And vrs, GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION & COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT DESIGN OF CHANNEL SECTIONS AND CD & CM WORKS FOR THE CANAL CARRYING DISCHARGES 2.830 CUMECS ( 100 CUSECS ) AND BELOW SRIRAMA SAGAR PROJECT, DESIGNS CIRCLE HYDERABAD NOVEMBER.- 1995DESIGN OF CHANNEL SECTIONS AND CD & CM WORKS FOR THE CANALS CARRYING DISCHARGES 2.830 CUMECS (100 CUSECS) AND BELOW M. HANMANTH REDDY. DY. EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, Submitted > : K.PADMA RAO EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, Y.PANDUTANGA AO SUPENINTENDING ENGINEERCONTENTS S.No. Te PAGE NO CHAPTER -| 4.4.0 Canal standards and design of canal sections 1 1.4.1 1) Trapezoidal section (lined & unlined ). 3 i) Somicircutar section i) Cup section, 8 1.1.2. i) Relation of depth to allowable velocity (USBR curves) 4 il) Relation of depth - vadth & discharge formula contains (USBR curves) 15 ii) Base width and water depth of lined canals in ralation to capacity (Concrete association of India Vol.) 7 jv) Graph for bed width and depth ratio for untined channets (CWC graphs ) 8 CHAPTER. II Design of Cross drainage works. 2.0.0. Introduction. 19 2.1.0 General standards and specifications for in cross drainage works. 19 2.2.0 Important fomulae used in the design of cross drainage works. a 2.3.0 Design of a pipe syphon aqueduct ( Under tunnel). 25 214.0. Design of a superpassage (Trough Type) 20 25.0. Design of Pipe superpassage {for inigation channel crossing, 37 2.6.0. Design of an aqueduct (Trough Type ). a“ 2.7.0. Design of an aqueduct carrying canal section as its on the trough slab. 52 2.80, Design of a canal syphon. 87 CHAPTER -lll_ Design of cross masonry works. 3.4.0 Introduction, 65 3.2.0. General standards and specifications adopted for cross masonry works. 65 3.2.4 General formulae used in cross masonry works. 66 AAO. Design of an offtake / Pipe oullet (Gated / Ungated ) 69 3.4.0. Design of an off-take in the weir of a minor irrigation tank to feed the tail tend ayacut of a distributory of other source, ry 3.5.0. Design of regulator ( Ungated Glacis type ). a 36.0. Design of a 2.0m glacis type drop. 87 3.7.0. Design of culverts for road/car track crossings. 1) Pipe culvert) slab culvert 96 3.8.0. Design of foot bridge ( Superstructure ) 41043.9.0 Design of notch type drop 3.10.0 Design of semi modules in structured net work CHAPTER - IV Miscellaneous 4.1.0 Some important points to be kept in shind while finalising the alignment and designing the CD works 4.2.0 Retaining Walls ( Design tables ) 4.3.0 Passive earth pressure calculation 4.4.0 Supporting items of works 1) Retaining walls ( Stepping ) 2) Weep holes 3) Porous blocks arrangements 4) Water stoppers '5) Arrangement of holding down bolts 6) Details of bell mouth (2 nos ) 7) Dowel bars in floor and foundation conerete 8) Juction of side fining with the trough slab over the under tunnel 9) Details of juntion of trough side wall and wing wall 40) Hand rails (2 nos) 11) Drainage spouts 42) Ornamental pilasters 13) Expansion joints 14) Details of approach stab 15) Details of GCI RCC bed blocks 45.0 List of IS codes and other important reference books 112 113 lis 7 uy’ 124 125 128 128 130 131 132 134 135 196 137 139 140 141 143 144 149PREFACE Tl look i inal be sve primary av a ude bs design bythe fl Engin i Burana agen prt, Anda, prada Some tines Ue fall Eni whe dart have much espount ts digns am asked ts doign CD. & CM verbs ipl cin lind, say 100 cay willl nfring ls fil fel ign offs. J sch cams this bok ell bs mane web fad Enpiars The Sour malik oo the maral iy Ted cicdans, dene. pres tnd praclas load or ocftons prorlly adap in dniam sagan prj ona sland 3.3, Coc, Workal ou sxamples for hy shucos eve apd toda Bo dai ope Ui bok wld be of sri ball eons, cally Ue juon ont fold firs of spartan Sp of all fos Bone may be ork comings and comers, any ggsies lx improve the manual will bs wshome, I, compat the Engrs ial, for the ezalled work thy haw done in ppanation of the bask: and: wish tm 'all ss in simian works VV. Peapretagrangeri, Baperinbonding & ine Shige Cink, Bt Ranma, Sagan. Pru NydrabadCHAPTER -1 DESIGN OF CHANNEL SECTION ‘The channel may be either lined or unlined. The design of both lined and unlined channels will be done by using discharge equation @ = AxV and flow equation V = 1/n R282, The rugosity ‘n( roughness coefficent ) bid ratio and critical velocity ratio differ in both the cases, A typical channel section is shown below: awit Emwe4 a ‘Where: b = Bed width of canal d= Full supply dept, F.B= Free board = Side slope ‘TW1 & TW2 = Top widths of banks, Discharge of canal = Area of water prism, A x Velocity of flow. Discharge of the canal, Q ‘The discharge of the canal at any section includes discharge required for the ayacut below that point for the given duty and losses, Duty: ‘AS approved in the srirama sagar project organisation for the ID pattern the following duties may be adopted. 1429 Ha/cumec at the farm gate 1144 Ha/cumec at the pipe head 1029 Ha/cumec at the distributory head For wet 572 ha/cumec at outlet head may be adopted, Losses: For the known distributory system, below certain point where the section is to be designed, the following losses are to be considered, |) 3.048 cumecs/million sqm of wetted area of unlined channel. li) 1.828 cumecs/million sqm of wetted area of lined channel. Area of water prism A: After knowing the discharge required, the dimensions of channel are calculated as follows. ') Unlined channel: The bed width (b) depth of flow (a) are read from USBR(United states Bureau of reclamation ) curves ( fig 1.2, iil Jor b/d ratio from CWC graph, i) Lined channel: A bid ratio of 1.1 to 1.75 is adopted to arrive b and d values selecting Suitable velocity. The b and d can also be read from gragh ( fig 1.1) published by the Concrete Association of India in their publication The lining of irrigation canals year -1960.In side slopes (2:1) of canal are proposed as follows depending on the strata that is met with =i) in black cotton soils 24 = 2.347 Cumecs Hence 0.k Reach Il:- Discharge (R) = 2.114 Cumecs Section = 2.40x1.05m Bed fall= 1 in 3600 As4.173sqm P=6165m R=0674 — R=0,705 V=0.579mIsec Qd = 2.169 Cumecs > 2.114 Cumecs Hence 0.« Reach Ill:- Discharge (R) = 1.867 Cumecs Section = 2.25x1.00m Bed fall = 1 in 3500 A=3.75sqm P=5.855m R=0.640 — R29=0.743 V=0.502m/sec Qa = 1.883 Cumecs> 1.867 Cumecs Hence 0.k Reach IV:- Discharge (R) = 1.689 Cumecs Section = 2.25x0.95m Bed fall = 1 in 3500 A=3.491sqm P=5.675m 0615 R®=0.729 0.488m/sec Qd = 1.708 Cumecs > 1.689 Cumecs Hence O.K Reach V:- Discharge (R) = 1.546 Curnecs Section = 2.20x0.92m Bed fall = 1 in 3500 .203sqm P=5517m R=0596 R29=0.0.708 478mIsec 1,576 Cumecs > 1,546 Cumecs Hence 0.k 947 Cumecs 00x0.80m Bed fall Sésqm P=4.884m R 430m/sec 1.124 Cumecs > 0.947 Gumecs Hence 0.K The line daigram is appended (fig 1.4 ). 1 in 3500 524 RR 650REACH Km 0.00 ToT 2.50m dt. 20mn ‘cons O+2A44Gum | REACH Km 0.10 To 1.350 240m de. 95m We. %9mfs 0°2.114Cum ‘We0.St2rfs O°1.867¢um REACH IV Km 1.725 10 2.50 226m do 35m Venatbeye @-1.685Cum Intetkm 2225 | CAe1.557Hn Os0.278¢um TEACHY km a0 80 EACH Wk 320 Te 610 ‘ont at kns.s0. ——| K= 20.3310 0-0.0420 i —MLI ALKin 0.01 CA 111.20448 a:0.233¢un, LL MU AK 1.350.64= 1173640 O°0.246 Cum — O11 Atkin 1.55 €he2423H0 0°0.051 Cum PM ae 1.775 canst 204Cum }— 012 ark 2.25 c4-32.40he 0=0.068¢um [pM atm 2.50 ch 13760149 0 = 0.288Cum [913 Atkm 3.00 ck = 14.1648 0 = 0.03¢um [8 Atm 3.50 CA = 263018 @ = 085m Ts km 3.30 ch 1072086 0+ 2225Cum OLS AtKm 4.305 64 12.1411 = .025Cum O16 Atk 5.10.64=28.33 Ho v.00 Cum [-——~* or atkm 5.20 a=20.39010 s0ez0cum — OLB AL KmS.825 CA = 40.478 0 = 0.805Com OLB Km 6.10 6A =25.472Ha 0 = .05¢um— eee Bd [2a =} FB) Ae NOMENCLATURE: D —-: Diameter of semicircular section, d: Depth of water b Free board a: Radius of semicircular section A: Wetted area P : Wetted perimeter S — : Bed fall R Hydraulic radius V Velocity 11: Rugocity coefficent Gr: Required discharge Qa: Designed discharge Calculation : 08-1 (bia) 0=2x0 0/360) xaxaxa-0.5xaxaxSin@ P= (0/360) x2xxxa /n) x RPSxS 12 Qd= A xv DESIGN OF SEMI CIRCULAR SECTIONS FOR BED FALL 1/1000 ine GF BRB DEPTH XY AREA PERT A vELOGTY Gy ie oe 7 0.030 0.600 0.100 0.200 1.231 2.462 0.083 0.739 0.112 0.367 0.030 0.060 0.700 0.080 0.270 1.340 2.680 0.137 0.938 0.148 0.438 0.060 0.080 0,900 0.140 0.310 1.254 2.509 0.194 1.129 0.172 0.489 0.005 0.120 1.000 0.155 0.345 1.256 2.511 0.240 1.256 0.191 0.525 0.126 0.150 1.000 0.120 0.380 1.328 2.657 0.274 1.328 0.206 0.552 0.151 0.180 1.100 0.145 0.405 1.304 2.608 0.318 1.434 0.221 0.579 0.184 0.240 1.200 0.180 0.420 1.266 2.532 0.353 1.519 0.232 0.507 0.211 1 1 0.240 1,200 0.145 0.455 1.327 2653 0.393 1.592 0.247 0.622 0.245 0.270 1.300 0.185 0.465 1.282 2.564 0.426 1.667 0.256 0.637 0.272 0.300 1.300 0.155 0.495 1.330 2.660 0.464 1,729 0.268 0.658 0.305 DESIGN OF SEMI CIRCULAR SECTIONS FOR BED FALL 1/1100 S.No. Qr D F.B DEPTH XY AREA PERI R VELOCITY Qy bod AP v | 0.030 0.600 0.095 0.205 1.249 2.497 0.085- 0,749-0.114 0.354 0.030 0.060 0.800 0.130 0.270 1.240 2.480 0.149 0.992 0.150 0.428 0.084 9.090 0.900 0.140 0.310 1.254 2.509 0.194 1.129 0.172 0.466 0.091 0.420 1.000 0.155 0.345 1.256 2.511 0.240 1.256 0.191 0.501 0.120 0.150 1.100 0.165 0.385 1.266 2.532 0.208 1.393 0.213 0.537 0.159 0.180 1.100 0.135 0.415 1.323 2646 0.328 11455 0.226 0.559 0.183 0.210 1.200 0.165 0.435 1.292 2.584 0.370 1.551 0.239 0580 0.215 0.240 1,300 0.190 0.460 1.274 2.548 0.420 1.656 0.254 0.604 0.254 0.270 1.300 0.170 0.480 1.308 2.612 0.445 1698 0.262 0.618 0.275 10 0.300 1.400 0.205 0.495 1.274 2.547 0.487 1.783 0.273 0.635 0.309FB DEPTH XY AREA PERI R VELOCITY a, bd d ale v 0.600 0.075 0.225 1.318 2.636 0.097 0.791 0.122 018 0031 “0.060 0.800 0.115 0.285 1.279 2.558 0.161 1.023 0.157 0.376 0.090 '$ 0.090 0,900 0.110 0.340 1.324 2648 0.220 1191 O15 O419 Koos 4 0.120 1.000 0.125 0.375 1.318 2638 0.269 1.318 0.204 O48 0120 § 0.150 1.100 0.145 0.405 1.304 2608 0.318 1434 0221 0472 Oteo 6 0.180 1.200 0.165 0.435 1.292 2.584 0.370 1.551 0.239 0.497 oes 7 0.210 1.300 0.190 0.460 1.274 2548 0.420 11655 0.254 O17 Ont 8 0.240 1,300 0.165 0485 1.314 2628 0.451 1.708 0.264 882 aso 9 0.270 1.400 0.195 0.505 1.286 2.577 0.500 11804 0.277 OS40 Dore 0.300 1.400 0.170 0.530 1.325 2.651 0.534 1.856 0.268 0.563 0.001 DESIGN OF SEMI CIRCULAR SECTIONS FOR BED FALL 4/1800 Og SNo ar 0 FB DEPTH XY AREA PERI G8 ae v 0.800 0.065 0.235 1.352 2.705 0.103 0.811 0.127 0.297 0.030 0.060 0.800 0.100 0.300 1.318 2696 0.172 1.054 0.163 0.352 0.001 ©.090 1.000 0.155 0.345 1.256 2.511 0.240 1.256 0101 0.301 004 6.120 1.100 0.165 0,385 1.266 2.592 0.298 1.303 0213 0.420 0.128 G.480 1-200 0.180 0.420 1.266 2.532 0.353 1.519 0.232 0.445 0167 O21) 1300 0145 0.455 1.327 2653 0.393 1.592 0.247 0.404 O'18S G.212 1300 0.175 0.475 1.208 2596 0.439 1.688 0.260 0.480 0211 G.240 1.400 0.205 0.495 1.274 2.547 0.487 1.783 0273 0400 Ooat Gazo 1400 0.170 0.530 1.325 2651 0.534 1.856 0.288 0.514 02/4 9.300 1.500 0.210 0.540 1.287 2.574 0873 1.931 0.207 0594 000 10 DESIGN OF SEMI