Typescript documentation link for Functions
Examples
Optional and Default Parameters
Optional Parameters
In TypeScript, every parameter is assumed to be required by the function. You can
add a ? at the
end of a parameter name to set it as optional.
For example, the lastName parameter of this function is optional:
function buildName(firstName: string, lastName?: string) {
// ...
}
Optional parameters must come after all non-optional parameters:
function buildName(firstName?: string, lastName: string) // Invalid
Default Parameters
If the user passes undefined or doesn't specify an argument, the default value will be
assigned.
These are called default-initialized parameters.
For example, "Smith" is the default value for the lastName parameter.
function buildName(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
// ...
}
buildName('foo', 'bar'); // firstName == 'foo', lastName == 'bar'
buildName('foo'); // firstName == 'foo', lastName == 'Smith'
buildName('foo', undefined); // firstName == 'foo', lastName == 'Smith'
Types of Functions
Named functions
function multiply(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
https://riptutorial.com/ 29
Anonymous functions
let multiply = function(a, b) { return a * b; };
Lambda / arrow functions
let multiply = (a, b) => { return a * b; };
Function as a parameter
Suppose we want to receive a function as a parameter, we can do it like this:
function foo(otherFunc: Function): void {
...
}
If we want to receive a constructor as a parameter:
function foo(constructorFunc: { new() }) {
new constructorFunc();
}
function foo(constructorWithParamsFunc: { new(num: number) }) {
new constructorWithParamsFunc(1);
}
Or to make it easier to read we can define an interface describing the constructor:
interface IConstructor {
new();
}
function foo(contructorFunc: IConstructor) {
new constructorFunc();
}
Or with parameters:
interface INumberConstructor {
new(num: number);
}
function foo(contructorFunc: INumberConstructor) {
new contructorFunc(1);
}
Even with generics:
interface ITConstructor<T, U> {
new(item: T): U;
}
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function foo<T, U>(contructorFunc: ITConstructor<T, U>, item: T): U {
return new contructorFunc(item);
}
If we want to receive a simple function and not a constructor it's almost the same:
function foo(func: { (): void }) {
func();
}
function foo(constructorWithParamsFunc: { (num: number): void }) {
new constructorWithParamsFunc(1);
}
Or to make it easier to read we can define an interface describing the function:
interface IFunction {
(): void;
}
function foo(func: IFunction ) {
func();
}
Or with parameters:
interface INumberFunction {
(num: number): string;
}
function foo(func: INumberFunction ) {
func(1);
}
Even with generics:
interface ITFunc<T, U> {
(item: T): U;
}
function foo<T, U>(contructorFunc: ITFunc<T, U>, item: T): U {
return func(item);
}
Functions with Union Types
A TypeScript function can take in parameters of multiple, predefined types using
union types.
function whatTime(hour:number|string, minute:number|string):string{
return hour+':'+minute;
}
whatTime(1,30) //'1:30'
whatTime(1,'30') //'1:30'
whatTime('1','30') //'1:30'
Typescript treats these parameters as a single type that is a union of the other
types, so your
function must be able to handle parameters of any type that is in the union.
function addTen(start:number|string):number{
if(typeof number === 'string'){
return parseInt(number)+10;
}else{
else return number+10;
}
}
Read Functions online: https://riptutorial.com/typescript/topic/1841/functions
https://riptutorial.com/ 32
Chapter 9: Generics
Syntax
• The generic types declared within the triangle brackets: <T>
• Constrainting the generic types is done with the extends keyword: <T extends Car>
Remarks
The generic parameters are not available at runtime, they are just for the compile
time. This
means you can't do something like this:
class Executor<T, U> {
public execute(executable: T): void {
if (T instanceof Executable1) { // Compilation error
...
} else if (U instanceof Executable2){ // Compilation error
...
}
}
}
However, class information is still preserved, so you can still test for the type of a
variable as you
have always been able to:
class Executor<T, U> {
public execute(executable: T): void {
if (executable instanceof Executable1) {
...
} else if (executable instanceof Executable2){
...
} // But in this method, since there is no parameter of type `U` it is non-sensical to
ask about U's "type"
}
}
Examples
Generic Interfaces
Declaring a generic interface
interface IResult<T> {
wasSuccessfull: boolean;
error: T;
}
https://riptutorial.com/ 33
var result: IResult<string> = ....
var error: string = result.error;
Generic interface with multiple type
parameters
interface IRunnable<T, U> {
run(input: T): U;
}
var runnable: IRunnable<string, number> = ...
var input: string;
var result: number = runnable.run(input);
Implementing a generic interface
interface IResult<T>{
wasSuccessfull: boolean;
error: T;
clone(): IResult<T>;
}
Implement it with generic class:
class Result<T> implements IResult<T> {
constructor(public result: boolean, public error: T) {
}
public clone(): IResult<T> {
return new Result<T>(this.result, this.error);
}
}
Implement it with non generic class:
class StringResult implements IResult<string> {
constructor(public result: boolean, public error: string) {
}
public clone(): IResult<string> {
return new StringResult(this.result, this.error);
}
}
Generic Class
