REPORT LAB 7:

DC AND AC CIRCUITS
Class: CC08 / Group: 1B Lecturer’s comment
Full name:
1) Nguyễn Quốc Minh Thư
2) Nguyễn Trần Minh Phước
3) Nguyễn Hoàng Anh Thư
4) Trần Trang Kỳ Phong
5) Nguyễn Công Đạt

I. Aims/Purposes:
- Practice with laboratory equipment.
- Solidifying the concept of DC and AC circuits.
- Verifying Stefan's law and the Ohm’s law with an incandescent light bulb.
- Determining the unknown resistance, capacitance, and inductances.
II. Apparatus, Methods and Procedure:
1. Apparatus:
● Digital multimeter.
● Incandescent light bulb 12V-3W.
● Unknown-value Resistor Rx.
● Unknown-value Capacitor Cx .
● Unknown-value Inductors Lx
● Variable power supply 12V-3A/AC-DC.
2. Methods:
+ Investigating a DC circuit with an incandescent light bulb:
The main measurements in this part are to very carefully determine the Voltage vs.
Current characteristics of an incandescent lightbulb throughout the entire range of
possible voltages. an incandescent light bulb with filament resistance connected to a
variable DC power supply as shown in Figure Lab.
 + Investigating circuit with an alternating current (AC):
Apply an AC voltage with frequency at the two ends of a circuit consisted of a
capacitor connected in series with a resistor as shown in Figure Lab 1-3.