CIRCULAR SECTIONS FOR BED FALL 1/2000 SNo. Gr D FB DEPTH X Y AREA PERI R VELOcITY ay bod a PP v 1.296 2.472 0.113 0.865 0.131 0.288 0.033 7.000 9.800 0.090 0.310 1.344 2.688 0180 11075 O67 O340 Dost 9.090 1.000 0.150 0.360 1.266 2.532 0.245 1266 0.193 0.374 Ooee 6120 1.100 0.160 0.390 1.276 2.551 0.302 11403 0.215 O401 Dis §:480 1.200 0.175 0.425 4.275 2.550 0.359 1:530 0.234 O25 O1ae 6.180 1.300 0.190 0.460 1.274 2.548 0.420 1.856 0.254 0448 Utes G:210 1.800 0.160 0.490 1.322 21644 0.458 1719 0260 0403 Ute 0249 1-400 0.190 0.510 1.296 2.592 0.507 11814 0.279 0478 Ose 0270 1600 0.215 0.535 1.280 2.560 0.566 11920 0295 0498 Uren 0.300 1.500 0.180 0.560 1.315 2629 0.602 1.972 0.305 0.507 0209 0.030 0.700 0.115 0.235FB DEPTH X Y AREA PERI R VELOCITY Qy bd 4d a TP 0.115 0.235 1.236 2472 0.113 0865 0.140 0.310 1.254 2509 0.194 1.120 0.172 0.140 0.360 1.287 2.574 0.255 1.287 0.198 0.150 0.400 1.295 2.589 0.312 1.424 0.219 0.165 0.435 1.292 2.584 0.370 1.551 0.239 0.185 0.465 1.262 2.564 0.426 11667 0.256 0.205 0.495 1.274 2.547 0.487 1.783 0273 0.175 0.525 1.318 2.636 0.527 1.845 0.286 0.210 0.540 1.287 2574 0.573 1.931 0.297 0.570 1.328 2.657 0.616 1,993 0.309 S.No. Gr D bod AP v 0.030 0.700 0.110 0.240 1.251 2.502 0.117 0.876 0.133 0.261 0.030 0.060 0.900 0.140 0.310 1.254 2.509 0.194 1.129 0.172 0.309 0.060 0.080 1.000 0.130 0.370 1.308 2616 0.264 1.308 0.202 0.344 0.091 0.120 1.100 0.135 0.415 1.323 2646 0.328 1.455 0.226 0.371 0.122 0.150 1.200 0.150 0.450 1.318 2.636 0.987 1.582 0.245 0.301 0.152 0.180 1.300 0.170 0.480 1206 2612 0.445 1.698 0.262 0.410 0.182 0.210 1.400 0.195 0.505 1.288 2577 0.500 1.804 0.277 0.425 0.213 0.240 1.500 0.215 0.535 1.280 2.560 0.566 11920 0.295 0.443 0.250 0.270 1.500 0.190 0.560 1.315 2.629 0.602 1.972 0.305 0.453 0.273 0.300 1.600 0.225 0.575 1.266 2.571 0.650 2057 0.316 0.464 0.302 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 10 1.41.0 Design of canal - cup section ( Zero bed width ) + wes. | NOMENCLATURE: HPL: Horizontal projected length of curve VPL__: Vertical projected length of curve A 02 (2+ Tan“1( 1/2)) TWFSL : Top wiath of canal at FSL. P 2xDx(Z+Tan (4Z)) A Wetted area R AIP 10SNe. aR oePTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0.150 0.300 0.450 0.600 0.750 0.900 1.050 1.200 1.350 1.500 Wetted perimeter Bed fall DEPTH 0.380 0.495 0.575 0.640 0.695 0.745, 0.790 0.830 0.870 0.905 0.405 0.525 0.610 0.680 0.740 0.790 0.840 0.880 0.920 0.955 slope ( Inner ) Required discharge HPL VPL TWFSL A aa aa 0.416 0.063 1.352 0.20404 .566 0.538, 0.627 0.689 0.760 0.815 0.860 01904 0.949 0.982 HPL 0.422 0.549 o.638 0.710 77 0.827 0.876 0.921 0.965 1.004 0.582 0.877 0.754 0.821 0.876 0.932 0976 1,021 1.059 0.081 0.095 0.106 0115 0.123 0.130 0.137 144 0.149 vPL. 0.064 0.083, 0.097 0.107 ont7 0.125 0.133, 0.139 0.146 0.152 0.068 .088 0.102 ong O124 0.133 O14 0148 0.155 0.160 1.749 2037 2.271 2.470 2.650 2.794 2.939 3.083, 3.191 1.370 1.785 2.073 2.308 2.506 2.686 2.848 2.993 3137 3.263, 1.460 1.893, 2.199 2.452 2.668 2.848 3.029 3.173 3317 3.443 1 0.491 0.667 0.829 0.980 1.128 1.254 1.387 1.526 1.635 2.025 2.359 2.631 2.861 3.069 3.236 3.403 3.570 3.696 =U =A xV Ain) x R 2/3 31/2 Designed discharge 0.187 0.242 0.282 0.315 0.342 0.367 0.387 0.407 0.427 0.442 0.302 0512 0.690 0.855 1.009 1.159 4.303 1.438 1.580 1710 0.342, 0.576 O77 0.965 1.143 1.303 1.473 1617 1.787 1.904 TWFSL A. P 1.587 2.067 2.401 2673 2.902 3111 3.299 3.466 3.633 3.779 1.691 2.192 2.547 2.840 3.080 3.200 3.508 3.675 3.842 3.988 0.190 0.247 0.287 0.320 0.347 0.372 0.395 0.415 0.435 0.452 0.202 0.262 0.305 0.340 0.370 0.395 0.420 0.440 0.480 0.477 0.498 0.594 0.657 0.705 0.745 0.780 o.s12 0.839 o.865 0.889 R VELociTY aa R VELocITY aq 0.160 0.304 0.453, 0.603 0.752 0.904 1.058 1.208 1.368 1.520 0.182 0.305 0.454 0.607 0.761 0.908 41.067 1.208 1.380S.No. aR DEPTH 0.425 0.555 0.645 0.715 0.780 0.835 0.885 0.930 0.970 1.010 DEPTH 0.435 0.565 0.655 0.730 0.795 0.850 0.900 0.945 0.990 1.030 0.465 0.605 0.699 0.782 0.849 0.910 0.960 1.010 1.054 1.008 0.071 0.092 0.106 0118 0.128 0.138 0.145 0.153 0.160 0.166 1.514 1.965, 227 2.542 2.758 2.957 3.119 3.281 3.425, 3.569 0.368 0.620 0.829 1.038 4.222 1.404 1.562 1.729 1.884 2.046 P 1.754 2.276 2.631 2.944 3.195 3.424 3.612 3.800 3.967 4134 HPL VPL TWFSL A ort o616 o7t6 0.793 0.865 0.928 0.982 4.032 1.076 1.120 0.071 0.003 0.108 0.120 131 0.140 0.149 0.186 0.163 0.170 1,532 2.001 2.326 2.578 2.812 3.011 3.191 3.953, 3.497 3.642 0.37 0.643, 0.869 4.067 1.270 1.456 1.635, 1.806 1.965, 2.130 HPL VPL TWFSL A 0.483 0.627 0.727 0.810 0.882 0.943 0.998 1.048 1.088 4.143 2 0.395 0.667 0.896 1.413, 1.320 1.509 1.691 1.865, 2.046 2.215 P 1.775 2318 2.694 2.986 3.257 3.487 3.696 3.884 4.051 4218 P 1.817 21359 2.735 3.048, 3.320 3.550 3.758 3.948 4134 4.301 R VELOCITY ad 0.212 0.277 0.322 0.357 0.390 0.417 0.442 0.465 0.485 0.505 0.217 0.282 0.327 0.365 0.397 0.425 0.450 0.472 0.495, 0.515 0.416 0.495, 0.546 0.588 0.621 0.650 0.674 0.697 on7 0.737 0.398, 0.476 0.526 0.563, 0.597 0.625 0.649 0.671 0.690 0.709 R vELociTY Gq 0.386 0.459 0.506 0.544 0576 0.603 0.626 0.647 0.667 0.685, R VELocITY ad 0.183 0.307 0.452 0.610 0.759 0.913 1.053 1.205, 1.352 1.509 0.306 0.457 0.601 0.758 0.909 1.082 1.212 1.356 1.510 0.152 0.306 0.454 0.606 0.761 0.909 1.059 1.208 1.365 1.5170.494 0.075 0.638 0.097 0.743 0.113 0.832 0.126 0.904 0.137 0.965 0.148 1.021 0.155 1.076 0.163, 1.120 0.170 4.170 0.177 tm 1.604 2.073 2416 2.704 2.939 3.137 3.317 3.497 3.642 3.804 0.413 1.858 0.222 0.680 2.401 0.287 0.937 2.798 0.335 1475 3.132 0.375 1.387 3.403 0.407 1.580 3.633 0.435 1.767 3.842 0.460 1.965 4.051 0.485 2.130 4.218 0.505 2.324 4.406 0.527 al.Bay Tae - r ites] — aa] Ae] | ALISSSA StevMeny ot wLaad a NOUN NOTES BEd Lesa NI ALISA, 2t toe ot ot 54 te og 22 pe te of oe 90 14 Ritooran Grove Wons EUS nON STR DEPTH OF WATER I FEETFn 2 2 jhey SNOULIGHOD WwaON God | SPBYRORG y HleinHidad as NOL ta) $32 O89 aLoz~ Trews Ninwe SSuyyyoses asso wore Sais Satin: SWORE Sad ret tens ti — Sats “Sating 92 | SR STE SHE 888 coe 07 OFe eee cox co | a ef ! PRPTW OF WATER IN FEET. Tee SNoPas BEd Lazy eas ND STE SE SPE 8% ose one wwe oes oo ot on cet ot op og TTT to Auuwmne ay | im WoL do NOI Tau Beto wim my FEETSS Use 2 Nyse RSUIGROS SY RESN EST BeuynoAG ony jus nase Dope cuase STN WTS, sais _caunni | oa ae Se Se SNoous aad L382 >KeN2 NID 909% SOS oops eEF ce¥t CFT scot 20 069 ook, TTT I i % | ae t [Fy Sis Store o © core _se0z co@k eae 1334 Qend No 95 OOK cotr oot cect 906 I LI ADINVAg Ty Ala) [Reiss 3 BATION WITH 1 FEET DEPTH OF WATER, WN FEET 6SSS § Fee ee or[eaaqean] ommenooy SUNNUHS GINA eb i waMoaaaIA WEDD) ang go Juawecanag 8CHAPTER - II DESIGN OF CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS inTRoDUCTIOI The canal during its way crosses @ number of streams. Depending upon the topographic conditions and nature of stream, several cross drainage works are created for ‘smooth carrying of the canal water. They are namely; i) Syphon aqueduct (yt) il) Aqueduct i) Super passage iv) Canal syphon ‘Syphon aqueduct:Where the stream bed level at the crossing Is just below or above CBL. but the HFL of the stream is bolow the canal FSL an U.T is proposed. In order to have required head way for the stream flow,if necessary, the bed of stream is depressed providing a drop at the entry. Tail channel is propoesé til it meets the natural ground level. In such cases the flow in the barrel is under pressure. In this case the canal section is carried as it is but the outer slopes are partially replaced by head walls on the barrels. ‘Aqueduct Where the HFL of the stream at the crossing is below the CBL with clear head way an Aqueduct is proposed. In this case the canal is flumed and carried in a rectangutar rectangular RCC trough with one or more bays. ‘The smaller bed width canal will be carried as itis on the roof slab as in the case of syphon aqueduct. ‘Super passage: Where the stream bed level at the crossing is above or just touches the FSL of the canal, a superpassage is proposed. For continully of inspection path a single lane road bridge is proposed on ayacut side. The bridge is proposed to rest on transition of the structure. If required the superpassage trough may be provided encroaching into FSL of canal Canal syphon: Where the stream bed is falling in the water prism of the canal and where it is required to safeguard the tank on downstream, a can! syphon is provided by depressing the canal bed to make headway. Canal syphon are prone to silting and choaking syphon barrel with either silt or ebries requiring constant regular maintenance. It is_only purely from an economical aspect, they are proffered xside For continuety of inspection path SLR bridge will be provided on ayacut’and a foot bridge on other side 2.4.0 General standards & specifications adopted in cross drainage works Item (Standard ‘Specification a @ 1) Foundation: ‘Thickness of foundation :450/600mm CC 1:6:10 Using 40mm max. size metal 2) A) Floor: Minimum thickness of floor CC 1:6:10 using 40mm max. size 450/600mm, metal, 19'B) Wearing coat over barreltransition floors: 75mm upto 14 cumecs and 150 mm above 14 cumecs. 3) Abutments, Wings & Retums: Generally front batter 1 in § and rear batter tobe built in steps. 4 Piers: Generally a batter of 1in10 is adopted 5) Drop walls: 6) Bed blocks: ') 225mm thick in respect of U.T's i) 225mm thick in respect of canal ‘syphons and as per design for super- passages. 7) Copings: Thickness 10mm 8) Pointing: 9) Plastering: 10) weep holes: In wings, returns,head wall and abutments, 11) Porous blocks ( made of no-fines ‘concrete ) 12) Super structure: ) i) U.Ts slab under earth bank. ii) Slab under trough bytrough in case of superpassage, aqueduct ©) Canal syphons roof slab, ) Expansion joints: Over the ‘abutments and piers at the free ends of slab/trough ©) Sealing coat 19) Top width of retaining walls: Masonry; Height upto 1.2m Height above 1.2m Concrete; Height upto 1.80m Height above 1.80m 14) Straight line transitions: Inlet * Outlet CC M16 using 20mm max. size metal RR masonry in CM 1:6 with front 450mm in CRS masonry 1st sort. or ‘CC 1:3:6 mix using 40mm graded metal. CRS masonry 1st sort for 450mm thick exposed faces with RR masonry hearting in CM 4:6 or CC 1:3:6 mix using 40mm graded metal RR masonry in CM 1:6 CC M10 using 40mm max. size metal. CC M15 using 20mm max size metal, ‘CC M10 75% of aggregate of 4mm single size and 25% of aggregate of 20mm single size cM 1:4 CM 14 75x150mm size al 2m cfc both ways (taggered) 600mm above bed with reverse filters on rear side. Or 120 dia in case of CC works. {600x600x750 or 675mm size at 3mc/e over continuous fiter RCC M15 using 20mm max. size metal RCC M20 using 20mm max. size metal, 412mm thick, expansion joints with 150mm wide PVC water stoppers filled with expansion joint filer. CC M20 grade using 20mm max. size metal 0.45m 0.60m 030m 045m, 4:2 flare This may be increased to 1:3 and 43 flare 1:5 respectively. 20Head loss due to change in velocity may be as follows: Due to sudden contraction 03. (Vy2-Vp2 yag Due to sudden expansion 0.5 (V4? - Vo? prog Gradual contraction 0.2 (V4? V2 yr2g Gradual expansion 0.3 (V4? V2 2g 416) Guide banks: Top width ‘Above 1Scumecs 3.00m Below 15cumecs. 