According to the theory, the core is the person or patient to whom nursing
care is directed and needed. The core has goals set by himself and not by any
other person, and that these goals need to be achieved.
29 Involves the therapeutic use of self and emphasizes the use of reflection
30 The Care
31 It explains the role of nurses, and focused on performing that noble task of
nurturing the patients, meaning the component of this model is the “motherly”
care provided by nurses, which may include limited to provision of comfort
measures, provision of patient teaching activities and helping the patient meet
their needs where help is needed.

32 The Cure

33 It is the attention given to patients by the medical professionals.
34 The model explains that the cure circle is shared by the nurse with other
health professionals. These are the interventions or actions geared on treating or
“curing” the patient from whatever illness or disease he may be suffering from.

Metaparadigm in Nursing
35 Person
1 It is the patient who can achieve the maximal potential through a learning
process; therefore they need is teaching.
2 Patient is composed of three aspects: the body, pathology and person.
0 Nursing
5 It is participation in core, care and cure aspects of patient care.

36 References:
0 Aligood, Martha raile and Tomey, Ann Marriner. Nursing theorist and their
Work. Mosby, Inc. 2002.
1 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
14 Basic Human Needs
3 Virginia Henderson
0 She was born on March 19, 1897.
1 A native of Kansas City, Missouri.
2 She finished her BS and MA degrees in nursing education at Columbia
University in New York
3 Called the “First Lady of Nursing” and the “First Truly International Nurse”
4 She started to work as a full time clinical instructor in Virginia at Norfolk
Protestant Hospital
5 She died on March, 1996 at the age of 98.

Metaparadigm in Nursing
30 Health
14 Viewed health as a quality of life and is very basic for a person to function
fully
15 Gave emphasis in prioritizing health promotion as more important than
care of the sick.

31 Person
32 Referred to by Henderson as the patient and an individual who requires
assistance to achieve health and independence or in some cases, a peaceful
death.
33 For the person to function to the utmost, he must be able to maintain
physiological and emotional balance.
34 Environment
16 Important for a healthy individual to control the environment. But in caring
for a sick, it is the responsibility of the nurse to help the patient manage his
surroundings to protect him from harm or mechanical injury.

35 Nursing
17 Henderson asserted that nurses function independently from the physician,
but they must promote the treatment plan prescribed by the physician.
18 Another special role of the nurse is to help both the sick and well
individual.
36 Nursing
"The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that he would perform without help if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge".
37
14 Basic Needs

1. Breathing normally
2. Eating and drinking adequately
3. Eliminating Body wastes
4. Moving and maintaining a desirable position/postures
5. Sleeping and resting
6. Selecting suitable clothes
38
14 Basic Needs

7. Maintaining normal body temperature by adjusting clothing & modifying the

environment
8. Keeping the body clean and well groomed
9. Avoiding dangers in the environment and avoiding injuring others
10.Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions

39
14 Basic Needs

11. Worshipping according to one’s faith

12. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
13. Playing or participating in various forms of recreation
14. Learning, discovering & satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal
development of health.

40 The Nurse-Patient Relationship

Stated that there are three levels compromising the nurse-patient relationship:
0• The nurse as a substitute for the patient
1• The nurse as a helper to the patient
2• The nurse as a partner with the patient
41 The Nurse-Physician relationship
6 Asserted that nurses function independently from physicians.
7 Nurses do not follow doctor’s order; rather they follow in a philosophy
which allows physicians to give orders to patients or other healthcare team
members
42 References:
4 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998
5 George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: the base for professional Nursing Practice
(Fifth Edition)
6 Pfetttscher, Susan A. Florence Nightingale Modern Nursing.
7 Udan, Miriam Q. Fundamentals of Nursing

DOROTHY JOHNSON
Behavioral System Model
4 Dorothy Johnson
1 She was born in Savannah, Georgia on August 21, 1919.
2 She obtained her BSN degree from Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee, and her Masters in Public Health from Harvard University in Boston,
Massachusetts.
Metaparadigm in Nursing
3 Person
Having two major systems: the biological system and the behavioral
system.
4 Health
Elusive state that is affected by social, biological and psychological
factors.
Interaction and interdependence of the subsystem of the behavioral
system.

