PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.

Note: PIP PIC001, Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation Criteria, incorporates
symbols previously published in standards owned and copyrighted by The Instrumentation,
Systems, and Automation Society (ISA). These are printed with agreement from ISA.

PRINTING HISTORY
November 1998 Issued
April 2008 Complete Revision

Not printed with State funds

 COMPLETE REVISION
April 2008

Process Industry Practices

P&ID

PIP PIC001
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
Documentation Criteria
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2
1.1 Purpose............................................ 2
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2

2. References .................................. 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 3
2.3 Government Regulations ................. 3

3. Definitions ................................... 3
4. Requirements.............................. 5
4.1 General ............................................ 5
4.2 Format.............................................. 6
4.3 Equipment ...................................... 11
4.4 Piping ............................................. 17
4.5 Instrumentation and Controls......... 20

Appendixes
Appendix A – Tables and Symbols
Appendix B – Cover Sheets
Appendix C – Example P&IDs

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1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides requirements for designers preparing Piping and Instrumentation
Diagrams (P&IDs).

1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the requirements for P&ID format and content. The Practice is
independent of time in a facility life cycle and encompasses design, construction,
operations, and maintenance.
This Practice covers the generation of new P&IDs and does not apply to the revision of
existing P&IDs. This Practice also applies to P&IDs provided by packaged equipment
vendors.
This Practice applies to all diagrams that fit the definition of a P&ID in Section 3.
The requirements provided in this Practice can be applied to any CAD system used for
developing the P&IDs and are not vendor, hardware, or software specific.
The requirements provided in this Practice provide a balance between showing all data on
P&IDs and making P&IDs legible and easy to read. While this Practice is expected to
incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual applications may
involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over this Practice.
Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or application of the
Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be made solely on
information contained in these materials.
The example P&IDs included in the Appendixes of this Practice are not intended to
recommend specific design details or requirements. Example P&IDs are included to
provide an illustration of how the elements of this Practice are combined into a P&ID.
Electronic native files for the text, symbols, and cover sheets are available to PIP
Member Companies for input to members’ CAD systems. Development of project-
specific cover sheets is recommended using the PIP native files as a starting point.
Additions and/or deletions are allowed to meet requirements. Cover sheet borders and
title blocks can be altered.

2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall be
considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of start of P&ID
development shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where
appropriate.

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP INEG1000 – Insulation Design and Type Codes
– PIP PCCIP001 – Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Criteria
– PIP PCSIP001 – Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Specifications

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– PIP PNE00001 – Design of ASME B31.3 Metallic Piping Systems

– PIP PNSM0001 – Piping Line Class Designator System
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

– ANSI/FCI 70-2-2003 – Control Valve Seat Leakage
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
– ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section VIII – Pressure Vessels
The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA)
– ISA 5.1 – Instrumentation Symbols and Identification
– ISA 5.2 – Binary Logic Diagrams for Process Operations
– ISA 5.3 – Graphic Symbols for Distributed Control / Shared Display
Instrumentation, Logic and Computer Systems
– ISA 84.01 – Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industries
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)
– TEMA Standards
2.3 Government Regulations

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

– OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 – Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Process
Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals

3. Definitions
For the purposes of this Practice, the following definitions apply:

accessible: Term applied to a device or function that can be used or seen by an operator for the
purpose of performing control actions (e.g., set point changes, auto-manual transfer, or on/off
actions) (Reference ISA 5.1)

automated valve: Any valve with a locally or remotely controlled actuator. Examples are
throttling control valves and on/off block valves. Actuators are typically air-operated (diaphragm
or piston), electric or hydraulic, some with a spring-return function. Manually-operated valves are
sometimes tagged as automated valves (e.g., if a manual valve is fitted with position switches).

auxiliary P&ID: Used to show details to unclutter other P&IDs (e.g., lube oil system, sample
systems, instrument details)

Basic Process Control System (BPCS): Control equipment and system installed to regulate
normal production functions. It may contain combinations of single-loop pneumatic controllers,
single-loop electronic controllers, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and Distributed
Control Systems (DCSs). The BPCS is required to operate the process. Examples of control

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functions included in the BPCS are cascade control, override control, and pump start/stop. Also
known as Basic Regulatory Controls. (See also HLCS and SIS)

bubble: Circular symbol used to denote and identify the purpose of an instrument or function. The
bubble usually contains a tag number. (Synonym for balloon) (Reference ISA 5.1)

design pressure: Pressure used in the design of a vessel component together with the coincident
design metal temperature for determining the minimum permissible thickness or physical
characteristics of the different zones of the vessel. (Reference ASME Boiler Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 3)

fail closed (FC): Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to close as a result of
specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power. (Reference ISA 5.1)

fail indeterminate (FI): Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to move to an
unknown position as a result of specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power.
Some automated valves will not stay at the last position upon failure and instead move with the
process differential pressure. Additional equipment may be needed to meet the definition of FC,
FO, or FL. (Reference ISA 5.1)

fail locked (FL) last position: Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to remain in
the last (locked) position as a result of specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power.
Automated valves may fail indeterminately without additional equipment. (Reference ISA 5.1)

fail open (FO): Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to open as a result of
specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power. (Reference ISA 5.1)

hand switch (HS): Any operator-manipulated discrete control device, including hardwired panel
switches and software points.

heat exchanger type: Type designation shall be shell and tube, plate and frame, spiral, etc. For
shell and tube exchangers, use the three-letter designation describing stationary head, shell, and
rear end or head, in that order, in accordance with TEMA.

