PDF Astm E1444 E1444m 16e1 Standard Practice For Magnetic Particle Testing

Designation: E1444/E1444M − 16´1
Standard Practice for

Magnetic Particle Testing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1444/E1444M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε1 NOTE—Summary of Changes updated editorially in July 2016.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or
slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. 2. Referenced Documents
Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a 2.1 The following documents form a part of this standard
tutorial. practice to the extent specified herein.
NOTE 1—This Practice replaces MIL-STD-1949. 2.2 ASTM Standards:2
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or Steel Forgings
near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle A456/A456M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-
testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and tion of Large Crankshaft Forgings
semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals Testing
and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
for additional information. E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.3 All areas of this Practice may be open to agreement E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources
between the Cognizant Engineering Organization and the and
supplier, or specific direction from the Cognizant Engineering Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
Organization. Methods
E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-
1.4 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM stan- tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in
dard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
included in the same standard, with each system of units to be
regarded separately as standard. 2.3 ASNT Documents:3
1.4.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice No. “Personnel Quali-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the cation of NDT Personnel
other. Combining values from the two systems may result in 2.4 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)-AMS
non- conformance with the standard. Documents:4,5
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the AMS 2641 Magnetic Particle Inspection Vehicle
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of
ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Summary page on the ASTM website.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518,
Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originally http://www.asnt.org.
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1444 - 12. DOI:
4
Copies of standards, specifications, drawings, and publications required by
10.1520/E1444_E1444M-16ϵ1. manufacturers in connection with specification acquisition should be obtained
from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
5
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,
Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
1
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1444/E1444M − 16
AMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Dry aerospace.org.
Method
AMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet
Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use
Method, Dry Powder
Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged
AMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,
Dry Powder
Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use
Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged5
AMS 5062 Steel, Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing,
Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, Maximum
AMS 5355 Investment Castings
AMS I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic Rubber
AMS 2175 Castings, Classification and Inspection of
AS 4792 Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous Magnetic
Particle Inspection
AS 5282 Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic Particle
Inspection
AS 5371 Reference Standards Notched Shims for Magnetic
Particle Inspection
2.5 Federal Standards:4,6
FED-STD-313 Material Safety Data Sheets, Preparation and
the Submission of
FED-STD-595 Colors
2.6 Military Standards:4,6
MIL-STD 45562A Calibration Systems Requirements
A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspension
2.7 OSHA Document:7
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
2.8 ANSI Document:4,8
ANSI/NCSL Z 540-1 General Requirement for Calibration
Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment
2.9 ISO Document:
ISO 10012-1 Measurement Management Systems—
Requirements for Measurement Processes and Measuring
Equipment9
2.10 AIA Document:
NAS 410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nonde-
structive Test Personnel10
6
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
7
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401,
http:// www.access.gpo.gov.
8
Available from National Conference of Standards Laboratories, 1800 30th
St.
Suite 305b, Boulder, CO. 80301.
9
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch.
de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland,
http://www.iso.org.
10
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA),
1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-
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E1444/E1444M − 16
2.11 DoD Contracts—Unless otherwise specified, the edi- Cognizant Engineering Organization for review, or approval,
tions of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed or both, when requested.
in the issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of
Specifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.
2.12 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict

between the text of this practice and the referenced
documents cited herein, the text of this practice takes
precedence.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions relating to magnetic par-
ticle testing, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall
apply to the terms used in this practice.
4. Significance and Use

4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing
con- sists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying
suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is
magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating
any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability
occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface
and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-
trolling the application of the magnetic particle testing
method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on
the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a
detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination
personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed
written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this
practice.
5. General Practice
5.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing
examinations in accordance with this practice shall be
qualified and certified in accordance with ASNT
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT
Standard CP-189, NAS 410, or as specified in the contract
or purchase order.
5.2 Agency Qualification—If specified in the contractual
agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as
described in E543. The applicable edition of E543 shall be
specified in the contractual agreement.