4.80m Inner and outer slopes 151 Important formulae used in the design of Cross drainage works. ‘Scour depth formulae :~ Any obstruction in the stream/channel bed may cause scouring. If this exceeds the allowable limit it may endanger the safety of the struture. Hence the foundations of abutments, piers, wings and retums of the structure shall be proposed below the probable maximum scour level. The normal scour level may be calculated by, R= 1.35 (q2/f}8 Where R= Normal scour depth in'm', _q= Discharge/mn width Lagy's silt factor Maximum scour depth = 1.5 R (for single vent ) .O R ( for more than two vents ) Scour depth may also be calculated by the following formula where the discharge per metre width is not uniform, R=0475(Q/1}18 Where Q = total discharge, Lacy's silt factor (given in table 1 ) ‘The maximum scour depth is reckond from MFL of stream or FSL of the canal S.No. Type of material Silt factor'f" 1. silt Very fine 0.40 Fine 0.50 Medium 0.70 Standard 1.00 2. Sand Medium 1.25 Coarse 1.50 3. Bajti & Sand Fine 175 Medium 2.00 Coarse 2.75 4. Gravel Medium 4.75 Heavy 9.00 5. Boulders ‘Small 12.00 Medium 15.00 Large 24.00| \ Aflux or back water rise : In a canal when the flow is obstructed by abutments, piers of bridge or regulator or superpassage etc.. there will bo an atflux or rise in water lovel at the structure. The most general formula used to workout this afflux, when the flow is exposed to ‘aimosphere is Mole's worth formula n= (2/1785 +0.0182){(A a2 = 1) Where h = Affiux in m, \V= velocity in normal section in m/sec ‘A= The original uncontracted/normal canal area in sqm ‘a= contracted area, 1) When the flow is under pressure and flows through closed conduits the afflux or rise in water level is calculated by Unwin's formula, h= (1+ f+ HL/R) V2/2g Where h = driving head i, dference in water level on U/S and D/S Lenath of barrel in m R= hydraulic mean radius in m V= Velocity through barrel in misee 4; = Covefficiont of iss of head at enty( 0.605 for unshaped mouth, 0.080 for bell mouth) fg = Co-efficient of loss of head by fiction = a(1 + b/R) whore values of a and b are given in the table below S.No. Nature of surface of the barrel 1. Smooth iron pipe 2. Inctusted iron pipe 3. Smooth cement plaster 4, Ashlar or brickwork or planks 5. Rubble masonry or stonepitching Calculation of Maximum flood discharge ( MFD ) for cross drainage works of distributories inrespective of their discharge. 1. Catchment area upto 40 ha (100 acres ) Maryet's formula Q = 1.80 A, Where A= x/ 10.883, x= catchment area in hectares, Q = discharge in cumecs 2. Catchment area above 40 ha Ryve's formula Q = cM2/3 Where Q = discharge in cumec, ¢ constant, 15, M = catchment area in sqkm MFL calculation by slope area method. Generally the maximum flood levels are computed at centre of crossing and 200 m uuls and 200 m dis. The cross section levels shall be at 3 m interval. The discharge formula Q= Ax, and flow equation V = (1/n) R2%s!2 are used in these calculations. 22First of alt the bed fall of stream is calculated from the levels given in the L.S. of stream. The discharge of strream is calculated using appropriate formula. The ordinate at 3 m interval with reference to assumed MFL Is calculated, Then areas of cross sections and perimeter corresponding to assumed MPL. is calculated. Using Manning's equation with Eppropriate ‘'n’ value the discharge is calculated. The calculated MF discharge should tally ‘with the discharge arrived at by using the appropriate formula, S.No. AssumedMFL G.L. Ordinate Ave.Depth Distance Area + 0 ° 0 0 + dy Orda 3.0 At * dy (dytdgy2 3.0 Az + dg dgtdgv2 3.0 AS Perimeter of cross section = col (6) + Maximum ordinate in col (4) (in) R282 0.03, 0.035 depending upon the roughness R= AVP, 'S=bed fall Discharge = A x V_ Where A= Total of col (7) ‘Adopt ‘Arch Action :- When the canal is flowing full and the stream is empty then there will be . uplift on barrel floor. This should be resisted by floor itself. Hence the thickness of floor required to resist the uplift in case of single vent U.T.'s will be calculated by using arch action formula. The same holds good for barrel O.T.'s and when parent channel is flowing full and (0.7. channel is empty, for canal syphons when canal is empty and stream flowing full. It is. as follows. ‘Actual uplift head = FSL in the canal / MFL in the stream - bottom of the floor (2R-D/2) D2 Where R= Radius, 0 = Thickness of foundation concrete, B = Width of vent at bottom In Triangle OAB, Cot (a) =(R - DI2)/(8/2) and u x L/2 x cot a= 1/2 x p Where u= Maximum uplift head, L= length of barrel, t= thickness of foundation ‘p= Horizontal pressure at crown assumed Fu" works out more than the uplift head, the floor of barrel is safe against uplit Exit gradient :- It has been determined that for a standard form consisting of floor of length », with a vertical cutoff depth d, the exit gradient at its downstream end is given by the 23equation, GE= (Hd) x( 4m @)) Whore n= {14 Vit4u2)1/2 and a= b/d From the curves in fig for any valu of’ or bid. The corresponding value of VQ) can be feed. Knowing the values of 1 and d, the valu of GE Is easly calculated. It can bo known from the equation that's d = 0, GE ts inte. Ii, therefore, essential that a vertical cutott Should be provided atthe downstream end of oor. To safegaurd against piping. the ext gradkent must nol be alowed to exceed a cortain safe lini. In SREP. the sate mi is taken $5020, 242.3. DESIGN OF A PIPE SYPHON AQUEDUCT (Under tunnel) INTRODUCTION: In this typical example the alignment of tho canal crosses the stream.The stream bed level at the crossing is +199.010 and the canal bed level is +199.670.As there is no enough head way,a pipe under tunnel is proposed to pass the stream discharge depressing the stream bed at the structure, Hydraulic particulars of canal: S.no_ Description Units Particulars i Ayacut Hect 530.244 2. Discharge (R/D)cumecs 1.139/1.154 3. Bed Width m 1.40 4 FSD m 0.825 5. Free Board m 0.60 8 Side Slopes 1.521724 7. Bed Fall 1in3500 8 Value of N 0,020 9 Velocity misec 0.530 10. Top Width Of Banks m 1.20/1.20 11 cBL m +199.670 20 RSL m +200.495 130 TL m +201.095, 4 GL m +199.010 2.3.3 Particulars of stream: Catchment area ‘acres or 4.047Ha Using Maryets formula, maximum flood (Q) = (X/10,883 ) x 1.83 = 0.680umees where X = C.A.in hectares Maximum flood discharge = 0.68 cumecs(24 cusees) Bed level @ crossing = +199.010 2.3.4 Selection of pipes: As the dischame is very smallpipes are_proposad.( Pipes are_advisable—up to cumocsascarge with 2 row Of pipes Gf ToGo). the tao rows Oxcoods wos bara is ‘advisable. To-Tacittate-the-cteaning, BOOmimdla Bipes, are proposed in two rows. The-pipes are proposed to be encased in C.CM10 under the canal portion.The thickness of concrete ‘over the pipes is 300mm,over which 75mm thick lining is proposed Collar Detais of pipe: : Length Zbomm Diameter 00mm Class of pipe Np2 Thickness 4mm Thickness of pipe = 50mm Cauiking space ‘mm The area of ventway is proposed assuming that the pipes will run full xmxd2I4 = 2xnx0.82/4 = 1.0057Sqm | Velocity through the pipes." = 0,68/1,0057 = 0.676m/sec ‘Assuming that the pipes are flowing partialy ie,with 400mm depth, the area = 1,0057/ 0.5028Sqm and Velocity = 0.68/0.5028 = 1.3524misec 25238 Length of pipes: ‘The ws and dis head walls are proposed with their tops at +201.095 and +200.585 respectively. 450 60 024 1200, 2198, 4400_, 2138, 4200 +201.095 +200.585 ‘op width of head wall + top width of bank + inside slope length + bed width + inside slope length + top width of bank. + outer slope length above head wall + top width of head wall .45+1.20042,138+1 400+2, 138+ 1.20041 .024+0.45 =10.00 m 4 pipes of 2.50m length each are proposed. Total length of pipe Height of drop ‘The G.Latentrance = +199.010 Pipe invert level +198.455 Height of drop 0.555m ‘Tho above difference is negotiated by a ramp in a length of 2.500m. Transitions: Straight transitions with 1 in 5 flare are proposed at the entrance and exit end of the structure, The length of transitions is 2.500m. Design of u/s head wall & wing wall: +450 +201.095 3 2605 Taking momens about ‘A’ Base Width,b Om, — Total vertical force (ZV) = 7.327t Total moments (EM) = §.091tm lever arm (EM/ZV) = 5.091/7.327= 0.695m Eccentricity, e= L.A-b/2 = 0.695-1.0/2= 0.195m 016 = 0.167m e Hence no tension. Max. comp stress on soil = 6.755(1+0,802)= 12.780vSqm Min, comp stress on soil 6.755(1-0.892)= 0.730USqm 27[450 +200.005 +198.380 +#197.960 Taking moments about ' Base widthb = 0.60m, Total vertical force = 2.7081 Total moments = 1.124tm, Leverarm = 0.415m € (actual) = 0.415-0.60/2 = 0.115m, e(permissible) = 0.60/6= 0.10me Hence no tension. 'Max.comp stress on soll eBousqmn Min.comp stress on sol .520USam Design of u/s return: ! +199.610 ATT \ WHT \ wa 1200 ‘600 srara60 1 vie, 450 Foon PT ‘Taking moments about ‘A’: Base width = 0.60m, Total vertical force = 1.922 Total moments = 0.687im ,Lover arm = 0.367m, e (actual) = 0.057m (permissible) = 0.10m>e Hence no tension Max. comp stress at the base = §.03”Sqm Min. comp stress at the base = 1.37Sqm Taking moments about 'B' Wiath of foundation = 0,60+2x0.16 = 0.90m, Total vertical force = 3.411t Total moments = 1.694tm Lever arm = 0.496m © (actual) = 0.046m (permissible) = 0.15m>e Hence no tension Max. comp stress on soil Min, comp stress on soil Tail channel: A tail channel of bed width 2.99m with 1:1 side slopes may be excavated tll the barrel invert level meets the natural stream bed level. 28 4.953vSqm 2.626vSqm bon | | | |‘S610 shesttod be eae 29244 242 243 244 24 DESIGN OF A SUPERPASSAGE (TROUGH TYPE ) INTRODUCTION: In this typical example the alignment of the canal is crossing the stream.The canal bed level at the crossing is +229.372 and the bed level of the stream is +231.110.As there is a clear headway to the canal flow, a trough superpassage Is proposed to carry the stream discharge. Hydraulic particulars of the canal S.no Description Units Particulars; 7 ‘Ayacut ‘Acres 2138 2 Discharge(des) cumecs. 1.554 3 Discharge(req) cumecs 1.529 4 Bed width m 1.50 5. FSD m 0.86 6 Freeboard m 0.60 7 Velocity misec 0.648 8 Value of n 0.020 9. Bed fall in 2500 10. Side slopes(V/O) 15:12:41 " Ground level m +231.110 12. CBL m +229.372 13. FSL m +230.232 14 TBL m #230.832 15. Top width of banks 1.80/1.80 Hydraulic particulars of stream: Catchment area 6.31Ha_or 15.592acres, Bed level of stream = +231.110 Discharge,Q = (X/10.883)1.83 (6.31/10.882)x1.83, = Catchment area(Ha) 080cumecs Ventway: Limiting the velocity in the trough to 3.50misec, Area of ventway= 1.060/3.5 = 0.303sq.m Providing a trough size of 0.60mx0.60m including a free board of 0.10m, the area of vent way provided = 0.60x0.50 = 0.30Sqm Velocity in the trough = 1.080/0.30 = 3.633m/sec = 11.59fl/sec, which can be allowed. To create the above velocity in the trough some fall is to be provided. The fall works out 10 4om. However 11cm fall is provided so that there should not be any heading up at the entry of the trough Ventway for canal flow: The top width of canal at the location of structure is = 1.60+2(+231.110-229.372 ) 6.714m (One vent of 7m clear span is proposed such that the abutments are burried.The T.B.Ls at the entry and exit are proposed as +231.020 and +231.600 respectively, adopting (0.60mx0,60msize trough. 