5 Environment
Influence an individual’s behavior

6 Nursing
An art and science, which cultivates equilibrium within the individual.
43 Behavioral Subsystem
Specialized task or functions to achieve the state of equilibrium or balance to
attain health.
44 Seven Behavioral Subsystem
1. The attachment or Affiliative Subsystem
Function is the security needed for survival as well as social inclusion,
intimacy, and formation and maintenance of social bonds.

2. The Dependency Subsystem

Function is the helping behavior that calls for a response of
nurturance as well as approval, attention or recognition, and physical assistance
3. The Ingestive Subsystem
 Function is appetite satisfaction in terms of when, how, what, how much,
and under what conditions the individual eats, all of which is governed by social
and psychological considerations as well as biological requirements for food and
fluids.
4. The Eliminative Subsystem
function is elimination in terms of when, how, and under what
conditions the individual eliminates wastes.

5. The Sexual Subsystem

Imitates behaviors related to procreation or reproduction.

6. The Aggressive Subsystem

Relates to behaviors concerned with defense and self-preservation.

7. The Achievement Subsystem

Contain behaviors that attempt to control the environment.

45 References:
46 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998
47 Aligood, Martha Raile and Ann Marimer Tomey. Nursing Theorist and their
Work (fifth Ediation). Mosby Inc. 2004
48 Fundamentals of Nursing (Udan)

KATHARINE KALCOBA
Theory of Comfort
0 She was born in Cleveland, Ohio
1 1965: she received a diploma in Nursing from St. Luke’s Hospital School of
Nursing in Cleveland
2 In 1987, she graduated in first RN to MSN class at Frances Payne Bolton
School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) with specialty in
gerontology.
0 Graduated with her PhD in 1997.
1 Currently,she is an associate professor of Nursing at University of Akron
college of Nursing, where she teaches nursing theory and nursing research.

3 Comfort as an outcome of care

4 In 1995, she received the honor a Researcher Award from the Midwest
Nursing Research Society and Lilian de Young Research Award from the University
of Akron College of Nursing for outstanding merit in research development.
0 Metaparadigm Concepts
Nursing
is the Intentional assessment of comfort needs, design of comfort
measures to address those needs, and reassessment of comfort levels after
implementation to the previous baseline.

Patient
recipient of care can be individuals, families, institutions or
communities in need of healthcare.
Environment
 is any aspect of patient, family, or institutional surroundings that can
be manipulated by nurse or loved one to enhance comfort.
Health
The optimum functioning, as defined by the patient or group, family
or community.
Major Concepts and definitions
0 COMFORT
Defined as the state that is experienced by recipients of comfort
measures.
3 Healthcare needs. Needs for comfort arising from stressful healthcare
situation that cannot be met by patient.
4 Comfort Measures. Nursing Interventionsdesigned to address specific
comfort needs of patient.

1 Three types of comfort

5 Relief
6 Ease
7 Transcedence

Relief
The state of recipient who has had a specific need met.
Ease
The state of calm or contentment.
Transcedence
The state in which an indiviidual rises above his or her problems or
pain.
0 Four Context of Experience
0 Physical
1 Psychospiritual
2 Environmental
3 Social
Physical
Pertaining to bodily sensations.

Psychospiritual
Pertaining to internal awareness of self, including esteem, self
concept, sexuality, and meaning in life; relationship to a higher order of being.
Environmental
Pertaining to external surroundings, conditions, and influences.

Social
Pertaining to interpersonal, family, and societal relationships.

7 Comfort measures
Defined as nursing interventions deigned to address specific
comfort needs of recipients, including physiological, social, financial,
psychological, spiritual, environmental and physical.
2 Health Care Needs
Needs for comfort arising from stressful healthcare situations, that
cannot be met by recipients traditional support systems.
A nurse is always judged by her ability to make her patient comfortable.
0 Assumptions
19 Comfort is desirable holistic outcome that is germane to the discipline of
nursing.
20 Human being is strive to meet their basic comfort needs or to have them
met.
21 Enhanced comfort strengthens patients to engaged in Health Seeking
Behaviors (HSB) of their choice.
3 Theoretical Assertions
8 Nurses identify unmet comfort needs of their patients, design comfort
measures to address those needs, and seek to enhance their patients’ comfort,
which is the immediate desired outcome.