5.3 Written Procedure—Magnetic particle testing shall be
performed in accordance with a written procedure applicable
to the part or group of parts under examination. The
procedure shall be in accordance with the requirements of
this Practice. The process, when conducted in accordance
with the written procedure, shall be capable of detecting
discontinuities specified in the acceptance criteria. The
written procedure may be general if it clearly applies to all of
the specified parts being examined and meets the
requirements of this practice. All written procedures,
including technique sheets for specific parts, shall be
approved by an individual qualified and certified at Level III
for magnetic particle testing in accordance with the
requirements of 5.1. Procedures shall be submitted to the
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E1444/E1444M − 16
5.3.1 Elements of the Written Procedure—The written pro-
cedure shall include at least the following elements, either discontinuities. Such operations include, but are not limited to,
directly or by reference to the applicable documents: forging, heat treating, electroplating, forming, welding,
5.3.1.1 Procedure identification number and the date it was grinding, straightening, machining, and proof loading.
written; 5.4.1 Perform magnetic particle examination prior to shot
5.3.1.2 Identification of the part(s) to which the procedure peening (to provide a beneficial compressive layer) and prior
applies; this shall include the material, or alloy, or both; to applying protective finishes such as priming, painting,
5.3.1.3 For new components, sequence of magnetic particle plating (see 5.4.3 through 5.4.3.5) or other coatings.
testing as related to manufacturing process operation (for 5.4.2 In-process examinations may not be substituted for
example, post plating, after heat treat, etc.); final examination.
5.3.1.4 Identification of test parts used for system perfor- 5.4.3 Plating and Coatings—Examine parts which will
mance verification (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2); receive either a plating or coating as follows:
5.3.1.5 Process controls (see Table 1); 5.4.3.1 Examination is required prior to all non-
5.3.1.6 Areas of the part to be examined; electroplated coatings.
5.3.1.7 Part preparation required before examination;
5.3.1.8 Directions for positioning the item with respect to 5.4.3.2 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness
the magnetizing equipment; of 0.0008 in. [0.02 mm] or less shall be examined either
5.3.1.9 The type of magnetizing current and the equipment before or after electroplating, or grinding, or both, of
to be used; electroplated surfaces.
5.3.1.10 Method of establishing the magnetization (head, 5.4.3.3 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness
coil, prods, yoke, cable wrap, etc.); of between 0.0008 in. [0.02 mm] and 0.0050 in. [0.13 mm]
5.3.1.11 Directions of magnetization to be used, the order shall be examined both before and after electroplating, or
in which they are applied, and any demagnetization grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.
procedures to be used between shots; (1) Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness of
5.3.1.12 The current level, or the number of ampere turns, 0.0050 in. [0.13 mm] or greater shall be examined before
to be used and the duration of its application; electroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.
5.3.1.13 Type of magnetic particle material (dry or wet, (2) Magnetic particle examination after electroplating is
visible or fluorescent, etc.) to be used and the method and not required for steels with a tensile strength less than or equal
equipment to be used for its application and, for the case of to 160 ksi.
wet particles, the particle concentration limits; 5.4.3.4 Use caution when examining parts with an electro-
5.3.1.14 Type of records and method of marking parts after plated nickel coating as indications may form from the
examination; resulting leakage fields within the nickel plating itself.
5.3.1.15 Acceptance requirements, to be used for 5.4.3.5 For in-service examination, plating or coatings do
evaluating indications and disposition of parts after not require removal prior to examination unless they are
evaluation; and damaged, or they interfere with the examination process.
5.3.1.16 Post-examination demagnetization and cleaning
requirements. 5.5 Materials:
5.4 Examination Sequence—Perform magnetic particle ex- 5.5.1 Dry Particle Requirements—Dry particles shall meet
amination after all operations which might cause or reveal the requirements of AMS 3040.
TABLE 1 Required Verification Intervals

Item Maximum Time
Between VerificationA Paragraph
Lighting:B
Visible light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.1

Ambient light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.2
Black light intensity Daily 7.3.2, 7.4.5
Battery powered black Before and after each use 7.4.5.2
light intensity check
Black light integrity Weekly 7.3.2
System Performance:B Daily 7.1, 7. 1.1, 7.1.2
Wet particle concentration 8 hours, or every shift change 7.2.1.1
Wet particle contamination:B 1 week 7.2.1.2
Water break test Daily 7.2.2
Equipment calibration check:B
Ammeter accuracy 6 months 7.4.1
Timer control 6 months 7.4.2
Quick break 6 months 7.4.3
Yoke dead weight check 6 months 7.4.4
Black and white light meters 6 months 7.4.7
Gaussmeter or Field Indicator accuracy 6 months 7.4.6
When the test system is in operation.
