10 VIII August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46249
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII August 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Design of CNC Machine Based Laser Engraver

with Arduino UNO
Anil Kumar J1, Wilson Dsouza2, Rajat Kumar3
1, 2, 3
Department of ECE, JNNCE, VTU

Abstract: Now a day’s technology is increased in rapid growth the usage and implementation of CNC system in industries and
colleges but at greater cost. According to our idea on fabrication of compact and cheap cost CNC Engraver is introduced to
reduce complexity, cost and man power. This paper discusse the design and implementation of two dimensional CNC router which
can engrave 2D & Gray scaled images or pictures with help of high watt burning laser module on surface which can be a paper,
wood, leather, plastic, foam. This paper proposes the technique used to develop a Computer Numeric Controlled Laser Engraver.
The specialty of this machine is the user can modification the tool simply whenever he/she desires to perform several operations
like an engraving object (Materials-Acrylic, MDF board, Foam sheets, etc.,) and conjointly turn out a 2D drawing for specific
object in A5 size sheet.
Keywords: Computer Numerical Control (CNC), Integrated Development Environment (IDE), G Code, Laser Engraver,
Arduino UNO
I. INTRODUCTION
The CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control used in the manufacturing sector that involves the use of computers to control
machine tools. Tools that can be controlled in this manner include lathes, mills, routers and grinder’s .On the surface, it may look like a
normal PC controls the machines, but the computer's unique software and control console are what really set the system apart for use in
CNC machining. Under CNC Machining, machine tools function through numerical control. A computer program is customized for
an object and the machines are programmed with CNC machining language (called G-code) that essentially controls all features like
feed rate, coordination, location and speeds. With CNC machining, the computer can control exact positioning and velocity. CNC
machining is used in manufacturing both metal and plastic parts. Inspiring from this CNC technology and revolutionary change in
the world of digital electronics & Microcontroller, we are presenting here an idea of “Arduino Based CNC Machine Controller”.
The idea behind this project is to make a small two Axis, CNC router which can engrave 2D and Gray scaled images or pictures
with help of high watt burning laser module on surface which can be a paper, wood, leather, plastic, foam etc. It uses two stepper
motors as linear actuators on each axis X, Y. The brain behind the system will be AVR ATMEGA 328 Based control unit with
Arduino programming structure. Arduino is today’s most popular open source hardware prototyping platform. Arduino will receive
the G-Code over serial port from the G-code interpreter& sender utility tool running on PC and will give the actuation commands to
the stepper motor controller.
II. METHODOLOGY
The CNC Machine is constructed in four stages: (a) convert the selected image into G-code, (b) Programming the Arduino for CNC
operation, (c) design the shapes to be cut on interface using InkScape software and (d) design the machine setup to start the
engraving operation.

Fig.1: Block diagram of CNC based laser engraver

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 569
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII August 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

A. Arduino UNO Microcontroller

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board base on ATmega328. It has 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog input pins. Out of the 14 pin, 6
I/O pins can be used as PWM outputs. Arduino Uno is an advanced microcontroller that used as the learning kit for building devices
Arduino Uno microcontroller supports the C and C++ programming language which has been learn during last few year. . It is easy
to upload a program inside the microcontroller compare to the traditional microcontroller. With Arduino, user can directly write the
coding inside it with just a laptop that done Arduino software installation and an USB cable.

Fig.2: Arduino UNO Microcontroller

B. Motor Driver Shield

L293D shield is a driver board based on L293 IC, which can drive 4 DC motors and 2 stepper or Servo motors at the same time.
Each channel of this module has the maximum current of 1.2A and doesn’t work if the voltage is more than 25v or less than
4.5v. So be careful with choosing the proper motor according to its nominal voltage and current. For more features of
this shield let’s mention compatibility with Arduini UNO and MEGA, electromagnetic and thermal protection of motor and
disconnecting circuit in case of unconventional voltage raise.

Fig.3: 1293d motor driver shield

C. LASER Module
Laser engraving module is made of high quality aluminum and rubber material, which is not easy to deform, durable for a long time
use. In AliExpress, you can also find other good deals on module! You can shop for laser engraver module at low prices. You can use
the filters for free return of laser engraver module

Fig.4: Laser Module

D. Arduino IDE Software
The Arduino IDE software is open source which allow user to download the software through the IDE official website. The setup of
Arduino Uno is simple. Once finish download and installed in the computer, the Arduino Uno microcontroller can be connected using
the USB cable to power it. One external file, grbl required add on the Arduino IDE software before uploading the code to the
microcontroller. The grbl library file contains coding to functions the CNC machine which is open source file.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 570
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII August 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Fig.5: Arduino IDE Software

III. IMPLEMENTATION
The laser Engraving is to engrave a specific picture or logo on a selected material. Put the image which is to be engraving into the
software, Software generates G code for relative image. then it is send to microcontroller ATMEGA328. The arduino can be
programmed with arduino software (IDE). Stepper motor drivers, laser driver will move according to the signals specification and
laser starts to engrave on the object.

Fig.6: Circuit connection of CNC based laser engraver

IV. FLOWCHART

Fig.7: Flowchart of CNC based laser engraver

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 571
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII August 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

V. RESULTS
Designed the laser engraver to engrave a specific picture or logo on a selected material.

Fig.8: CNC based laser engraver Hardware module

A. Design Steps
1) Put the image which is to be engraving into the software.
2) Software generates G code for relative image. then it is send to Microcontroller-ATMEGA328.
3) The arduino can be programmed with arduino software (IDE).
4) Stepper motor drivers, laser driver will move according to the signals specification and laser starts to engrave on the object.

B. Engrave a Image
Original image firstly imported to the Inkscape software and traced into Bitmap. Once done tracing the image, the image then been
created a path for the image and exported as a gcode format file. The gcode file then open using Universal G-Code Sender to perform
drawing.

Fig.9(a): Original import image (Square) Fig.9(b): gcode file image (Square)

Fig.9(c): Engraved image (Square)

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 572
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII August 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

VI. CONCLUSIONS
By using CNC controllers, there is a remarkable increase in the quality of products as well as it offers high flexibility. It increases
the productivity and reduces the lead time. This collaboration of hardware with G-code & M-code gives better productivity and
reduces the work load.G-code & M-code make easy to find the information of locations of all stepper motor moving, as the status of
our moving moter are directly seen on computer. Making a small machine brings a flexibility to do work and also decrease the cost
of making prototypes, make it useable for cutting paper, polystyrene and thin sheets.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors wish to thanks to the entire researcher who worked on CNC based laser engraver.

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