Using the phasor diagram (or Fresnel vector diagram) of RC circuit and some
proven formulas that can help to find the solutions.
3. Procedure:
a. Determining the filament temperature of an incandescent light bulb
Before starting the experiment, we must measure the resistance of the filament at
room temperature.
Using the digital voltmeter V, turn its scale selector switch to the "200 Ω" position
to measure the resistance of the filament. The "V/Ω" and "COM" terminals of the
ohmmeter are connected to both ends of the bulb D. Record filament resistance value
into Table 1. Measure room temperature using the thermometer 0¸1000℃. Record data
into Table 1: limit value, sensitivity, accuracy, and a specified number of n for the
selected scale on voltmeter V and ammeter A (using specifications of the digital
multimeter).
b. Checking the operation of the variable power supply 12V-3A Figure Lab
1-7:
The interface of the variable power supply Figure Lab 1-7 shows the interface of
the variable power supply 12V3A/AC-DC. A DC voltage output of 0¸12 is drawn from
the two ±12 terminals on the right with a maximum current of 3A, that can be
continuously adjusted with the knob P. Two meters A and V connected to the source
using an approximate indication of output voltage and current (~1.5%). An AC voltage
output is supplied from the left with a fixed output ~12. Checking the operation of the
power supply: - Power on the device, the LED glows, the device is ready for operation. -
Turn knob “P” clockwise while observing the voltmeter V on the power supply. If its
indicator moves steadily across the full scale (0¸12), the device is ready. - Turn knob “P”
to the leftmost position. Power off the device.
c. Graphing characteristic volt-ampere of the tungsten filament
● Set up the circuit according to the diagram as shown in Figure Lab 1-2.
Using the DC output 0¸12 of the variable power supply. Use two digital
multimeters as a DC voltmeter V and a DC ammeter A.
● Set the scale for two digital multimeters:
- Voltmeter V: set at DCV20V DC scale. Hole "V/ Ω" is the positive terminal (+),
hole "COM" is the negative terminal (-) of the voltmeter. Use two test leads with two
plugs to connect the voltmeter in parallel with the circuit.
- Ammeter A: set to DCA mA scale. The "mA" hole is the positive terminal (+), the
"COM" hole is the negative terminal (-). Use two test leads with two terminals to
connect the Ammeter in series with the circuit. After the setup is complete, ask the
instructor for checking.
● Measurement:
Press the "ON/OFF" button on the voltmeter V and ammeter A, let them start
working. Fit the P knob of the power supply while observing that the voltage U (only on
the voltmeter shows V) increasing volts one by one, from 0 to 10V. Read and record the
corresponding amperage I values (on ammeter A only) into Table 1. d. Turn the knob
“P” slightly to the left, power off the power supply. Press the "ON/OFF" buttons on the
two digital multimeters to turn them off.
 d. Determine the capacitance of the capacitor in the RC circuit
● Set up the experiment with the capacitor C and resistor R according to the
diagram of Figure Lab 1-3.
The AC voltage ~12V is taken from the AC output on the variable power supply.
Then use two digital multimeters as an AC voltmeter and an AC ammeter.
● Set the scale for two digital multimeters:
The voltmeter V is placed on the ACV 20V AC scale, connected in parallel with
the circuits to be measured. Ammeter A placed at 200mA AC scale, two test leads
plugged into 2 terminals “COM” and “A”, then connected in series to the circuit
between R and C by two pins. After the setup is complete, ask the instructor for
checking the circuit.
● Measurement:
Press the "ON/OFF" button on the voltmeter V and ammeter A, let them start
working. Power on the power supply. Observe, read and write the value of amperage on
Ammeter A into Table 2. Using a voltmeter V, measure the values of the effective
potential difference U at the ends of the circuit, UR between the two ends of the pure
resistor R, UC between the two ends of the capacitor C, read and write into Table 2.
● Power off the power supply.
Press the "ON/OFF" buttons on the two digital multimeters to turn them off.
Record data into Table 2: limit value, sensitivity, accuracy, and specified number n
for the selected range on the voltmeter and ammeter.
e. Determining the inductance L of the windings in the RL circuit
● Set up the experiment with the inductor L and resistor R according to the
diagram of Figure Lab 1-5
The AC voltage ~12V is taken from the AC output on the variable power supply.
Then use two digital multimeters as an AC voltmeter and an AC ammeter.
● Set the scale for two digital multimeters:
The voltmeter V is placed on the ACV 20V AC scale, connected in parallel with
the circuits to be measured. Ammeter A placed at 200mA AC scale, two test leads
plugged into 2 terminals “COM” and “A”, then connected in series to the circuit
between R and C by two pins. After the setup is complete, ask the instructor for
checking the circuit.
● Measurement:
 press the "ON/OFF" button on the voltmeter V and ammeter A, let them start
working. Power on the power supply. Observe, read and write the value of amperage on
Ammeter A into Table 3. Using a voltmeter V, measure the values of the effective
potential difference U at the ends of the circuit, UR between the two ends of the resistor
R, UL between the two ends of the inductor L, read and write into table 3.
● Power off the power supply.
● Remove the voltmeter V from the circuit
Change its scale to the “200Ω” or “2k” position. The using it as an ohmmeter to
measure the resistance r of the coil. The "V/Ω" and "COM" terminals of the ohmmeter
are connected to the ends of the inductor L coil. Press the "ON" button on the face of the
ohmmeter, read the value of the resistance r of the coil and record into Table 3. Then,
press the "ON/OFF" button to turn off the power to the ohmmeter. Record data into
Table 3: limit value, sensitivity, accuracy, and number n specified for the selected scale
on voltmeter V, ammeter A, and ohmmeter Ω.

III. Equations:
IV. Experimental Data:
I. Data: Table 1
Voltmeter DC Ammeter DC: Ohmmeter :
𝑈𝑚 = 20 (𝑉) 𝐼𝑚 = 200 (𝑚𝐴) 𝑅𝑚 = 200 (Ω)

α = 0. 01 (𝑉) α = 0. 1 (𝑚𝐴) α = 0 (Ω )
δ𝑈 = 0. 5%
δ𝐼 = 1. 2% δ𝑅 = 1%
𝑛 = 3 𝑛=5
𝑛 =3
0
𝑡𝑝 = 30 ± 1 𝐶
𝑅𝑝 = 7Ω
𝑈(𝑉) Δ𝑈(𝑉) 𝐼 (𝑚𝐴) Δ𝐼 (𝑚𝐴) 𝑈(𝑉) Δ𝑈(𝑉) 𝐼 (𝑚𝐴) Δ𝐼 (𝑚𝐴)