A
The maximum time between verifications may be reduced or extended when substantiated by actual technical/reliability data.
B
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5.5.2 Wet Particle Requirements—Wet particles shall meet
the requirements of AMS 3041, 3042, 3043, 3044, 3045, or 6.1.1 Pre-examination Demagnetization—The part shall be
3046, as applicable. demagnetized before testing if prior operations have produced
a residual magnetic field that may interfere with the examina-
5.5.3 Suspension Vehicles—The suspension vehicle for the tion.
wet method shall be a light petroleum distillate conforming to
6.1.2 Surface Cleanliness and Finish—The surface of the
AMS 2641 (Type I) or A-A-59230, or a suitably conditioned part to be examined shall be essentially smooth, clean, dry, and
water that conforms to the requirements of 5.5.4. When free of oil, scale, machining marks, or other contaminants or
approved by the contracting agency, AMS 2641 (Type II) may conditions that might interfere with the efficiency of the
be used. When specified, the oil suspension vehicle shall meet examination.
the salient characteristics specified in A-A-59230. 6.1.3 Plugging and Masking—Plugging and masking is
5.5.4 Conditioned Water Vehicle—When water is used as a required when specified by the Cognizant Engineering Orga-
suspension vehicle for magnetic particles, the conditioning nization.
agents used shall comply with AS 4792. Proper wetting shall 6.1.4 All areas on the part where electrical contact is made
be determined by a water break test (see 7.2.2). Smoother shall be sufficiently clean to prevent electrical arcing.
surfaces generally require a greater percent of wetting agent 6.1.5 Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness—The examination
than rough surfaces. Foaming of the bath must be minimized of aircraft-quality steel for cleanliness using magnetic particle
to the point that it does not interfere with the examination testing shall be as appropriate to the type of steel being
process. inspected. However, testing of parts fabricated from this
5.5.4.1 Water Vehicle Conditioning Agents—Any agents material shall be in accordance with the requirements of this
added to the water vehicle for any purpose shall conform to practice.
the requirements of the particle manufacturer. 6.2 Magnetization Methods:
5.5.5 Particle Concentration—The concentration of par- 6.2.1 Types of Magnetizing Current—The types of currents
ticles in the suspension bath shall be as specified in the written used for magnetic particle testing are full-wave rectified
procedure. Particle concentrations outside of the range of 0.1 current (1 or 3 phase), half-wave rectified current, and alter-
to nating current. The equipment used shall fulfill the magnetiz-
0.4 mL in a 100-mL bath sample for fluorescent particles and ing and demagnetizing requirements adequately, as outlined
1.2 to 2.4 mL in a 100 mL sample for nonfluorescent particles herein, without damage to the part under examination, and
shall not be used. Fluorescent particles and nonfluorescent they shall include the necessary features required for safe
particles shall not be used together. operation.
5.6 Safety—The safe handling of magnetic particles (wet or 6.2.2 Permanent Magnets—Permanent magnets are not to
dry), oil vehicles, water baths, and water conditioner concen- be used for magnetic particle testing unless specifically autho-
trates are governed by the suppliers’ Material Safety Data rized by the Cognizant Engineering Organization. When per-
Sheets (MSDS). Material Safety Data Sheets, conforming to manent magnets are used, adequate magnetic field strength
29 CFR 1910.1200, or equivalent, must be provided by the shall be established in accordance with 7.4.4.
supplier to any user and shall be prepared in accordance with 6.2.3 Yokes—When using yokes (electromagnetic probes)
FEDSTD-313. for magnetic particle testing, they shall meet the requirements
of 7.4.4.