306 Design of trough slab: —1200}— 600 ——oo}— at 100 40 if Lae I Considering that the trough is full of water, i.e, Depth of water = 060m Height of trough = 0.50+0.10 ‘Width of trough =0.60m The following stresses are adopted on the face away from liquid and when the thickness of the member is less than 225mm. 1 (stress in steel) 1500kg/Sqem ¢ (stress in concrete) = 7Okg/Sqom ‘The other standard coefficients aro, T= 0.874 n = 0.378 m=13 @ Wt. of water = 1000kg/Cum Concrete mix = M20 grade Steel provided = HYSD bars The slab is designed as simply supported resting on side beams. Effective span of slab = clear spanteffective depth of slab Assuming the thickness of the slab = 110mm with 40mm thick sealing coat over it. ‘Assuming clear cover of 25mm and providing 12mm dia bars as main reinforcement, 0.60m 1.583 Effective depth of slab = 110- 25-6 . = 78mm =7.9em Effective span of slab = 0,60+0.079 = 0.679m Loads: 4. Self weight of slab = 0.110x2500 0.04x2500 .60x1000 2, Wh of sealing cot 3. Whot water on lab “ota Wt Max. bending moment at mid span = WI2/ 8 = ( 975x0.679x0.679) / 8 = 56. 189kgm Cantilever moment at end (max.-ve B.M) = Wh?/6= 1000x0.60x0.60x0.60 / 6 = 36 kgm Net +ve Bending moment = WI2/ 8 - Wh3/ 6 = 56.190 - 36 = 20.19 say 20.20 kg-m Etfecve depth, digg = [email protected](Gxb}= V0 20x100)(11 83100) 822 < 7.900 dayaitable: Hence 0.k Direct pullin the trough slab due to water thrust, wr? 2 (1000x0.60x0,60) / 2 = 180 kg or 0.1801 Max, +ve B.M @ the centre of span = 56,20 - 36 = 20.20kg-m Ast required = Mitid + 180/1500 = (20.20x100)/(1500x0.874x7.90) + 0.120 195+0.120 = 0.315sqem < min Ast Min, distribution steel required as per para 7.1.1 of 1,8,3370-par Il, 1965, 618sqem 0.24% ae L____] 901mmSlab thickness % of steel required 0.46 + (0,08/350)(450 -110) = 0.162% ‘Ast required (0.162x11x100/100) = 1.785Sqem Therefore provide 12mm dia @ 18cm c/c which gives an area of 6.28Sqcm against 2.618cm? required.Provide 8mm dia at 19 cm cfe as distribution steel, which gives an aroa of 2.647Sqcm >1.785Sqcm (minimum required), Check for shear: Shear force (V) = WW2 = (975x0.60)/2 = 262.50k9 ‘Ty = Shear stress= Vibd = 292.50/(100x7.8) = 0.370kg/Sqom. As per para 47.2.3.1 of IS 456 -1978 the shear force should not exceed 9kg/sqcm Permissible shear stress in concrete 7, without shear reinforcement from table 17 and para AT2A.41 of 1,8.456-1978 ish %6 Of tensile stool = 100Astod = (100x6.28)/(100x7.9) = 0.795%, for 0.795% of tensile reinforcement,the permissible shear stress T, in M20 grade 644kg/Sqom >t, Hence O.K 110mm concrete = 3.572x1.3 Check for bond: Sp =V/jd.E0 where Zo = perimeter of the bar x no. of bars 8, = 202.50/(0.874x7.9x20.083) = 2,02kg/Sqom < 14kg/Sqom Hence O.K Design of side wall of trough: Total height of side wall = 0.60#0,04+0.1140.05 = 0.0m = 80cm The side wall is designed as a simply supported beam spanning in between the abutments with clear span of 7.0m to support the vertical load due to its own woight and the load coming from the trough slab and the water in the trough, The side wall fs also checked due to water thrust and wind force. Clearspan = 7.0m Top width of abutment Effective span = 7.0+0.45 = 7.45m ‘Assuming the width of beam = 20cm, To ensure lateral stability clear distance between the lateral supports according to para.22.3 of .S 456-1978 , should not exceed 1) 60b or 2) 2502/4 whichever is less. Whore d is the effective depth of the beam and b the breadth of the compression face. 0.90m 1) 60b = 60x20 = 1200cm > 700cm 2) 250b7/d = 250x20x20/80 = 1250cm > 700cm Hence it is safe against lateral stiffening, Loaps 1) Dead load of beam 0.80x0.20x1x2500 = 400.00kg 2) Weight of trough siab 0.11x0.60/2x2500 = 82.50kg 3) Weight of sealing coat 0.04x0.60/2x2500 30,00kg 4) Weight of haunches 0.5x0.15x0.05x2500 9.38kq 5) Weight of water 0.60x0.60/2x1000 = 180,00kg Total = 701.88kg say 702kq Bending moment, B.M = WI2/8 = (702x7.48x7.45x100/8. = 4,87.035.kg-cm Stress in steel in the member away from water face , t= 1900kg/sqom The other standard co-efficients 0.892 n= 0.324 Q= 10.115 M.R= 10.115bd? yea) Yowar) = f4,87,035(10.115x20) = 49.070m availabley = 80°5+1.60/2 = 74.2cm> deg) where dia, of bar 16mm & clear cover = Som ‘Area of steel Ast = M/tid = 4,87,035 / (1900x0.892x74.2) = 3.873Sqem No. of 16mm dia bars required = 3.873/2.011 = 1.93 say 2Nos Hence provide 2Nos of 1mm dia bars which gives an area of 4.021Sqem against 3.873Sqem(req), 32"© Check for shear: Shear force (V) = WW2 = (702x7)/2= 2457kgs 2457/(20x74.2) = 1.656kg/Sqom < 18kg/sqom as per para 47.2.3 AOOAsYbd = (100x4.021)/(20x74.2) = 0.271% Permissible shear stress, T,(From table 17 of IS 456 -1978) = .028+0.22 = 0.243NISqmm 2.43kgISqom > 1.656kg/Sqom (ty ) ‘Ast provided per m run in the form of 8mm dia 2-legged stirups @ 22cm cfc = 0,503x100/22 = 2.286Sqem {Ast provided per m run in the form of 8mm dia(J_.) bars @ 22cm ofc 0,503%100/22 = 2.286Sqem ‘Therefore Ast provided = 2x2,286 4.5728qem 2457/(0.892x74.2x10,054) = 3,692kg/Sqcm Side face reinforcement: Side face reinforcement is to be 0.10% of cross-section area ‘Ast = (0.10x20x80)/100 = 1.60Sqcm Providing 8mm dia bars, No. of bars = 1.60/0.503 = 3.18 say 4nos Hence 8mm dia 4no. of bars are provided on each face. Design of side wall for water thrust: ‘Moment at the top of the floor due to water thrust= Wh?/6 (1000x0.60x0.60x0.60)/6= 36kg-m 4(@6x100y(11.568x100)) = 1:7640m 200-25-4= 17imm = 47.10cm Hence 0.K Aslcoq) = (88x100)(1500x0.87x17.10) = 0.161Sqom Ast provided in the form of 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups and bars as shear reinforcement is sufficient to take care of water thrust also. Effective depth Depth provided = 2.4.9 Bar bending schedule: 8 220 1500 (2x42 ai 8 | :440 Design of abutment: Loads: 1. WL of slab + wearing coat {60x0.15x2.50x7,90/2 2. Wt. of side walls = 2x0.20x0.80x2,5x7.90/2 x0. 5x0.05%x0. 15x2.5x7.90/2 {60x0,60xt.0x7.90/2 {60+(0.20x2)+(0.30x2) 545/1.60 = 3.465vm 3, Wt of haunches 4.wt. of water Length of abutment ‘Therefore loadim run Stability Analysis 4232.010 me (eee 423.110 sm 375. +230.910 \— +230.605 at P2 wal 4229.402 Taking moments about A: Load Particulars Vo HLA Moments Wt As calculated 3.465 0.525 1.819 W2 0.225x0.462x2.40 0.249 0519 0.129 WS 0.50x0.15x1.283x2.40 0.231 0.20 0.185 Wa 0.65x1.283x2.40 2.001 0.425 0.850 WS 0.50x0.10x1,283x2,40 0154 0.067 0.010 WS 0:188x0.425x2.40 0.192 0.104 0.037 WT 0.10x0.375x2.40 0.090 0.050 0.004 WB 0,50x0.10x1.333x1.10 0.073 0.033 0.002 Pv 0.073x1.708x1.708x1.10 0.234 7 Ph 0.1975x1.708x1.708x1.10 0.377 0.683 0.257 Pt 0.90x1.708x1.0x50/100 0.768 0.854 0.656 P2__0.50x1.708x1.708x1.0x50/100 0.729 0.569 0.415 Bv= 6.689 EM = 4.364 Lever arm = 4.364/6.689 = 0.652m Eccentricity (2) = 0.652-0.90/2 = 0.202m Permissible eccentricity ey = 0.90/6 = 0.150m e Hence there is no tension Max comp stress on soil = 8,601/1.35(1+6x0.189/1.35) = 6,371(1+0.84) ‘Min comp stress on soil = 6.371(1-0.84) = 4,019Sqm 4.7224/Sqm Bed blocks: Bed blocks under beam shall be 225 mm thick in C.C. M15. A thick kraft paper shall be laid over bed block before casting the beams, The bearing surface shall be made smooth. 2442 Wing wall ‘The wing walls on either side of trough are 450mm from top to bottom. The foundation under them is 300mm in C.C. 1:6:10 mix. 13 Tranisition At the entry and exit same size of transitions are proposed with pucca C.C. wall on sides and bed. The thickness of bed in the transition is 300mm in C.C 4:6:10 mix over the ‘75mm thick wearing coat in C.C. M15 is proposed. 4.14 Protection work On u/s and dfs of trough 300mm thick rough stone protection to the bed and sides may be provided. 352 eaki Henow LL O81 21005 Bbyssvd ¥adns NvTd | ut T satis ae F008 4 ost vse | 12% 015 e eee I ' = 36 TET aes oe AOS 0064 = T RO SAPEGISIn this typical example the alignment of the canal crosses a field channel.The canal bed level is +229.220.The ground level at the crossing ie, field channel bed level is ++232.720 This is woll above the F.S.L of the canal , a pipe super passage is proposed. The tas, discharge in the field channel 2.8.2, Hydraulic particulars of canal: S.NO DESCRIPTION PARTICULARS. 2137.80 1. Ayacut 2. Discharge (R/D) ‘Cumecs 1.529/1.554 3. Bed Wiath m 1.50 & BaD m 0.860 5. Free Board m 0.600 6 Side Slopes 1.5:1/2:1 7. Value of n 0.020 8 Velocity m/sec 0.648 9. Bed Fall in 2500 10. Top Width Of Banks m 1.80/1.80 11. BL m +229.320 12 BL m +#230.160 1. TRL m #230.780 14 GLY Field channel m #232.720 bed level General arrengement of pipes resting over RCC columns in the canal prism is as shown in the drawing Length of pipe: Canal width at field channel crossing level 1.5 + { ( +232.720 - 229.320)1.5x2 )= 11,700m, At entry and exit of structure berms of 2.00m wide which acts as cushion to pipes are proposed. Length of pipe required = 11.700 + { ( +233,850 - 232.720) x1.5x2}+2x2= 19.08m Hence 5 No, of 3m and 2No. of 2m pipes are proposed to transfer the I.C discharge. Four columns are proposed at junctions of the pipes in the canal prism. B54. Stress calculation: Stress under column due to direct loads: +233.500 26.3 Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression( Gi) Permissible stress in steel in compression (Osc) eee ee Gaaeieeal ) vas200 x 1 aun 1292.165 3490 | 1 1399 | | cons 229.60 we 279.200 is0— 10 [ggg] “2200 Grade of conerete = M15, = 1800kq/Sqem 374) Weight of R.C.C column = [0.5x(w/4){0.60x0.60+0.30x0.30}]x0,075+ (w/4)x0.60x0.60x0.075 +#(a/4)x0.30x0.30x3,49+0.50x (n/4){0.30x0,30+0.00x0,90}x0.30 ++(w/4)x0.90x0.90}x2,50 = (0.0133+0.0212+0,247+0.106+0.095)2.50 = 1.206 ‘Weight of C.C above the pipe 2) Weight of pipe: (x/4)x0.60x0.60x0,30x2,40 = 0.20361 (4yx{D2-d2)xbx2.40 (a/4)x(0.36x0.36-0.30x0.30)x800x2.40 = 0.224¢ (w/4)x0 30x0 30x3,0x1.0 = 0.2121 0.90x0.90x0.15x2.40 = 0.29161 3) Weight of water in the pipe 4) Weight of foundation concrete Total direct load 1.206+0.2036+0,212 = 1.62161 | Stress 4.6216/(0.90x0.90) = 2.00VSqm Total load on soil 116216+0.2916 1.9132u/Sqm Stress on seit = 1.9132/(0.90x0,90) = 2.362/Sqm 26.5 Calculation of steel provided in the column Design of column: 1) Length of column Diameter of column +#282,840 - 229.200 = 3.64m = 3640mm 300mm, UD = 3640/800 = 12.133 < 15 Therefore the column is short column i 2) Equivalent moment of inertia = (w/4)xD4+(m-1)Astxd? ' 4) (300)4-44 7x4x113.14(108.253)2 = 573.782x(10)" 3) Equivalent Area (n/4)(800)#17x6x113.14 = 70714.285+11540.28 = 82255Sqmm (r)min, = N{573.782x(10)7)182255] = 264,14mm 1@min, = 3640/264.11 = 13.782<50 ‘Therefore the column is a short column Ac Net cis area of concrete Ase is area of steel P = Ge(A-AS0)+G 5 (ASC) Assuming the steel as 1% of G.C.A Then P ‘40(A-0.01A)+0.01x1300A 1.6216x1000 10(A-0.01)+0.01x1300A = 40A-0.4AH13A = 526A A = 30.83Sqom ‘Area of concrete