0 Enhanced comfort is directly and positively related to engagement in HSBs,

which is subsequent desired outcome.
9 When persons have the proper support to engage fully in HSBs, such as
their rehabilitation and/or recovery program or regimen, institutional integrity is
enhanced as well.
49 References:
50 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998
51 Aligood, Martha Raile and Ann Marimer Tomey. Nursing Theorist and their
Work (fifth Ediation). Mosby Inc. 2004
52 Fundamentals of Nursing (Udan)
KATHARINE KALCOBA
Theory of Comfort
5 She was born in Cleveland, Ohio
6 1965: she received a diploma in Nursing from St. Luke’s Hospital School of
Nursing in Cleveland
7 In 1987, she graduated in first RN to MSN class at Frances Payne Bolton
School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) with specialty in
gerontology.
2 Graduated with her PhD in 1997.
3 Currently,she is an associate professor of Nursing at University of Akron
college of Nursing, where she teaches nursing theory and nursing research.

8 Comfort as an outcome of care

9 In 1995, she received the honor a Researcher Award from the Midwest
Nursing Research Society and Lilian de Young Research Award from the University
of Akron College of Nursing for outstanding merit in research development.
4 Metaparadigm Concepts
Nursing
is the Intentional assessment of comfort needs, design of comfort
measures to address those needs, and reassessment of comfort levels after
implementation to the previous baseline.

Patient
recipient of care can be individuals, families, institutions or
communities in need of healthcare.
Environment
is any aspect of patient, family, or institutional surroundings that can
be manipulated by nurse or loved one to enhance comfort.
Health
The optimum functioning, as defined by the patient or group, family
or community.
Major Concepts and definitions
1 COMFORT
Defined as the state that is experienced by recipients of comfort
measures.
5 Healthcare needs. Needs for comfort arising from stressful healthcare
situation that cannot be met by patient.
6 Comfort Measures. Nursing Interventionsdesigned to address specific
comfort needs of patient.

5 Three types of comfort

8 Relief
9 Ease
10 Transcedence

Relief
The state of recipient who has had a specific need met.
Ease
The state of calm or contentment.
Transcedence
 The state in which an indiviidual rises above his or her problems or
pain.

1 Four Context of Experience

4 Physical
5 Psychospiritual
6 Environmental
7 Social
Physical
Pertaining to bodily sensations.

Psychospiritual
Pertaining to internal awareness of self, including esteem, self
concept, sexuality, and meaning in life; relationship to a higher order of being.
Environmental
Pertaining to external surroundings, conditions, and influences.

Social
Pertaining to interpersonal, family, and societal relationships.

10 Comfort measures

Defined as nursing interventions deigned to address specific
comfort needs of recipients, including physiological, social, financial,
psychological, spiritual, environmental and physical.
6 Health Care Needs
 Needs for comfort arising from stressful healthcare situations, that
cannot be met by recipients traditional support systems.
A nurse is always judged by her ability to make her patient comfortable.

1 Assumptions
22 Comfort is desirable holistic outcome that is germane to the discipline of
nursing.
23 Human being is strive to meet their basic comfort needs or to have them
met.
24 Enhanced comfort strengthens patients to engaged in Health Seeking
Behaviors (HSB) of their choice.
7 Theoretical Assertions
11 Nurses identify unmet comfort needs of their patients, design comfort
measures to address those needs, and seek to enhance their patients’ comfort,
which is the immediate desired outcome.