Higher Level Control System (HLCS): Provides sophistication above that of the BPCS. The
HLCS is not necessary to operate the process. HLCS functions are typically based in process
computers or higher level DCS hardware that interacts with the process by manipulating set
points in the BPCS. Examples of control functions in the HLCS are statistical process control and
model predictive control. (See also BPCS and SIS)

interlock: System that, in response to a predetermined condition, initiates a predefined action.

Typically comprised of binary (on/off) signals and logic used for process control, sequencing, or
protective interruption of normal process control functions. Protective interlocks are typically
further defined as being either safety-related or commercial-related (asset or production
protection).

isolation valve: A valve used for isolation of process equipment while performing activities such
as purging, de-pressuring or de-inventorying. This valve is also commonly referred to as the
primary block valve.

line class: Section of the Piping Material Specifications that provides a listing of piping
components for specific design conditions.

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logic solver: Control equipment that performs the logic function. It can be either hardwired (e.g.,
relays) or Programmable Electronic Systems (e.g., DCS-based or PLC-based, including dual-
redundant or triple-redundant microprocessors).

packaged equipment: One or more pieces of equipment furnished by a vendor with supportive
devices and components to perform a specific operation as a unit

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID): Detailed graphical representation of a process

including the hardware and software (i.e., piping, equipment, and instrumentation) necessary to
design, construct and operate the facility. Common synonyms for P&IDs include Engineering
Flow Diagrams (EFDs), Utility Flow Diagrams (UFDs), and Mechanical Flow Diagrams (MFDs)

Programmable Electronic System (PES): Logic performed by programmable or configurable

devices (Reference ISA 84.01)

root valve: First valve or valves between the process and an auxiliary device (e.g., an instrument)
that contacts the process and is used to isolate the device from the process. This valve is typically
a line class valve used for shut-off and isolation.

Safety Integrity Level (SIL): One of four possible discrete integrity levels (SIL 1, SIL 2, SIL 3,
and SIL 4) of Safety Instrumented Systems. SILs are defined in terms of Probability of Failure on
Demand (PFD). (Reference ISA 84.01)

Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS): Systems composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control
elements for the purpose of taking the process to a safe state if predetermined conditions are
violated. Other terms commonly used include Emergency Shutdown System (ESD or ESS),
Safety Shutdown System (SSD), and Safety Interlock System (SIS). (Reference ISA S84.01) (See
also BPCS and HLCS)

skirt: Cylindrical supporting structure, welded to the bottom of a vertical vessel and extended to
the base support

tagged: For the purposes of labeling instrumentation and control components, a hardware device
or a software point that is identified with an ISA style tag number

Tight Shut-Off (TSO): Tight Shut-Off is defined in this Practice as ANSI Class V or ANSI Class VI
in accordance with ANSI/FCI 70-2

trim: Item attached to equipment as an integral component, identified as part of the equipment
that is exposed to the process, and having a function local to the equipment being served.
Examples are vent and drain valves, instrument bridles, blind flanges, plugs, or other
miscellaneous items associated with a piece of equipment. Typically, trim is purchased
independently from the equipment.

4. Requirements

4.1 General
4.1.1 Most details available from other types of documentation (e.g., instrument loop
diagrams and vessel data sheets) should not be included on P&IDs.

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4.1.2 This Practice uses the concepts of typical details with implied components where
appropriate to simplify P&IDs. (See the cover sheet in Appendix B for
examples.) Additional examples can be added as required.
4.1.3 While the intent of this Practice is to simplify the P&IDs through the use of
implied components and cover sheets, this may not be compatible with the work
processes or design software used for a project. Therefore, this Practice does not
require the use of implied components. It is the responsibility of the project team
to determine the compatibility of implied components with project needs and work
processes (e.g., safety reviews, material take-off method, integration plan, etc.).