provided in the column = (w/4)x30x30 = 707.14Sqcm > 30.83Sqem Using 12mm dia bars, 6 No. % of tensile steel provided = (6x1.131x100)/707.14 = 0.96% which is less than 6% and more than 0.8% Hence safe (As per clause 25.5.3 of 1.8456-1978) 6 mm dia lateral ties a 15 cm cfc are proposed as per para 25.5.3.2, 5.6.4 Strsess due to water current and wind loads: Horizontal force due to water current: Pp S2kV2 (clause 213.3 of IRC Sect.l) Where k 0.66 for circular piers or piers with semi circular ends, Max.velocity, V = V(2)times the Max. Mean Velocity P = 52x0,68(V(2)x(0.648)] 2 = 28.81kg/Sqem P@cBL 0 P@FSL 28.81kg/Sqom Avg. P = (0428.81)/2 = 14.41kg/Sqom ‘Total pressure on the column This will act at 2/3 of FSD }) Moment @ 0.15m below CBL iAt bottom of foundation 38Wind Force: i) Area of the pipe exposed = 3 x0.96 = 1.08 Sqm Height above the (FSL) water surface upto the centre of the pipe , H 2.81m For H 2, Pp 2 For H 281 P Q.81x12)72 = 16.86 ‘Therefore P 40+16.88 '56.86 kgs/Sqom = 0.057 Sqm. ‘Therefore total pressure p = 0.057x1.08 0616t Lever arm +233,020-229,200 = 3.820m Moment = 0.0616x3.820 = 0.2353tm. i Area of the exposed column below the pipe =0,3(+232,690-230.210)x(0.3+0,6)/2x0.075+0.075x0.60 = 283Sqm Height (rom C.B.L to bottom of pipe) ,H = +232.840-290.210 = 2.6m P= 40+(2.63x12y/2 = 55.78kg/Sqm Total wind force '55.78x0.823 = 45,907kg = 0.046t Lever arm (+282.840230.210)/2+0.86+0.15 = 2.325 Moment = 0.046%2.325 = 0.1071m iiparea of the exposed surface above the pipe = (0.3#0,6)/2x0.15+0,60x0.15 0,0675+0.09 = 0.1575Sqm H= (+233.500-0.16-230.210) = 3.14m Therefore P 40+(3.14x12)/2 = 58.84K9 Total wind force 58.84x0.1575 = 9.27kg = 0.0093t Lever arm 4238.500-0.15-220-200 = 4.15m Moment * = 0,0093x4.15 = 0.0386tm Total Moment 0.235+0.107+0,0386 0.38091m say 0:38%tm Direct Stress @+229.350 = Pi(ActmAsc) Whore P = (0.0133+0,0212+0.247)x2.5+0,20+0.22640.212 = 1.34331 ae =(221(7x4}0.3)2 = 0.070718qm = 707.1Sqm Ase sfo2)(tx4) 1.2)? = 6.786Sqem Thorofore Direct stress 3433x(10)°/707.1046.786x17 = 1,633 kg/Sqom Bending Stress = +MIZ 3809x( 10}5/22/(7%32)(30)3 = 14.364 kg/Sqam Gee 6A WFoq*FepeCAl Fzp¢ <1 (Para 46.1 of IS 456 - 1978) Se he permissible direct compr. stress Gc cal = The cal. direct comp. stress in concrete cho = The permissible bending stress Gopc Cal. = The calculated bending stress = 1,633/40+14,364/50 = 0.0408 + 0.287=0.328<1 Hence safe. Entry and exit of pip 900mm dia circular wells with 450mm thick masonry wall shall be provided upto T.B.L 300mm silt traps are propossed in both the wells. 39ss wast noyssWg¥Sdns 3did BE Wy NODES XXW Sivisd yoniumon, 7 ae OIi0d WW NVId S]WH ONVEO IW NV Id SH ose CWW.NO NOILOSS TWNIOMLIONOT aia - 01954 Ny aS ee BL342N00 Not alg ‘Q¥SH NATION ‘ONLOOS a oe = Sonssuce t 2 ‘ cou, cos q m4 8S BA0) 234: et oe ole oe26.3. 264 265 2.6 DESIGN OF AN AQUEDUCT (Trough Type - Rectangular) INTRODUCTION: ‘As seen from the H.Ps given below there is sufficient head way between canal bed level and stream stream bed level. Therefore an aqueduct is provided. As the canal bank ‘widths are 1.8m only, vehicles cannot pass aver the banks. Hence no bridge is provided for continuity of inspection path. Inspection path will be along the banks above the ground. in this case for crossing the stream a hard passage will be provided. Because there is no defined course for the stream the depth of flow is assumed as 4.00. S.No. Description Units Particulars 1. Ayacut Ha 1008, 2. Discharge(R/D) Cumecs 2.114/2.455 3. Bedwidth m 2.400 4, Full supply depth m 1.120 5. Free board m 0.600 6 Bed fall - 1 in 3500 7. Side slope : 1.6:1/2:4 8. Topwidths of banks m 1.80/1.80 9. Value of 'n’ z 0.025 10. Velocity misec 0.537 11. Canal bed level m #252.885 12, Full supply level m +253,005, 13. Top of bank level m +253,605, 14. Ground level ( Stream bed level ) m +251.215, ‘Stream particulars: Catchment area of stream Flood discharge of stream by Ryve's formula = CM2° = 15(0.552)” Lowest bed level at crossing = +251.215, Head way = 1.430m In this problem HFLs are not calculated as the cross section levels at closed intervals i,e 3m apart are not available. However for the purpose of finalising the design, the depth of flow of 1m as given by the field engineers is adopted. 36.384 Ac OR 55.194 Ha or 0.552 sqkm, 10.094 Cumecs Vent way for stream flow: Lowest bed level at crossing 4+251.215 Canal bed level +252.885 Head way = 143m ‘The linear water way is about 50m Inorder to avoid canal banking 4 spans of 12m clear are proposed. — Size of trough for canal flow: ( Refer the fig. of trough section ) One bay of 1.10x1.60m , — = 1,993mvse0,{ust more than twice the normal velo in the canal) 4 i 885 4 ine 4252.519 2400 age: ee A g25 1.631 ao i toe "1‘Total Energy Lines (to arrive at the head loss / afflux) SECTION 1-4 Wotocty =2.458/2.008 = 0.09 mys Viiag = 0.99%2x0.81~= 0.082” Cat + +252.805 Fst TEL = FSL + V229 = 254,008 +0.042 SECTION 22 Area = 1.1x1.12 = 1.232 sqm Velocity =2.455/1.232 = 1.993 mis V2rag = 1.9937/2x9.81 = 0.202 Loss of head in contraction from section 1-1 to 2-2 = 0.2(0,202-0,042)=0.032 TEL at section 2-2 = +254.047-0.032 = +254,015 / Water surface level = +254.015-0,202 = +253.813 Bed level = +253.813- 1.12= +252.603 // SECTION 3-3 From section 2-2 to 3-3 area and velocity are constant R= ADP = 1.232/(1.141.12x2) = 0.369 R29=0.514 — L=51.600m V= tin R29 12 1,993 = (1/0,015)x0.514xV(6) 0.0034 or 1 in 294 Loss of head = 0.0034x51.600 = 0.174 Zt TEL at section 3-3 = +254.015 - 0.174 = +253.841 Water surface level = +253.841 - 0.202 = +253.630 © Bed level = +253.639 - 1.12 = +252.519 SECTION 4.4 Loss of head in expansion from 3-3 to 4-4 TEL at 4-4 = +253,841 - 0.048 = +253.793 - Water surface level = +253.793 - 0.042 = +253.751 Bod level = +253.751 - 1.12 = #252.631~ Ditference = +252.868-252,631 = 0.287m Head loss provided is 0.25m :30(0.202-0.042) = 0.048 Design of trough slab: Stresses adopted are as follows: Thickness of member > 225mm <225mm 1900 kg/sqem 1500 kgisqom 892 0.874 10.115 11.563 m=13 13 fe= 70 kg/sqem 70 kg/saom Clear span = 1.10m Wt. of water = 1000kg/Cum Wk. of RCC = 2600kg/Cum Concrete mix = M20 grade Steel proposed = HYSD bars The slab is designed considering it as spanning between the two vertical sides, The effective Span of the slab is 1.10 + effective depth of slab. Assuming the thickness of slab as 15¢m with 4om sealing coat over it and proposing 10mm dia main reinforcement with clear cover of 2.50m in the trough slab the Effective depth available is = 15 - 2.5 - 0.5 The effective span = 1.10+0.12 = 1.22m Dead Load of trough stab:- ) Self Wt. of slab = 0.15x2500 = 375 il) Wt. of sealing coat = 0.04x2500 = 100 Total 475 Kglsqm 42Max. sagging moment: Lot the depth of water in the trough be ‘himts ‘Sagging moment due to wt. of water = (Wh)>26 = 1000h(1.22)2/8 = 186.05h ‘Sagging moment due to self wt. of base slab = WI2/8 = 475(1.22)%8 =88.37kgm Water pressure on side wall or one metre length = 1000h2/2 = 500h2 kgm This act at a height of (1/3+0.15/2) above the centre of bottom slab. Therefore hogging moment due to lateral water pressure = SOOh2(h/3+0.15/2 + 0.04) Net bending moment at centre of bottom slab M= 186.05h + 88.37 - 500h2(1/340.15/2+0,04) = 186.05h + 88.97 - 166.67h3- 57.5h? aah = 0 For max. moment 0,99sqom Hence provide 10mm dia bars at 20eme/c, Gives an area of 8.925sqem >3.420sqem Hence 0.K 2g = 5x3.141 = 18.705 om ‘At support Max. hogging moment = 500h2(tv3+0,15/2+0.04) = 36.314 kgm Pull = 1000x0,50622 = 128 kg Resultant 'M' = $014 - 128 (0.12+0.05) = 27.354 kgm V(27.354x1 00)/(11.563x100) = 1.538em < 12 om Hence 0.« Steel for BM = (27.354x100)/(1500x0,874x12) = 0.174sqom ‘Stee! for pull = 128/1500 = 0.085 Total area of stee! at support = 0.174+0,085 = Provide mm¢ bars at 20cm cfc ‘Area of steel provided = 2.513 sqcm > 0.259 sqom Hence 0.k .259sqem Distribution steel: = 0.12% of cross sectional area = 0.12x100x15/100 = 1.80sqcm Provide 8mm} @ 200m clc Gives area of 2.513 sqom > 1.80sqem Hence 0.K Check for shear and bond: Load per metre run = 475 + 1.1 x1000 = 1575kgs Max, shear force (V)= 1575x(1.1)2/2 = 952.875 kgs Shear stress (x, ) = 952.875/100x12 = 0.794 kg/sqom < 9kg/sqemn Percentage of ste! = 100As/bd = 100x3,925/100x12 = 0.327% Permissible shear stress from table 17 and para 47.2.1.1 of IS 456 -1978 for 0.327% of tensile steel = 1.3(0.22+(0.077x0.08)/0.25) = 2.44 kg/Sqom > 0.794kg/sqom Bond stress: Wi39 jd = 952.875/21.987x0,874x12 = 4.132 kglsqem < 14 kg/sqcm Hence 0.K 43Design of side wall for trough: The side wall of trough is 1.60m above the floor level including a free board, of 048m. The side wall is designed as a simply supported beam resting over abulmentsand ‘columns. is designed for self weight, loadamy coming due to the weight of slab and weight due to water in the trough. It is also checked for wind and water pressure. Clear span = 12.00m, Top width of abutment Effective span = 12.00 + 0.45 = 12.45m ‘Assuming breadth of beam as 206m Load per metre run:- Solf wt. of beam = 1.84x0.20x2500 Wt. of bottom slab = 0.15x0.55x2500 Wt of sealing coat = 0.04x0.55x2500 = 55.00kgs Wt of haunches = 0.5x0.15x0,05x2500 = 9.375kgs Wt of water 0.55x1,6x1000 880.00kgs Total load = 2070.625 Kgs +1200 00 1840 te 40 1g 7) Bending moment = WI2/8 = 2070.625x(12.45)2/8 = 40120Kgm Adopt the following stresses, Since the side wall thickness i 1500 ka/sqom ,j = 0.894, MR= 11.563, m= 13, fc Effective depth = V(40120x100/11.563x20) = 131.71 om Effective depth available (providing 25mm dia bars) = 1840-50-25/2 1777.50mm>1317.10mm 7.217 sqem 19.625 sqcm > 17.217 sqom ‘Area of steel = 40120x100/1500x0.874x177.75 Provide 4 Nos of 25mm dia bars gives an area Hence 0.K. Yo = 4x7.854 = 31.42. cm Check for minimum steel: Area = 0.85bd/fy = 0.85x20x177.75/415 = 7.281 sqem > 19.632 sqem Hence 0.K Check for shear:~ Shear force (V)= 2070.625x12/2 = 12423.75 kgs Shear stress (ty )= Wibd = 12423.75/20x177.75 = 3.495 kg/sqem < 9kg/sqcm Percentage of steel = 100As/bd = 100x19.632/20x177.75 = 0.582% Permissible (Tc) shear stress = 0.22 + 0.052x0.05/0.25 = 0.31 Nisqmm or 3.1kg/sqcm < 3.495 ka/sqem Hence nominal shear reinforcement is required Provide minimum reinforcement in the form of 8mm dia - 2legged stirrups Spacing = Asvxly/0.4x20 = 0.503x1500/0.4x20 = 94.31 cm But it should not exceed 45cm as per IS 456 - 1978 para 25.5.1.5, Provide 8mm dia - Zlegged stirrups at 20cm cfc. Ast = 2.515 kg/sqm Design of side wall for water thrust: Height of wall above floor level = 1.60m ‘Moment at the top of the floor due to water thrust = Wh2/6 = 1000(1.6)%/6 = 683 kgm Effective depth = Sqrt(683x100/11.563x100) = 7.68 cm Available depth = 20-2.5-0.4 = 17.100m 44‘Area of steel = 683x100/1500x0.874x17.10 = 3.047sqcm ‘8mm dia -2Legged stirrups provided will be sufficient to resist this moment due to thrust also. Minimum reinforcement as per 7.11 of IS 3370 part II= 0.16 + 0.08x250/350 = 0.217% ‘Area of steel = 0.217x20x100/100 = 4.34 sqem > 3.047sqcm Extra steel = 4.34 - 2.515 = 1.825 sqcm Provide 10mm dia bars at 20cmelc gives an area of Hence 0.K 3.93 sqem > 1,825 sqem Distribution steet:( Side face reinforcement ) = 0.12x184x20/100 = 4.416 sqom Hence provide 4 Nos of 10mm dia bars on each face (Excluding hanger bars) Gives an area = 2x4x0.785 = 6.27 sqom > 4.416 sqem Hence 0.K. Design for wind fore The side wall is checked for wind Per 212.7 of IRC section I 240x(1.6)2/2 = 307.20 kgm pressure when trough is empty. Horizotal wind pressure as 240 kg/sqom Considering 1.60m length of side wall, 8M = ‘Area of steel = 307.20%100/1500x0.874x177.75 = 0.12 sqem ‘Area of steel available on wind side in the shape of stimups.le 8mm dia @20em cfc is sufficient 1200 1100 ———+ 990 }— Mi. 1840 ‘A :Hanger bars 10mm dia 2 Nos 1B:0mm dia @ 200 cl, 2Legged stirrups ‘C:40mm dia 4 Hos on each face 40mm dia @ 200 ee E: Fille bare 8mm die @ 200 fe F mm dia @ 200 fe G: amma @200 ce M1: 25mm dia, 4Nos 45[BAR BENDING SCHEDULE [ive ow cece Levon Ko, a 0 ‘a0 24 mm oom cn — ie ne ot = wo a a ms 1 & RDM 26.9 Design of columns ‘Weight of trough including side walls and sealing coat (1.84x0.332 + 1.1x0.19 + 1/2x0.15x0,05x2)2.5x12.9 = 42,586 Weight of water in trough = 1.1x1.6x12.0x1 = 22.70at ‘Total load = 42.586 + 22.704 = 65,291 Load on each column = 65.20/2 = 32.645 Assuming column of 3060 (12 Self weight of column = fx(0.3)%4x0.5 + (n(0.9)%4x0.3 + [r(0.0%0.92 94x03 + (0.49214 x0.4 + (1.4)2/4x0.15 + ld (1 4240.42)2) 2.5 = 2.052 Say 2t Height ef column = 1.90m ‘Total load on cotimn including self weight = 34.645 tonns Dia, of colunin = 0.30m U0= 1.903 = 6.333 Hence itis a short colunn ‘Adopting M20 grade concrete Load carrying e@pacity of column using 6 Nos of 12mm (No helical reinforcement) P=0.4 fck.Ac + 0.67 fy Ac 0.4x20x{w/4(300)2-Gxnl4(12)2] + 0.67x415xn(12)2x6/4 = 748738.29 say 74.871> 34.641 Stress due to wind :- ‘Average height ofthe structure = 1.675 + 1.84/2 = 2.505 Intensity of wind pressure for a height of 2.596m is nol taken in to consideration, becouse uplo 10m height there vill no wind effects. However provide mun circular hoops 260mm cic 1) 18 times gia of main steel = 16x12 = 192mm i) 4B Limes dia of transvorse steel = 40x8 = 344mm ‘Adopt 8inm dia circular hoops at 200mm cle | 8mm dia @ 200 ef 6 Nos 12mm d 300 Design of column footings:- _ M20 grade concrete ‘Max. load on the column = 34.6451 Add 10% tor footing 3.461 38.1091 a6Assuming the bearing capacity = 20/sqm , Area of footing Provide footing of size 1.4mx1.4m, Area = 1.96sqm Provide pedestal of size 0.4mx0.4mx0.4m 8.109120 = 1.905sqmn , Depth from punching shear consideratiot Punching load = Column load - reaction of soil on column area = 84,645x10000 - 176760x0.4x0.4 = 318168.40N Permissible punching shear stress = 1 N/sqmm or 100N/sqem Equating the punching resistance to punching load = 4x40x100xD = 318168.4 D= 19.885cm Depth from BM consideration: Critical section for bending moment projection beyond the critical section for bending (140-40)/2 = 50cm 176760xt.4x0.5x0.5/2x10¢ 3093300 Nem 3093300 d = 29.81cm say = 300m | Critical section | for BM Provide 12mm dia bars both ways. Since the reinforcement provided in the form of mesh, a clear cover of 6cm is to be provided to the outer layer of bars, then the effective depth to the centre of upper layer of bars = 6+1.2+0.6 = 7.8m Overall depth required = 30+7.8 = 37.80cm say 40cm Actual effective depth = 40 - 7.8 = 32.2om is from the centre of upper layer of bars ‘Ast = 3093300/1900x0.802x32.2 = 5.668 sqcm Providing 12mm dia 6Nos of bars Ast = 6.78sqcm > 5.668 sqcm Check for diagonal tension: For empty condition (not checked ) Let depth of footing at the edges be 15cm Overall depth at the critical section at 32.2om from face of column = 40 - (40-18)/50x32.2 = 23.900m Effective depth at critical section = d'= 23.9-7.8 = 16.10em Shear force at the critical section = 176760x1.4x0.178 = 44048.60N Breadth of footing at the top atthe critical section =b'= 40+2x32. Normal shear stress at the critical section = 44048.60/(104.4x16.10) = 26.206N/sqom = 0.262N/sqmm. Percentage of stool at critical section =6.78x100/104.4x16.10 = 0.403% For 0.403% steel qv = 0.22+(0.403-022)/0.25x0.08 = 0.279N/sqmm Hence 0.« 104.4em, ar26.10. Design of abutment: Loading on abutments: 41) Wt of side walls 2) Wt of trough slab 3) WL. of sealing coat 4) Wt of haunches: S| 12mm i 00 6 Nos ‘8mm dia, 200 de 1 [4004 400 250 22: 150 pr see = Critical section for shear = 2x1.84x0.2x12.9%2.5 5 1.4x0.15x12,9052.5 = 1.1%0.04x12,90:2'4 (0.5x0.05x0.15x12.9%2.5 5) Wt. of water 1x1.60x12.80x1.0 6) Wt. of filets 2x0.5x0.15x0.15x12,90x2.5 54.091t Length of abutment = 1.10 + 2(0,3+0.25) = 2.20m Load on each abutment = 54.091/2 = 27.045t Load per metre length = 27.045/2.2 = 12.20vm When the trough is empty, the horizontal force due to temperature variation 25(54.091-22.704) = 7.847t 4254.490 4254,290 4#252.450 501 +291.226 #250-776 1500 8 2100 —4 Moment aboutA: EV = 17.808 Lever arm = 19.286 117.898 = 1.077 m Actual eccentricity = 1.07 - 1.6/3 = 0.327 m Potmissible eccentricily = 1.5/6 = 0.25 m < 0.327 m__ Hence tension develops Max. comp. stross = 17,898 /1.5(1+ 6x0.327 (1.5) = 27.565 Vsqm Tension = 17.898 / 1.5(1- 6x0.327 /1.5} = 3.675 Vsqm Moment about 8: x 1.9941 EM =30.420 tm Lever arm = 30,420 / 21.994 = 1.383 m Allowable eccentricity = 1.383- 2.15 /'2 = 0.208 m Permissible eccentricity = 2.15 /6 = 0.358 m 2M = 19.286 tm Max.comp. stress = 21.994 / 2.15{1+ 6x0,308) / 2.15 = 19.02 tisqm Min. comp, stress = 21.994 / 2.15(1-- 6x0.308) /2.15 = 2.682 t/sqm 4826.11 Design of Wing and Return: J450 | +254.490 m4 1252.615 Pp : 1251.26 750 60, F780} | os0.776 +900 —4 Moment about A x 83t =M = 1.907tm Lever arm = 1.907/3.83 = 0.498 m Allowable eccentricity =0.498 -0.75/2 = 0.123m Permissible eccentricity = 0.75/6 = 0.125m , Hence no tension Max.stress = 3.89/0.75(1+ 6x0.123 / 0.75} = 10.13 tisqm ‘Moment about B: EV=7.861t EM = 3.961tm Lever arm = 3.961/7.861 = 0.504m Allowable eccentricity = 0.504 - 0.75/2 = 0.128m Permissible eccentricity = 0.75/6 = 0.125m Hence tension Max.com stress = 7.861/0.75(1+ 6x0.129 / 0.75) = 21.297¥/sqm Tension = 7.861/0.75(1— 6x0.128 / 0.75} = 0.335Ysqm ‘Moment about C: EV= 10.273 EM = 4.637tm Lever arm = 4.637/10.273 = 0.451m Allowable eccentricity = 0.451 - 1,05/2 = 0.074m Permissible eccentricity = 1.05/6 = 0.175m Hence no tension ‘Max.com.stress = 10.273/1.05(1+ 6x0.074/1.05 }= 13.92t/sqm Mini. comp. stress =10.273/1,05(1-- 6x0.074/1.05} 45 sam 2642. Design of stream wing wal: Sse 264.490 i 3264 | 1252.126 La A +251.226 40 | rye 200 [tage 1200) oe eso.r76 3 — 1500 —4 493M = 7.8701m 809 m ‘Actual eccentricity = 0.809 - 1.2/2 = 0.209m Permissible eccentricity = 1.2/6 = 0.20m Hence tension develops Max. comp. stress = 9.726/1.2(1+6x0.200/1.2 Tension = 9.726/1.2(1- 6x0.209/1, 165.575 sqm (0.365 Usqm ‘Moment about B: DV= 12.624 =M. Lever arm = 120.070/12.624 = 0.956m Actual eccentricity = 0.958 - 1.5/2 Permissible ecoentici Hence no tension Max. comp. stress = 12.624/1.5(1+ 6x(0.208)/1.5) = 15.351t/sqm Minimum Stress = 12.624/1.5(1- 6x(0.206)/1.5} = 1.481 sqm, 2.6.13 Design of Stream Return: 450 252.500 2.0701 ite I Iw, 1e74 |" 1 251.226 aso w, | * 3 $250,776 T8 Eps Moment about A: BV = 1.6251 EM = 0.514 Lever arm = 0.514/1,625 = 0.316m ‘Actual eccentricity = 0.316 - 0.45/2 = 0.091m Permissible eccentricity = 0.45/6 = 0.075m Hence tension develops Max. comp. stress = 1.625/0.45(1+ 6x(0.091)/0.45) = 7.992 tisqm Tension = 1.625/0.45{1- 6x(0.091)/0.45) = 0.769 sqm Moment about B: 2V= 2,993 EM =1.370tm Lever arm = 1.37/2,993 = 0.458m ‘Actual eccentricity =0.485 - 0.75/2 = 0,083m Permissible eccentricity = 0.75/6 = 0.125m Hence no tension Max. comp. stress = 2.993/0.75(1+6x(0.083)/0.75 = 6.641 sqm Min. comp. stress = 2.999/0.75(1 - 6x(0.083)/0.75 = 2.650 t/sqm 2.6.14 Obstruction removal and protection ‘Obstruction removal is tobe done under the structure with suitable regradation on ls and d/s for smooth flow. Protective measure consisting of 300mm thick rough stone Fevetment shall be carried out along the abutments , wings and around the columns. The height of rough stone revetment shall be up to the depih of flow in the stream plus 0.30m As the canal is unlined canal, protection on either side of trough shall be provided with 75 mm thick lining in C.C. Myg grade for a length of 5.0 m 50(3daL HONOUL) ' Ldnaanov.2.7 DESIGN OF AN AQUEDUCT CARRYING CANAL SECTION AS IT IS ‘ON THE TROUGH SLAB A INTRODUCTION: : In case of canals with larger bed width the trough of aqueduct will be designed fuming the bed width approximately to 60%. The trough has vertical side walls, inlermediate beams. For continuity of inspection path single lane bridge will be provided fn ayacul side and foot bridge is will be provided on other sid. In case of channels with smaller bed width ie less than 2.83 Cumecs it is economical to carry earthen banks over the slab . Such example is given below. Hydraulic particuta S.No. Description Unit Particulars 4) Ayacut Ha 775,080 2) —_Discharge(Req) Cumecs 1.663 3) -do- (Des) -do- 4774 4) Bed width m 4.450 5) Fullsupply depth =m 0.900 6) Side slopes * 45:12:41 7) Bed fall - in 2200 8) Value of 'n’ + 0,020 9) Velocity misec 0.704 10) Free board m 0.600 11) Top width of banks(R/L) m 2.70/1.80 12) GL m +249.410 13) CBL m +253.600, c 14) FSL m +254.500 ‘ 15) TBL m +255.100 Hydrology of stream: Catchment area of stream = 3.05 sqmiles or 7.90 Sqkm. ee 9.50 cumecs , say 6Ocumecs, The max. flood discharge by Ryve's formula 5 x (7.90/28 High flood level = +250.620 Vent way for steam flow In order to have a minimum obstruction to stream flow 4 vents of 5.00m clear span are proposed. Canal bed level = +253.600, _ Slab thickness = 0.36 + 0.04 = 0.40m Barrel roof level = +253.600 0,40 = +253,200, Barrel floor level = +249.410 +249.410 52o — +4253.600 225 5000 ["Ps000] fs 00 4252.54 I i 3715 7 |! T T 1s [1 1 | sf; 4249.41 i “i 1 are 1 etovanoareanaszorza Langa! MH UL gag 21200 ———} HFL ~ SBL = +260.620~ 249.410 = 1.210m Depth of flow considered is = 1.210m Area of the barrel = A = [ 2x(4.09+4.453)/2+ 2(4.62+4.74)/2}x1.21 (8.543+9.38)1.21 = 21,687 sqm 2.77 misec Velocity 27.8, Design of substructure items are same as for type II U-T 21.6 Design of RCC slab: Under canal trough ‘Adopt the mix M20 with the following stresses: C= 70 kgisqem t= 1900 kg/sqom m= 13, a= 10.110 ‘Assuming the thickness of slab = 360mm LOADS: ) Weight of water = (0,9+0,6)0.1 = 1.50 tim i) Weight of stab 0.36x2.50 = 0.90 lil) Weight of sealing coat= 0.04x2.50 = 0.10 2.50 vm Providing 16 mm dia bars with a clear cover of 25mm. The effective depth available = 36 - 2.6 - 0.80 = 32.70 em Effective span: i) dle distance between the supports = 0.45/2 + 6.0 + 0.45/2 = 5.450 m i) Clear span + effective depth = 5.0 + 0,327 = 5.327 m ‘Adopting least ofthe two, i.e, effective span = 5.327 m Max. 8.M = Wi 2/8 = 2.50x5.3272/8 = 8,867 tm Etfective depth required = Sqr(8.867x105/10.11x100) = 20.615 oms < 32.700ms ‘tea of steo! required = Ast = M/tjd = 8.887x105/1900x0.892x32,70 = 15,999 say 16 sqem Provide 16 mm dia at 12 om cic gives an area = 16.755 Sqm > 16 Sqcm Bent up evory third bar to take care of any negative moments Distribution steet:As per para 7.1.1 of IS 3370 part II. The minimum reinforcement for 100mm thick slab is 0.24% of C.S.A and for 450mm the min, area of steel to be provided is equal to 0.16% of Cross sectional area For 360mm thick slab,the minimum area of steel = 0.16 + (80/350) x 0.08 = 0.1806% CSA = 0.1806x36x100/100 = 6.50sqem 2.077 cms , Provide 10mm dia bars at 12.0cm ole Spacing = 0.785x100/6.50 Check for shear Max. shear force = V = WW/2= 2.50x5.0x1000/2 = 6250 kgs Shear stress (+ y )= Wibd = 6250/100x32.70 = 1.911 kg/sqem < 9 Kgs/Sqem Percentage of tensile steel provided = 100xAs/bd = (100x18.756/100x32.70)x(2/3) = 0.325% From table 17 of IS code for.0.325% of Steel, the permissible shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.244N/sqmmi or 2.44kg/sqcm > 1.91 1kg/sqem Hence safe 53Check for bond: Bond stress = V /jd.