1 0.035 56.3 1.18 6 0.06 133.2 2.10

2 0.04 73.6 1.38 7 0.065 146.0 2.25
3 0.045 92.3 1.61 8 0.07 158.6 2.4
4 0.05 108.5 1.80 9 0.075 169.4 2.53
5 0.055 122.4 1.97 10 0.08 180.1 2.66
Table 2
Voltmeter AC Ammeter AC:
𝑈𝑚 = 20 (𝑉) 𝐼𝑚 = 200 (𝑚𝐴)
α = 0. 1 (𝑉) α = 0. 1 (𝑚𝐴)
δ𝑈 = 1%
δ𝐼 = 1. 8%
𝑛 = 5 𝑛=3

𝐼 (𝑚𝐴) 𝑈(𝑉) 𝑈𝑅(𝑉) 𝑈𝐶(𝑉) 𝑍 𝑅 𝑍𝐶 𝐶

C1 34.5 12.4 10.09 5.05 359.4 292.5 146.4 21. 7×10−6

Serial capacitor 27.4 12.35 8.82 8.11 450.7 321.9 296.0 10. 8×10−6
circuit C1 , C2
Parallel 37.1 12.32 11.63 1.73 332.1 313.5 46.6 68. 3×10
−6

capacitor
circuits C1, C2

Table 3
 Ohmmeter: 𝑅𝑚 = 200 (Ω) α = 0. 1 (Ω) δ𝑅 = 1% 𝑛 = 3
Internal resistance: r= 72Ω
𝐼 (𝑚𝐴) 𝑈(𝑉) 𝑈𝑅(𝑉) 𝑈𝐿(𝑉) 𝑍 𝑅 𝑍𝐿 𝐿

25.4 12.30 8.03 6.26 484.3 316.1 235.7 0.75

V. Calculation works
V.1. Plot the volt-ampere characteristic of the bulb's filament

(size A2 graph paper)

V.2. Calculation R0, T when U = 10

𝑅𝑝 7
𝑅0 = 2 = −3 −7 2 = 6.112 (Ω)
1 + α𝑡𝑝 + β𝑡𝑝 1 + 4.82х10 х (30) + 6,76х10 (30)

1 ⎡ 2 𝑅𝑡 ⎤
𝑇 = 273 + 2β ⎢ α + 4хβ( 𝑅0 − 1) − α⎥
⎣ ⎦

1
⎡ −3 2 −7 7 −3⎤
𝑇 = 273 + −7
⎢ (4. 82х10 ) + 4х6, 76х10 ( 6.112 − 1) − 4. 82х10 ⎥
2х6,76х10 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
= 303. 016(𝑘)
 V.3. Calculation of the capacitance values of these capacitors, and the
inductance of the coil.
1. One capacitor
1 𝐼 𝐼
𝐶= 2π𝑓𝑍𝐶
= 2π𝑓𝑈𝐶
= 2πх50х5.05
= 2.175х10-5(F)
2. Special capacitor circuit C1, C2
−3
1 1 27,4.10
𝐶= 2π𝑓𝑍𝐶
= 2π𝑓𝑈𝐶
= 2π.50.8,11
= 1.075х10-5(F)

3. Parallel capacitor circuit C1, C2

1 𝐼 𝐼
𝐶= 2π𝑓𝑍𝐶
= 2π𝑓𝑈𝐶
= 2πх50х1.73
= 6.83x10-5(F)

2 2
𝑍𝑐𝑑 − 𝑟 2
246.45 − 72
2
𝐿 = 2π𝑓
= 2πх50
= 0. 75
V.4. Calculation of the uncertainties