4.2 Format
4.2.1 Layout
Comment: The layout and orientation statements specified herein are
recommended as optimal, and slight deviation, although not
encouraged, may be required due to space constraints.
4.2.1.1 Piping Orientation
1. The top of a horizontal line and the left side of a vertical line shall
be the top of a pipe.
2. The bottom of a horizontal line and the right side of a vertical line
shall be the bottom of a pipe.
3. A note shall be used to clarify the orientation as required.
4.2.1.2 Drawing size shall be 22 inches x 34 inches.
4.2.1.3 Each P&ID shall be laid out to avoid clutter and allow future
modifications. No more than three pieces of major equipment shall be
shown on a P&ID. A set of pumps in the same service shall be one piece
of equipment for the purpose of a P&ID layout in accordance with
Appendix C.
4.2.1.4 Flow Orientation
1. Primary flow shall be shown on each P&ID from left to right.
2. Flow-through equipment shall be shown relative to actual
arrangement (e.g., cooling water supply in bottom of exchanger
tube bundle and cooling water return out top).
4.2.1.5 Primary process lines shall be shown heavier than secondary and utility
lines as described in Section 4.2.3.
4.2.1.6 Connector Symbols
1. Off-page and off-plot connectors for primary, secondary, and
instrumentation lines shall be shown entering the P&ID horizontally
0.25 inch from the left inside borderline and exiting 0.25 inch
horizontally from the right inside borderline in accordance with
Appendix C.
2. Utility connectors can be shown at any convenient location on the
body of the P&ID.

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4.2.1.7 Utility P&IDs

1. Utility collection/distribution P&IDs shall be laid out relative to
plot plan orientation in accordance with Appendix C.
2. To depict plot plan orientation, utility off-page connectors for a
utility connection/distribution P&ID may be positioned vertically in
accordance with Appendix C.
3. If match lines are required on utility collection/distribution P&IDs,
the lines shall match the connecting drawing match lines in
accordance with Appendix C.
4.2.1.8 Connector Descriptions
1. Service description, connector number, P&ID number, and
origin/destination shall be shown for off-page and off-plot
connectors in accordance with Appendix A-3.
2. Origin/destination shall be shown as an equipment number, line
number, or loop number.
3. Service description for a piping off-page and off-plot connector
shall be shown as name of fluid (e.g., Cracked Gas) or line
description (e.g., Reactor Feed, Tower Overhead).
4. Service description for an instrument off-page and off-plot
connector shall be shown as a line function (e.g., Low Level
Override) or equipment to be controlled (e.g., PV-10014A/B).
5. Text associated with off-page and off-plot connectors on the left
side of the P&ID should be left justified; text associated with off-
page and off-plot connectors on the right side of a P&ID should be
right justified.
4.2.1.9 Equipment arrangement shall be shown relative to its elevation to grade
(e.g., pumps at bottom of P&ID) in accordance with Appendix C.
4.2.1.10 A control valve actuator shall be shown above a horizontal line or left of
a vertical line.
4.2.1.11 If a control valve identification bubble is required, the center point of the
bubble shall be shown 0.5 inch above and 0.5 in away from the actuator
in a horizontal line or 0.5 inch to the left and 0.5 inch away from the
actuator in a vertical line.
4.2.1.12 The center point of an instrument bubble shall be shown 0.5 inch directly
above an in-line instrument in a horizontal line or 0.5 inch directly left of
an in-line instrument in a vertical line. Examples are restriction orifices
and stand-alone thermowells.
4.2.1.13 Pump and compressor driver piping, instrumentation, and auxiliaries can
be shown on a separate, auxiliary P&ID. “Primary” P&ID and auxiliary
P&ID shall be cross-referenced.
4.2.1.14 Typical details shall be used if clutter can be eliminated without
detracting from clarity. These details shall be shown on the P&ID, on an
auxiliary P&ID, or on a cover sheet.

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4.2.4.2 Equipment Information

1. Equipment numbers shall use a text height of 0.16 inch at a weight
of 0.03 inch.
2. Equipment numbers shall be underlined.
3. Equipment title and data shall use a text height of 0.1 inch at a
weight of 0.02 inch.
4. Equipment text shall be justified at the top and center.
5. Equipment numbers, titles, and data for fixed or static equipment
(i.e., exchangers, vessels, tanks, towers, filters, and material
handling) shall be shown within 2 inches from the top inside
borderline of the P&ID, directly above the equipment, and on the
same horizontal plane as other equipment identification.
6. Equipment numbers, titles, and data for rotating equipment (i.e.,
pumps, blowers, compressors, and agitators) shall be shown within
2 inches from the bottom inside borderline of the P&ID, directly
below the equipment, and on the same horizontal plane as other
equipment identification.
7. Equipment number, title, and data shall be shown once for identical
equipment with the same number, title, and service (e.g.,
P-601A/B).
4.2.4.3 Line Numbers
1. Line numbers shall be shown in accordance with Appendix A-3.
See example shown in Appendix C.
2. Line numbers shall use a text height of 0.1 inch at a weight of
0.02 inch.
3. Line number text shall be placed 0.06 inch from the line and shall
be lined up vertically 0.25 inch from the connector.
4. Line numbers at entering off-page and off-plot connectors shall be
justified at the top and left.
5. Line numbers at exiting off-page and off-plot connectors shall be
justified at the top and right.
6 Line numbering shall be shown with the orientation of the line.
4.2.4.4 Text Arrangement
1. Text shall be shown horizontal if possible.
2. Vertical text shall be placed to the left of supporting graphics if
possible.
3. Vertical text shall be read from bottom to top.
4.2.4.5 Abbreviations shall be in accordance with Appendix A-1.

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