1 Enhanced comfort is directly and positively related to engagement in HSBs,

which is subsequent desired outcome.
12 When persons have the proper support to engage fully in HSBs, such as
their rehabilitation and/or recovery program or regimen, institutional integrity is
enhanced as well.
53 References:
54 Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998
55 Aligood, Martha Raile and Ann Marimer Tomey. Nursing Theorist and their
Work (fifth Ediation). Mosby Inc. 2004
56 Fundamentals of Nursing (Udan)
MA. IMELDA T. OCAMPO-JAVIER
Effects of HELP for MOMS
A structured Health Education Program for Pregnant Clients
• She is a registered nurse and finished Master of Arts in Nursing
• She is currently connected with the University of Perpetual Help System\

Basic Assumptions and Concepts

• Self-Efficacy
Referred as the people’s understanding of their ability to organize
and perform courses of actions needed to attain designated types of actions.
• Health Belief Model
Proposes that the probability that a person will initiate action
concerning his heath condition is determined by the person readiness to act and
the expected benefits as compared to the perceived cost of inaction.
Findings
and Recommendations
1. The common areas where mothers showed significant physical preparedness is
on the readiness in providing their and the newborn’s need like the layette,
sanitary pads, underwear, front opened clothes, etc.
2. Mother exhibited psychological preparedness when they expressed willingness
to prepare the things that the baby will need and to assume their new role as a
mother.
3. A health education program that is structured and organized is beneficial in
increasing the awareness and capacity of the mother to assume perceived roles of
delivery.
4. A structured heath education program with well-prepared instructional design
and references is effective in increasing the patients capacity for self-efficacy.
5. It is recommended that HELP for MOMS be made a vital component of the
health education program for pregnant women.
6. Participating mothers would be better prepared if they would be given
instructional materials like brochures or lists to supplement the activity or to help
them remember the important points in childbirth preparation.
References:
Balita, Carl and Eufemia Octaviano. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: the
Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 1998.
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
Human Becoming
11 Rosemarie Parse
JOYCES FITZPATRICK
Rhythm Model
12 Joyce Fitzpatrick
RHYTHM model
The professional nurse participates in a multidisciplinary approach to
health in assessing, formulating nursing diagnosis, planning, implementing, and
evaluating programs in regards to how they affect optimum wellness for patient.
ANN BOYKIN and
SAVINA SCHOENHOFFER
Nursing as Caring
13 Ann Boykin
14 Savina Schoenhoffer
8 Caring
They support caring as moral imperative. Nursing as caring is not
based on need or deficit but it is egalitarian model helping.
MARGARET NEWMAN
Model of Health
15 Margaret Newman
Health is viewed as the process of developing awareness of self and
environment together with an increasing ability to perceive alternatives and
respond in a variety of way.
JOSEPHINE PATERSON and
LORETTA ZDERAD
Humanistic Caring

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING

1. Care provider- The nurse supports the client by attitudes and actions that show
concern for client welfare and acceptance of the client as a person
2. Communicator/helper- The nurse communicates with the clients, support
persons and colleagues to facilitate all nursing action.
3. Teacher- the nurse provides health teaching to effect behavior change which
focuses on acquiring new knowledge or technical skills. This role gives emphasis
on health promotion and health maintenance .
4. Counselor- The nurse helps the client to recognize and cope with stressful
psychologic social problems to develop/improved personal relationships and to
promote personal growth.
5. Client Advocate- the nurse promotes what is best for the client, ensure that the
clients needs are met, and protect the client’s rights.
6. Change Agent- The nurse initiates changes and assist the client make
modifications in the lifestyle to promote health.
7. Leader- the nurse through the process of interpersonal influence, helps the
client make decisions in establishing and achieving goals to improve his well-
being.
8. Manager- the nurse plans, gives directions, develop staff, monitors operations
and gives rewards fairly and represents both staff members and administration as
needed.

9. Researcher- the nurse participates in scientific investigation and uses research

findings in practice.
0 Theory
It is an organized system of accepted knowledge that is composed of
concepts, propositions, definitions and assumptions intended to explain a set of
fact, event, and phenomenon.
0 Concept: an ideas formulated by the mind or experienced observed such as
justice, love, war, and disease.
1 Proposition- explain the relationships of different concepts
2 Definition- composed of various descriptions which convey a general
meaning and reduces the vagueness in understanding a set of concepts.
3 Assumptions- statement that specifies the relationship or connection of
factual concepts or phenomenon.
0 Nursing Theory
Group of interrelated concepts that are developed from various
studies of disciplines and related experiences.