5.6.1 Flammability—Flash point of oil vehicles shall be in
6.2.4 Magnetizing Current Application—Alternating
accordance with AMS 2641, Type I carriers. The suppliers’
current is to be only used for the detection of discontinuities
MSDS shall certify the flash point.
open to the surface. Full-wave direct current has the deepest
5.6.2 Personnel Hazards—Precautions against inhalation, possible penetration and must be used for examination of sub-
skin contact, and eye exposure are detailed in the suppliers’ surface discontinuities when using the wet magnetic particle
MSDS. These precautions shall be observed. method. Half-wave direct current can also be used for
5.6.3 Electrical Hazards—Magnetizing equipment shall be examination of sub-surface discontinuities and due to the
maintained properly to prevent personnel hazards from elec- pulsating nature of the waveform; it has the advantage of
trical short circuits. Care must be taken to reduce arcing and increased particle mobility.
the possible ignition of oil baths. 6.2.5 Magnetic Field Directions—Discontinuities are diffi-
5.6.4 Black Light—Replace cracked or broken ultraviolet cult to detect by the magnetic particle method when they make
filters immediately. Broken filters can allow harmful an angle less than 45° to the direction of magnetization. To
shortwave ultraviolet energy to be emitted and must be ensure the detection of discontinuities in any direction, each
replaced immediately. Spectacles designed to absorb part must be magnetized in a minimum of two directions at
ultraviolet wavelength radiation are suggested for close, high- approximately right angles to each other. Depending on part
intensity black light examination. LED UV-A lamps used for geometry, this may consist of circular magnetization in two or
evaluation purposes shall comply with Practice E3022. more directions, multiple circular and longitudinal
magnetization, or of longitudinal magnetization in two or
6. Specific Practice more directions. The pie gauge as illustrated in Fig. X5.1, the
flexible laminated strips as described in Annex A3, or a
6.1 Preparation of Parts for Testing: properly prepared master part using notched shims may only
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E1444/E1444M − 16
be used as a tool to demonstrate the direction of the
external magnetic
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E1444/E1444M − 16
field. The pie gauge or flexible laminated strips shall not be
used to determine adequate field strength. Exceptions necessi- masking of relevant indications by nonrelevant accumulations
tated by part geometry, size, or other factors require specific of magnetic particles. Adequate magnetic field strength may
approval of the Cognizant Engineering Organization. be determined by one or a combination of the following
methods:
6.2.6 Multidirectional Magnetization—Multidirectional
magnetization may be used to fulfill the requirement for 6.3.1.1 In unidirectional, or multidirectional magnetizing
magnetization in two or more directions if it is demonstrated applications, by examining parts having known or artificial
that it is effective in all areas, which require examination as discontinuities of the type, size, and location specified in the
practical. Test parts in accordance with 6.3.1.1 or shims acceptance requirements or by using the notched shims as
manufactured to the requirements of AS 5371, or as otherwise defined in Annex A1;
approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization, shall be 6.3.1.2 In unidirectional magnetizing applications only, by
used to verify field direction, strength, and balance in multidi- using a Hall Effect probe gaussmeter capable of measuring the
rectional magnetization. Balancing of the combined magnetic peak values of the tangential field as described in Annex A5.
field is critical and an adequate balance must be visually Tangential-field strengths shall have a minimum value of 30
demonstrated to be effective in all areas, which require Gauss (30 × 10-4 Tesla [T]) when measured at the part surface
examination. The particle application must be timed so that using a Hall Effect probe gaussmeter as described in Annex
the magnetization levels reach full value in all directions while A5. The maximum Gauss value derived is limited by the
the particles are mobile on the surface under examination. The restrictions of 6.3.1.
residual method shall only be used with the approval of the 6.3.1.3 Using the current levels specified by the formulas
Cognizant Engineering Organization. given in Appendix X3 and Appendix X4. These current levels
6.2.7 Direct Magnetization—Direct magnetization is ac- and formulas provide only a rough guide and shall only be
complished by passing current directly through the part under used in conjunction with either 6.3.1.1, or 6.3.1.2, or
examination. Electrical contact is made to the part using head Cognizant Engineering Organization approval, or a
and tail stock, prods, clamps, magnetic leeches, or by other combination thereof. In some cases the formulas in Appendix
means. Caution shall be taken to ensure that the electrical X3 and Appendix X4 may lead to over magnetization of the
current is not flowing while contacts are being applied or work piece and care should be exercised when using them.