¥0 = 6250/0.892x32,70x45,695 = 4.97ka/sqem<11.2kg/sqom Check for partial fixidity at ends: ‘The BM due to partial fixidity at ends = WI2/24 = 2.50x5.3272/24 = 2.956 tm Area of steel required = 2,956x109/1900x0.892x32.70 = 5.333sqcm ‘Area of bent Bars available at top =16.755x1/3 = 5.585 sqcm against §.333sqom Hence no additional reinforcement is required atthe top Development length required La = 4 a5 /4 pq Where ¢ = Nominal dia of the bar, og atdesign load and mq = design bond stross. Stress in steel, og = 2.956x105/ §,585x0.002x32.70= Ld = 1.6x1814.55/4x11.2 = 64.8 oms > 40 oms However provide 18 oms straight length after bonds ress in bar at the section considered 1814.55 kg/sqom Design of slab: Under earth banks M15 mix is proposed to be adopted for the slab under earth bank with the following: 2300 kasqom = C= 0 kg/sqcm m=19 0.29 903 Mk = 6.55bd2 Clear span = 5.00m ‘Thickness of slab assumed = 0.530m. The available effective depth of slab with 16mm dia bars (HYSD) = 53.00 - 2.0 - 0.80 = 49.70 cms Effective span is the least of the two, clear span + Effective depth of slab = 5,0 +0.497 = 5.497 m clear span + o/¢ of bearing = §.0 + 0.45 = 5.450m ‘Therefore effective depth = 5.45 m LOADS: i) WL of earth over slab = 1.37x2.10= 2.877 il) WLofslab = 0.53x2.50 = 1.3251 4.202 im BM = 4.202x5.452 / 8 = 15,60 tm or 15601,238 kg.m Effective depth required = Sqrt(15601.238x1000/6,55x100) = 48,80cms against 49.70cms provided, Area of steel required = 15601.238x100/2300x0.903x49..71 Spacing required with 16mm dia bars is = xx1.602x100/4x15.11 Provide 16mm dia bars al 10ems cle Steel provided = mx1.602x100/4x10 = 20.106 sqem 0 = mx1.60x100/10 = 50.265 ms Check for shear: Shear force at the support (V) = W/2 = 4.202x5,00/2 = 10,505t or 10505 kgs ‘Shear stress at the support (« y) = 10505/100x49.70 = 2.113 kg/sqom < 8.4Kg/Sqom 15.114 sqem 3.908 cms. Percentage of steel = (100x20.11/49.70x100 } 2/3 = 0.260% From table 17, Allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement is: 2.253 kg/sqem > 2.119 ka/sqem BM = Wi/24 = 4.202x5.452 / 24 = 5200.412 kg/sam Stoel required = §200.412x100/2300x0,903x49.70 Bent up 1/9 1d of the main bars ‘Actual steel on support at bottom = (xx1.60%100/4)xt10 (2/8) = 13.408 sqem Required length of bars on top from the face of the Support towards span side = 0.0925x5.0 = 0.4625 m Actual stress in steel = BM / Ast jd = 5200.412x100/(20.11/8)x0,903x49,7 038 sqem 728.63 kgisqem 64Actual stress in the bar 1728.63x1.600 Anchorage length required = = 82.316 om 4xpermissible bond stress 4x8,400 Length of bar to be bent down is 82.316 - (41 + 8x1.60) = 28.516cms Provide 42 cm length of bar beyond the face of abutment Allowable bond stress in tension in HYSD bars for M15 Mix =11.2 kgsfsqcm ‘Actual bond stress developed: 10505/0,903x49,70x50,265x(2/3) = 6.985 kg/sqcm < 11.20 kg/sqem Hence 0.k Distribution steel: Provide 12mm dia bars at 10cms c/c which gives an area = nx1,20%x100/4xt 1.30sqem 55Se ae eo GvIS HonOwL SHINO STII SY cm WL 108 IV Neva Jive Tehiv ONANEYD LOND Sow2.8 CANAL SYPHON INTRODUCTION:- In some situations the canal bed level and stream bed level are almost at same level or the stream bed level may be above CBL . The stream is a feeder to some tank Depression of stream bed may affects the tank. In such situations a canal syphon is proposed. In this example the stream bed is +202,630 and the full supply depth of the canal is +202.952 hence syphon is proposed. Hydraulic particutars :~ S.No. Description Unit Particulars 1. Discharge (Req) Cumecs 2. -do- (Des) -do- 3. Bed width m 4. Full supply depth m 5. Free board m 6 Velocity misec 7. Bed fall 8. Side slope VO 8 Value of 'n" 10. Top widths of section(UR) 1 CBL 12% | BSE 13 TRL 14. Lowest bed level at crossing 4,80/1.80, 201,952 +202.952 +203.552 +202.630 33553 ‘Stream particulars:- Catchment area = 0.500 Sqmiles or 1.295 Sqkm Max. flood discharge Q = CM 2/3 = 15x(1.295) 2/8 = 17.82 cumecs Lowest bed level at crossing = +202.630 , Computed HEL = + 203.380 Vent way for stream:- Depth of flow = 0.75m Bottom width =7.64m , Top width = 6.00m ) ‘Area = (7.94+7.64)/2 x 0.75 = 5.8425 sqm Velocity = 17.82/5.8425 = 3.05 misec. Which can be allowed ) The section with 7.64 m bottom width, 8.00m top width and depth of flow 0.75m is adequate to pass the stream discharge of 17.82 eumecs. Vent way for canal flow: ‘The depth of flow in the barrel is equal to FSD in the canal i.e 1m, proposing one vent of 4,60m clear span, The area of vent way (A ) = 1,6X0.228 + (1.2+1.6)x0.775/2 = 1.445 Sqm. Velocity ( V ) = 2.448/1.445 = 1.69 m/sec, Which is nearly double the velocity in the normal Section i.e 0.859x2= 1.71 m/sec > 1.69 m/sec st300 +203.300 70. + 202.630 202.440 a, 7600 ca aso 1000 pa Crane aeanaaeel +200.765, ‘Transition in the canal;- ‘The difference in normal canal bed width and barrel width is negotiated in a length of 2.06m on LS and D/S. And the difference in bed levels are negotiated by 1 in 4 gradient cut-offs: ‘Scour depth calculations in stream bed. Discharge = 17.82 cumecs ‘Scour depth R = 0.473(@/1) "8 = 0,473(17.82/1) V3 = 1.234mt Max. scour depth = 1.5xR = 1.5x1.234 = 1.85 m Scour level = MFL- max. scour depth = +203,380 - 1.850 = +201.530 Foundation lovel of abutment is +200.765 Hence safe Scour depth calculation in canal Discharge Q = 2.448 Cumecs Scour depth R = 0.473 (ait) V3 = 0.473 (2.448/1)/3 = 0.638m Max. scour depth = 1.54R =1.5x0,638 = 0.957m Scour level" = FSL.- 0.957 = +202,948 -0.957 = +201.091 against foor concrete level of +201.440,, Hence safe TEL Calculations: [ 7 rp} I 1350 canaltiow —> |rz00 | r9s0 pees le fe ® ® e ® f-2060} 9209 —___1 293 Section 4-4 ( Just out side the exit transition ) Normal canal section 1.35.%1.00m Velocity = 0.859 mis hv = 0.85922 x 9.81 = 0.0376 m say 0.038 ; CBL= + 201.948, FSL= +202.948, TBL = +203.548 202.986 TEL @ section 4-4 = FSL- hv = +202.948 + 0.038 58Just in side the transition:- Area of section = (1.35 + 1.5x1,0)1.0= 2.85 Sqm, —_Veloci hv = 0.8502/2x9.81 = 0.038m 2.448/2.85 = 0.859 m/sec Section 3-3: (At tho exit of barrel ) ‘Assume depth of flow as 1.50m Area = (1.20+1.50/5)1.50 = 2.25 Sam Velocity = 2.448/2,25 = 1.088 m/sec hy = 1.0887/2x9.81 = 0.06m Head loss due to gradual contraction from section 4-4 to secton 3-3 .2(0.06-0.038) = 0,004 ‘Add 10% frictional loss to the above loss of head = (10/100)x0.004 = 0.0004 Total loss of head = 0.004 + 0.0004 = 0,044 say 0.004 TEL at section 3-3 = TEL at section 4-4 + loss of head = 202.986 + 0.004 = 202.990 TEL @ 3-3 with respect to the assumed depth: = +202.990 Water supply level = +202,990 - 0.06 = +202,930, Depth of water = +202,930 - 201.440 = 1.490m Which is almost same as the assurried depth of flow i.e 1.50m Hence the assumed depth is correct, Section 2-2 (At entry ) Losses in the barre! Length of barrel = 9.20m Area of barrel section = (1.6x0.225) + ((1.6+1.2)/2 x 0.775) = 1.445 Sqm Velocity = V = 2.448/1.445 = 1,694 misec. hy = 1.6942/2x9.81 = 0.146m WP = 1.60 + ( 0.225x2) + 1.20 + 2 V(0.7752+ 0.75/52) = 4.83 m R= AIP = 1.445 / 4.83 = 0.299m 1) Exit losses: By providing bell mouth, exit losses = 0,20( 0.146-0.06 ii) Frictional losses: = ( fpxLIR)V2/29 Where f= a(1#b/R) a= 0.00316 b= 0.08 for smooth cement plaster L=9.20m R=0.299m V= 1.684 mise hv = 0.146 m There fore fp = 0.0036( 1 + 0.0,03/0,299 ) = 0.0035 Frictional losses = fp x LIR x V2'2q = 0.0035x9.20/0.29x(1.604)2/2x9.81 = 0.016 m ) Entry losses: ‘Assume the depth of flow at the entrance as 1.54 m. Area = A= (1.20 + 1,54/5) x 1.54 = 2.322 Sqm Velocity = V = 2.448/2.922 = 1.05 mis hy = 1.05%/2x9.61 By providing bell mouth entry, Loss = 0.10(0.146-0.056) = 0,009 Total losses = Exit losses + Frictional losses + Entry losses, 0.017 + 0.016 + 0.009 = 0.042 TEL at section 2-2 = TEL @ section 3-3 + Total losses Full supply elevation = +203,032 - 0,056 = +202.976 Depth of flow = +202.976 - 201.440 = 1.536m Which is almost same as tho assumed depth 1.54m. Hence the assumed depth is correct =0.017m, 056 202.990 + 0.042 = +203.032 Section 1-1; ‘Assumed depth of flow as 1.044m Area = A= (1.35 + 1,5x1.044)) 1.044 = 3.044sqm, Velocity 448/3.044 = 0.804 m/sec _hy = 0,8042/2x9.81 = 0.033m Head loss in gradual expansion from section 3-3 to 4-4 = 0.10(0.056-0.033) ‘Add 10% for frictional losses i.e (0.0002 + 0.0023) = 0.0025 Say 0.002 0023 59‘TEL at seation 1-1 = TEL @ section 2-2 + loss of head = +203,032 + 0.002 = +203.034 FSL = +203,034 - 0.033 = +203,001 Depth of flow = 203.001 - 201.956 = 1.045 against assumed depth of flow of 1.044m Hence 0.k ‘Afflux = 1.045 - 1.000 = 0.045m or 4.5em ‘This is with in the permissible limits Le Scms Slope of canal = 1 in 2000 Distance upto which the affiux spreads at U/S of canal with the slope of 1/2000 = 2000x0.045 = 90 m Approximately Design of holding down bolts: Water surface elevation of canal at entrance = +202.976 Elovation ofthe underside of the trough = +202.440 Uplift head Upward force fm length of abutment = 0.590x1.6/2x1 = 0.43 (as the slab is simply supported,the upward or downward force will act atthe support will be haf Sf the span length only) Downward force due to self weight of stab and seating coat = 36. 