∆𝑇 =
1
2 (
⎡
⎢
⎢
⎣
2
4β
α 𝑅0+4β 𝑅𝑡−𝑅0( ) ) (
∆𝑅𝑡 + 2
2
α −4β
α 𝑅0+4β(𝑅𝑡−𝑅0)
⎤
∆𝑅0⎥
⎥
⎦
) 2
α + 4β ( 𝑅𝑡
𝑅0
−1 )
( ) ( )
−7 −3 −7 2
1 ⎡ 4×6.76×10 (4.82×10 ) −4×6.76×10
= 2 ⎢ −3 2 −7
0. 07 + −3 2 −7
×0.
⎣ (4.82×10 ) ×6.112+4×6.76×10 (7−6.112) (4.82×10 ) ×6.112+4×6.76×10 (7−6.112)

∆𝑅0
𝑅0
=
∆𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑡
+ ( α+2β𝑡𝑝

1+α𝑡𝑝+β𝑡𝑝
2
)∆𝑡𝑝

( ) × 1⎤⎥⎦
−3 −7
⇒ ∆𝑅0 = 6. 112 × ⎡⎢ 7 +
0.07 4.82×10 +2×6.76×10 ×30
−3 −7 2
⎣ 1+4.82×10 ×30+6.76×10 ×30

−3
= 0. 26 × 10 (Ω)
1. One capacitor
∆𝐶 ∆𝑈𝐶 ∆𝐼 ∆π ∆𝑓 5.05×1%+5×0.1 34.5×1.8%+3×0.1 5×10
−3
1
𝐶
= 𝑈𝐶
+ 𝐼
+ π
+ 𝑓
= 5.05
+ 34.5
+ 3.14
+ 50
= 0. 157

−6 −6
⇒Δ𝐶 = 0. 157 × 21. 7×10 = 3. 41 × 10 (𝐹)
 2. Special capacitor circuit C1, C2
∆𝐶1 ∆𝑈𝐶 ∆𝐼 ∆π ∆𝑓
𝐶1
= 𝑈𝐶
+ 𝐼
+ π
+ 𝑓

−3
8.11×1%+5×0.1 27.4×1.8%+3×0.1 5×10 1
= 8.11
+ 27.4
+ 3.14
+ 50
= 0. 122
−6 −6
⇒Δ𝐶1 = 0. 122 × 10. 8 × 10 = 1. 32 × 10 (𝐹)

3. Parallel capacitor circuit C1, C2

∆𝐶2 ∆𝑈𝐶 ∆𝐼 ∆π ∆𝑓
𝐶2
= 𝑈𝐶
+ 𝐼
+ π
+ 𝑓

−3
1.73×1%+5×0.1 37.1×1.8%+3×0.1 5×10 1
= 1.73
+ 37.1
+ 3.14
+ 50
= 0. 347
−6 −6
⇒Δ𝐶2 = 0. 347 × 68. 3×10 = 23. 68 × 10 (𝐹)

∆𝐿 𝑍𝑐𝑑∆𝑍𝑐𝑑+𝑟Δ𝑟 ∆π ∆𝑓 ∆𝑍𝑐𝑑 ∆𝑈𝐿 ∆𝐼

𝐿
= 2 2 + π
+ 𝑓
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑐𝑑
= 𝑈𝐿
+ 𝐼
𝑍𝑐𝑑 −𝑟

⇒
∆𝐿
=
246.46×246.46 ( 6.26×1%+5×0.1
6.26
+
25.4×1.8%+3×0.1
25.4 )+72×(72×1%+3×0.1) +
5×10
−3
+
1
= 0. 154
𝐿 2 2 3.14 50
246.46 −72

⇒Δ𝐿 = 0. 154×0. 75 = 0. 115 (H)

V.5. Results
Resistor

−3
𝑅 = 𝑅0 ± ∆𝑅0 = 6. 112±0. 26 × 10 (Ω)
−6
𝑇 = 𝑇 ± ∆𝑇 = 303. 016 ±3. 28×10 (𝐾)
Capacitors
 C= ± ΔC = 2.175х10-5 ± 0.34 х10-5 (F)

C1 = ± ΔC1 = 1.075х10-5± 0,13.10-5 (F)

C2 = ± ΔC2 = 6.83x10-5 ± 1,47.10-5 (F)

Inductor

r= ± Δ r = 72 ± 7.2 (Ώ)

L= ± Δ L = 0. 75 ± 0.115(H)