removed and that excessive heating does not occur in any area 6.3.2 Longitudinal Magnetization Using Coils—
of the part. Unless otherwise specified by the Cognizant Longitudinal magnetization is often accomplished by passing
Engineering Organization, prods shall not be used for the current through a coil encircling the part, or section of the part,
examination of aerospace components (flight hardware) or on to be examined (that is, by using a coil shot). This produces a
finished surfaces. magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coil. The actual
6.2.8 Indirect Magnetization—Indirect part magnetization effective distance must be demonstrated based on the
uses pre-formed coils, cable wraps, yokes, field (flux) flow particular part to be examined. For parts longer than these
fixtures, or a central conductor to induce a magnetic field in a effective distances, the entire length shall be examined by
part when no direct electrical contact is made. repositioning the part within the coil, allowing for
6.2.9 Induced Current Magnetization—Induced current approximately 10 % effective magnetic field overlap. See
magnetization (toroidal or circumferential field) is accom- 6.3.1 for field strength methods that can be used in coil
plished by inductively coupling a part to an electrical coil in magnetization.
order to create a suitable current flow within the part as 6.4 Particle Application:
illustrated in Fig. X5.2. This method is often advantageous on 6.4.1 Dry Magnetic Particle Application, Continuous
ring-shaped parts with a central aperture and with an L/D ratio Method—When using dry particles, the flow of magnetizing
less than three, especially where the elimination of arcing or current shall be initiated prior to application of the magnetic
burning is of vital importance. particles to the surface under examination and terminated after
6.2.10 Parallel Current Induced Magnetization—This powder application has been completed and any excess blown
method of magnetization may occur when a ferromagnetic off. Precautions shall be taken to prevent any damage to the
part is placed alongside and parallel to a current-carrying part due to overheating.
conductor. A magnetic field will be induced in the part that is 6.4.1.1 Apply dry powder so that a light, uniform, dust-like
more transverse than circular. This type of magnetization shall coating settles on the surface of the part under examination
not be used for magnetic particle testing unless approved by while the part is being magnetized. Specially designed powder
the Cognizant Engineering Organization. blowers or shakers using compressed air or hand power shall
6.2.11 Magnetization of Aerospace Lifting Hardware—The be used. The applicators shall introduce the particles into the
use of permanent magnets, electromagnetic yokes, coil wraps air in a manner such that they reach the part surface in a
or prods on aerospace lifting hardware must be approved by uniform cloud with a minimum of force.
the Cognizant Engineering Organization. 6.4.1.2 After the powder is applied, and before the magne-
6.3 Magnetic Field Strength: tizing force is removed, excess powder shall be removed, by
6.3.1 Magnetic Field Strength—The applied magnetic field means of a dry air current with sufficient force to remove the
shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory excess particles if it interferes with interpretation and
indications, but it must not be so strong that it causes the evaluation, but not strong enough to disturb particles held by a
leakage field that is indicative of discontinuities. In order to
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E1444/E1444M − 16
recognize the broad, fuzzy, lightly held powder patterns
formed by near-surface discontinuities, the formation of
indications
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E1444/E1444M − 16
must be observed carefully during both powder application
and removal of the excess powder. The dry particle method the part under examination during the period of its cure.
shall not be used to examine aerospace components (flight Before curing takes place, and while the magnetic particles are
hardware). Dry magnetic particles shall not be reused. still mobile, the part shall be magnetized to the specified level.
This requires prolonged or repeated periods of magnetization.
6.4.2 Wet Magnetic Particle Application, Continuous
This method is for special applications, such as bolt holes
Method—Fluorescent or nonfluorescent particles suspended in
which cannot be examined readily by the wet or dry method,
a liquid vehicle at the required concentration shall be applied
and shall be used only when specifically approved by the
by gently spraying or flowing the suspension over the area to
Cognizant Engineering Organization. AMS-I-83387
be examined.
establishes the examination process for magnetic rubber.