27340.1%2 ‘There fore ne need to provide holding down bolts However provide nominal nelaing down bolts at 2m cl. as shown in sketch 536m 52t> 0.431 Design ofecc slab under trougl Depth of water in the stream = 0.75 m, Free board =0,30m Total = 1.05m Loads: |) Weight of water = 1.05x1xt = 1.05t Weight of slab including sealing coat 525 t O.19x1x1%2, o.47st Clear span = 1. The slab is designed as simply supported , Let the thickness of slab = 15 cms Providing 10mm dia bars, Effective depth = 15 - 2.5 -0.5 = 12.00cm, Effective span shall be smaller of the following two conditions |) Clear span + effective depth = 1.60 + 0.12= 1.72 m li) Clear span +c/c of bearing = 1.60 + 0.45 = 2.05 mt Therefore effective span of 1.72m is adopted ie 525Ysqn 1720 Max. BM = Wi2 / 8 = 0.5639 t.m OR 563,90 kg.m Mix adopted : M20, Steel used : HYSD bars Permissible stresses: 1 = 1500ka/sqem, 70 kg/sqcm j= 0.879 k= 11.57 Effective depth required = V( 563.9x100)/(11.57x100) = 6.98 cm < 12.00 cm Hence 0.K 1.80cm Say 20 ems cfc 0.785x100/20 = 3.925 sqcm > 3.6 sqcm Hence 10mm dia HYSD bars @ 20cm o/c provided and alternate bars cranked up. Minimum reinforcement as per para 25.5.2.1 of IS - 3370 - part Il - 1965 for 15 om thick stab is 0.28% of cross sectional area = 0.23x18x100/100 = 3.45 sqom < 3.925 sqcm Hence 0.K Distribution steel: Minimum stee! = 0.23 % , i.e 3.42 sqcm Provide 8mm dia @ 25cm cic at top and bottom 60Ast provided BM at ends: = WL2/12 = 1.525x1,722 / 12 Ast = 376x100/1500x0.87x12 = 2.40 sqcm Check for shear: ‘Shear force(V) = WL/2 = 1525x1.6/2 = 1220 kgs. Shear stress(7,) % of ste! provided = 100As/bd the permissible shear stress = 1,30x0.224 x 10, Hence no shear reinforcement is required Check for development length: Design of slab for uplift: Effective span = 1.72m ‘Max, BM = 0.061x1.722 / 8 = 0.022 tm or 22 kgm ‘Ast = 22x100/1500x0.87x12 = 0.14 sqom Provide &mm dia @ 400 c/e at top Ast = 0.8x100/40 = 1.25 sqcm > 0.14 sqem (110 mm dia 400 cfc 1220/100x12 = 1.017 kgs/sqem 100x3.925/100x12 = 0.227% From table 17 and para 25.5.1.5 of IS 456 - 1978 for 0.327% tensile steel over the supports , 91ka/sqem > 1.017 kg/sqem Ld= is tpg, Where a = actual stress in stee! = 563.9x100 / 3.925x0.879x12 = 1x1362/4x12 = 28.375cm against length avaitabl 1004 Les : 0 0 abo £ 4 “agg a# 2 um aia 200ec 2.8.11 Design of RCC slab under head wall Design of head wall: 203.552 4202.63 + 780 —-71504 M= 0.692 1m 692/1.487 - 0.78/2 = 0.08 m 6 (2x100/25)x0,5 = 4.00 sqcm > 3.42 sqem, 376 tm or 376 kgm a) Area of steel available from cranked bars at top i.e 10mm dia @ 400 clc = 1.98 sqem b) Extra bars 8mm dia @ 400 c/c = 0.5x100/40 = 1.25 sqcm Total area provided at the ends(top reinforcement) 14D = 1.0661.24 21 sqem > 2,40 sqm 362 kg/sqem 1.7214 = 0.43m or 43cm ‘Water surface elevation of canal at entrance = +202.976 Elevation of the under side of the trough = +202.440 Downward force when there is no water in the stream = 0.19x2.5 =0.475Usqm > Net upward pressure = 0.536 - 0.475 = 0.061 t'sqm Uplift head = 0.536m ce mm dia 250 cfc 40mm 25mm dia ° holding down bolts@2mete JBottom 1/20 fondation.top@ ‘Wot slab)13m 078 VSqm. ‘Allowable eccentricity = 0.78/6 Max. comp. stress al base Design of slab under head wall: Depth of slab assumed = t9¢ms Loads: Slress at bottom of head wal Weight of slab = 0.19x2.50 = 0.475 Tolal = 3.553Usqm ‘The slab is designed as simply supported.Clear span = 1.60m Providing 10mm dia bars, the effective depth = 19 - 2.50 - 0.50 = 16 cms IL Effective span:Efecive span shall be smaller of the following two i) Clear span + Effective depth = 1.6 + 0.16 = 1.76 m i) Clear span + o/c of bearing = 1.60 + 0.450 = 2.050 m Effective span = 1.76 m Max.BM = Wi2/8 = 3.553x1.76"2/6 Effective depth = V(1375x100/11.57x100) Hence 0.K 3.078 Usam £875 L.m of 1875 kg.m 10.90 against 16 om Ast = 1375x100/1500x0.87x16 = 6.58 sqom Provide 10mm dia of bars @ 10 cm cic ‘Ast = 100x0.785/10 = 7.85 sqom > 6.58 sqom Hence O.k Hence 10mm dia bars at 10cm cle provided as main reinforcement Check for shear: Max shear force = WL/2 = 3553x1.6/2 = 2842.40kgs ‘Shear stress = 2842.40x100x16 = 1.776 ka/sqem. Percentage of steel provided = 100As/bd = 100x7.85/100x16 = 0.4906 or 0.491% From IS 456 - 1978 Permissible shear stress without shear reinfocoment steel for 0.491 % ste! is 2.971 kg/sqem > 1.76 kg/sqcm , Hence no shear reinforcement is required. Distribution Steel: inimum steel as per IS 3370 part-ll - 1965 0.46% ((0.24-0.16)/(450-100))(450-190)=0.16 + 0.06 = 0.22% ‘Ast = 100x19x0.22/100 = 4.18 sqem Provide 8mm dia bars at 12.cm cfc gives an ares 100x0.5/12.5 ‘sqem ~ 4.18 sqom Design of slab for uplift: (Under head wall) Uplift pressure = +202,976 - 202.440 = 0.536 tisqm Downward force = (0.19 + 2.50) + ( 0.922x2.25 Hence there is no need of top reinforcement. Bending moment at ends = WI2/ 12 = 3.553x1,762/12 = 0.917 Lm or 917 kg. Area of steel required = 917x100/1500x0,87x16 = 4.392 sqcm 4) Area of steel available from cranked bars 10mm at 200 ele = 7.85/2 ) Extra bars 8mm dia at 400c/6 = 0.5x100/40 = 1.25 sqcm Total area provided at the ends of top reinforcement = 3.925 + 1.25 = 5.175 sqem > 4,392 sqcm Hence 0.K Check for development length: From Is 456-78 Ld = far g/ 4 pq, Where o = actual stress in steel 10x 150 / 4x1.20 = 312.50mm against available length 1.579/4 = 0.44m or 440mm, Hence 0.K 5495Y/sqm > 0.536t/sqmn 925 sqcm {10mm dia At 200g “ani ‘mm dia 125 cfc 200 = ae fy 622, Protection to the canal bunds and stream bed The canal banks shall be protected 0.30 m above MFL of stream to a suitable length on wis and dis. The bed of steam also to be protected on either side of barrel roof, 28.13 Bar bending schedule( Approximately ) Te | shape of bors oe, | mmce | Lecin [nr ey sro | 40 a fy 10 | 200 Hoo saa 8 | —sw—— |, | | am | : 2640 8 | 20 | 700 | axis 1 11 os |e 710 | 100 | sooo | a a8 e {wot | as | mo | oe 63NOHdAS NWO Z 3~— v weeeort ¥9.A4y——_ I, 0098 —> : re : XIN 01'9°4 99 NL313z9N09 Yoong} oot. NOTISSS TVNIOAIIONOT fe ee NTA Hog LK 1709 ONIRWa Yea Sie 02: 6434.0 CHAPTER - Il DESIGN OF CROSS MASONRY WORKS INTRODUCTION: (On an irgation channel, in addition to cross drainage works @ number of cross masonry works are also needed for its smooth performance. The cross masonry works ean be classifien |) Cross Regulators {i Falls ( Drops ) iil) Offtakes / Outlets ly) Bridges / Culverts ‘The above structures are combined wherever possible to reduce the number of structures and there by achieving economy. Gross regulator: In a distributory as we go down reduction in discharge occurs. Some times bed {all Has to be changod due to change of strata, This resus in change of bed width or full supply depth of both. In order to negotiate these changes and when the reduction in discharge is rere than 10% a regulator has to be provided. Falls ( Drops): A drop is defined to be a work designed to secure lowering of water surface in a channel and safe destruction of surplus energy 50 liberated. Off-takes / Outlets: These may have either ; ') Rectangular or square vents covered with RCC slab or ii) pipes The off-takes are situated at the head of a distributory/minor/subminor and the Outlets are at the head of field channels. These may be gated or ungated. Bridges /Culverts: These are constructed across the canals to maintain the continuity of the isting road communications. There are two common types of bridges on canal system, One is double lane road bridge and other is single lane road bridge. When the face to face distance of abutments is less than 6m then the road way is proposed equal to the road {formation width. This type of structure is called culvert. The culvert may be of pipes or ROG deck slab, Generally double lane road bridge is proposed at the crossing of National high ways, are high ways, Major district roads and Zilla parished roads which generally carry heavy traffic, Single lane road bridge is proposed at the crossing of cart tracks and Panchayat roads which do not carry heavy traffic. General standards & specification for cross masonry works Hem / standard Specification a) @ ‘Foundation: Thickness is 450/600mm CC 1:6:10 using 4omm max size metal, Note: In case of bridges the above oriteria is not applicable as such CC M7.5 Is adopted for all bridges, 2. Floor concrete: Thickness is 450/600mm CC 1:6:10 using 40mm max. size metal 3Masonry of abutments, piers, wings and RR Masonry in CM 1:6 with exposed returns. face 450mm thick in CRS 1st sort or in CC 1:3:6 mix using 40mm graded Note: In case of bridges the metal ‘mortar mix. vaties from 1:3 t0 4:5 4.Cutotts: RR masonry in CM 4:6 / CC 1:6:10 655, Copings: 150mm thick 6,Pointing:( Exposed faces ) 7 Plastering: 8, Wearing coat: ‘) Over the floor and aprons ») Over deck and approach slabs 1 Single tae bnigos Pom manic i) Double lane bridges (60-100-50mm) 9. RCC Slabs:For decks ') Single lane bridges ii) Double lane bridges ii) Hoist platforms for regulators iv) Roof slabs over APMs and OFMs CC M10 using 75% of 4omm single size and 25% of 20mm single size metal om 1:4 Note: In case of bridges the mortor mix. varies from CM 1:3 10 4:4 cM 1:4 (Exposed faces of profile walls, drop walls and cut offs: ) 75mm thick in CC M15 using 20mm maximum size metal CC M20 using 20mm size graded metal with 6mm dia bars at 600mm o/c both ways, CC M20 using 20mm size graded metal with 6mm dia bars at 600mm e/e both ways. M415 using 20mm max. size metal, M20 using 20mm max. size metal ‘CC M15 using 20mm maximum size metal. CC M15 using 20mm max.size metal. Improtant formale used in cross masonry works: 3.20. Passive earth pressure:- Where the earth retaining wall is founded below the G.L passive pressure (Pp) equal to 1.08 wh? acting at 1/2h may be considered 1. Height of sills of sluices above parent canal bed. ‘wage of off-take Height of sills of sluices above the bed of parent canal when the FSD in the parent channel is discharge to parent canal discharge 15% and above 0.075 The sill of the sluices 10% to 15% 0.150 0.075 should be fixed such 5%to 10% 0.300 0.150 0.075 that they get lower and 2%t0 5% 0.300 0.300 0.150 and lower as the locations 2% and less 0.300 0.300 0.300 goes towards the end of distributory and minors, Vent way of the sluices ') Circular vent way = 3.312 A V¢h) 4) Square or rectangular vent way Where A = Area of vent way fn = driving head ( difference in FSL's in submerged condition) depth below parent channel FSL above the centre of the pipe in case of free fall type. 76 A ih) Aftiux When there is no provision of head loss at the structure location, the FSL in the canal will rise on Us of the structure. This is worked by using Moles Worth's formula (V21785 + 0.0152}{(A fay? - 1) Where Afflux in m, Y= velocity in normal section in m/sec 66e F ' | ; | \ ‘ ( t ( | 5. A= The original uncontracted/normal canal area in sqm. a = contracted area, ‘The afflux at the structure should not exceed § cm in normal reach and this should not add {othe afflux atthe wis structure. In deep cuts this may be as per discretion of the designer Clearance between sill of drop to deck of the bridge When a bridge is combined with drop the clearance between sill of drop to deck shall be (N) =hy (he+t) US Fst bn Le hy hy Luss cou. os col. From Civil Engineering hand book volume Il by LELIASKY. No. of notches ( notch type drop ) (Emperical rule no 4 page 229 of Irigation practices & Engg. by ETCHEVERRY) Bed width No. of notches = ~ Rounded to nearest whole number 4.5 xFSD Vertical clearance ') Bridges : ‘Minimum vertical clearance above FSL may be 300 mm. iDSuperpassages : Same as in the case of Bridges. Some timas the sill of the trough is to be {hed above the lowest bed level of stream due to vertical clearance causing heading up at the entry of trough which further causes slips in the inner slopes of canal. In'such cases the {ough may be allowed to encroach into FSD of the canal with a provision of holding down bolts provided in the abutments and piers to hold the trough slab against uplift. The structore {sto named as syphon cum superpassage. discharge over the weir ixcusec, C= co-efficient of discharge from Malikapur graph depends upon drowning ratio,see fig no.3.1) L= Length of weir infpronase ay UB) OED THN 29} S696 $9 09 SL ce gp oes 05 SH oF og ~

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