1 Components of Theory
0 Context- passage, phrase or words
1 Content subject of the theory
2 Process- method by which nurses act in using nursing theory
2 Nursing Paradigms
0 Are patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among existing
theoretical works in nursing.
3 The Metaparadigms of Nursing
0• Person- the recipient of nursing care like individuals, families, and
communities.
1• Environment- the internal and external aspects of life that influence the
person.
2• Nursing- interventions of the nurse rendering care in support of, or in
cooperation with the client.
3• Health- the holistic level of wellness that the person experiences.
4 Different Types of Theories
1. Descriptive Theories or Factor isolating Theories are known to be the primary
level of theory development. Identify and describe major concepts of
phenomena.
2. Explanatory Theories or Factor- Relating Theories are the type of theory that
present relationship among concepts and propositions. The cause and effect
relationship explain in this theory.
3. Predictive Theories or Situation- Relating theories are achieved when the
relationships of concepts under a certain condition are able to describe future
outcomes consistently.
4. Prescriptive Theories or Situation- Producing Theories- deals with nursing
actions, and test the validity and certainty of a specific nursing intervention.
5 Characteristic of Theory
1. Theories can correlate concepts in such a way as to generate a different way of
looking at a certain fact or phenomenon.
2. Theories must be logical in nature.
3. Theories should be simple but generally broad in nature.
4. Theories can be source of hypothesis that can be tested for it to be elaborated.

5. Theories contribute in enriching the general body of knowledge through the

studies implemented to validate them.
6. Theories can be used by practitioners to direct and enhance their practice.
7. Theories must be consistent with other validated theories, laaws, and principles
but will leave open unanswered issues that need to be tested.
6 Philosophy
1 The science which deals with general facts of human, nature, behavior and
conduct.

7 Concepts
8 Building blocks of theories
Types of concepts:
0 Abstract Concepts- indirectly observed or intangible. E.g. love, care
1 Concrete Concepts- directly observe or tangible. E.g. nurse, mother
9 References
Balita, Carl E. and Octavaiano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing:
The Philippine Perspective. Ultimate Learning Series. 2008
Udan, Josie Quiambao. Fundamentals of Nursing, 2nd Edition. Educational
Publishing House Jafe Bookstore. 2004
Website: www.yahoo.com
www.google.com

10 Types of Definitions of Concepts

11 Conceptual definition- Comparable definition from a literature such as
dictionary, encyclopedia, and journals.
12 Operational definition- meaning of a word based on the method of how it
was measured, or how the person come up with that perception.
13 Theoretical Models or Framework
Highly established set of concepts that are testable.
14 Conceptual Models or Framework
Representations of an idea or body of knowledge based on the own
understanding or perception of a person or researcher on a certain topic,
phenomena or theory.
15 Science
16 Latin “scientia” meaning knowledge.
17 Refers to any systematic knowledge or practice in a discipline of study.
18 Acquire through scientific method
0• Observation
1• Gathering information
2• Forming hypothesis
3• Experimental investigation
4• Conclusion

19 Knowledge
20 Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through various life
experiences, or through formal/informal learning such as formal education, self-
study, or vocational.
21 Types of Cognitive Processes
22 Perception- achieving understanding of sensory data.
23 Association- combining two or more concepts/ideas to form a new concept,
or for comparison.
24 Learning- acquiring experience, skills, information, and values.
25 Types of Cognitive Processes
26 Reasoning- mental process of seeking conclusions through reasons.
27 Communication- transferring data from sender to receiver using different
mediums or tool of communicator

28 Sources of Knowledge

29 Traditional Knowledge- Knowledge which is passed down from generation
to generation.
30 Authoritative Knowledge- Idea of a person of authority which is perceived
as true because of his or her expertise.
31 Scientific Knowledge- came from a scientific method through research.