6.4.2.1 Proper sequencing and timing of part magnetization
6.4.6 Particle Selection for Aerospace Lifting Hardware—
and application of particle suspension are required to obtain
The use of dry powder or non-fluorescent wet particles on
the proper formation and retention of indications. This
aerospace lifting hardware must be approved by the Cognizant
requires that the stream of suspension be diverted from the
Engineering Organization.
part simultaneously with, or slightly before, energizing the
magnetic circuit. 6.5 Evaluation—Following magnetization and particle
6.4.2.2 The magnetizing current shall be applied for a application, the parts shall be examined for indications. All
duration of at least 0.5 second for each application, with a indications will be identified as relevant or nonrelevant. Rel-
minimum of two shots being used. The second shot shall evant indications will be compared to the proper accept/reject
follow the first while the particles are still mobile on the criteria and the parts accepted or rejected accordingly.
surface of the part. 6.5.1 Eye Glasses—When using fluorescent materials, per-
6.4.2.3 Under special circumstances, such as the use of sonnel shall not wear eye glasses that are photochromic or that
automated equipment or for critical parts, the 0.5–second have permanently darkened lenses. This is not intended to
duration and the two-shot requirement may be waived prohibit the use of eyeglasses with lenses treated to absorb
provided it is demonstrated that the procedure can detect ultraviolet light.
known discontinuities in reference parts. 6.5.2 Dark Adaptation—Personnel must wait at least one
minute after entering a darkened area for their eyes to adjust to
6.4.2.4 Care shall be exercised to prevent any damage to
the low-level lighting before performing fluorescent magnetic
the part due to overheating or other causes. Weakly held
particle testing.
indications on highly finished parts are readily washed away,
6.5.3 Acceptance Requirements—The acceptance require-
and care must be exercised to prevent high-velocity flow over
ments applicable to the part or group of parts shall be
critical surfaces.
incorporated as part of the written procedure either
6.4.2.5 Particle application by continuous immersion shall
specifically or by reference to other applicable documents
be used only when specifically approved by the Cognizant
containing the necessary information. When parts are zoned,
Engineering Organization or when it has been documented
the acceptance criteria for each zone shall be specified.
that it can detect discontinuities or artificial discontinuities in
Methods for establishing acceptance requirements for large
parts under examination.
crankshaft forgings are covered in Specification
6.4.3 Residual Magnetization Method—In the residual mag- A456/A456M. Methods for establishing requirements for
netization method, the magnetic particles are applied to the steel forgings are covered in Practice A275/A275M. Methods
part under examination after the magnetizing force has been for classifying metal castings are given in AMS 2175 and
dis- continued. The residual method is not as sensitive as the AMS 5355.
continuous method. It can be useful on materials with high
retentivity. It is also useful for the examination of parts or 6.6 Recording of Indications—When required by the
areas of parts, which because of geometric constraints, cannot written procedure, the location of all rejectable indications
be examined with the continuous method. The residual method shall be marked on the part, and permanent records of the
shall be used only when specifically approved by the location, direction, and frequency of indications may be made
Cognizant Engineering Organization or when it has been by one or more of the following methods:
documented that it can detect discontinuities or artificial 6.6.1 Written Description—By recording the location,
discontinuities in parts under examination. The test parts shall length, direction, and number of indications in sketch or
have the same material and processing steps, and similar tabular form.
geometry, to the actual parts being examined. 6.6.2 Transparent Tape—For dry particle indications, by
6.4.4 Magnetic Slurry/Paint Application—Magnetic paints applying transparent adhesive-backed tape to which the indi-
or slurries are applied to the part with a brush, squeeze bottle, cations will adhere and placing it on an approved form along
or aerosol can before or during the magnetization operation. with information giving its location on the part.
This method is for special applications, such as overhead or 6.6.3 Strippable Film—By covering the indication with a
underwater examination. This method may be used only when spray-on strippable film that fixes the indications in place and
specifically approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organiza- placing the resultant reproduction on an approved form along
tion. with information giving its location on the part.
6.4.5 Magnetic Polymer Application—Polymerizable mate- 6.6.4 Photography—By photographing or video recording
rial containing magnetic particles shall be held in contact with the indications themselves, the tape, or the strippable film
reproduction and placing the photograph in a tabular form
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along with information giving its location on the part.
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6.7 Post Examination Demagnetization and Cleaning—All assembly.
parts shall be demagnetized and cleaned after final examina-
tion. Apply corrosion protection as required.
6.7.1 Demagnetization:
6.7.1.1 When using AC demagnetization, the part shall be
subjected to a field with a peak value greater than, and in
nearly the same direction as, the field used during
examination. This AC field is then decreased gradually to
zero. When using an AC demagnetizing coil, the part is passed
through the coil while the current is flowing. For effective
demagnetization, parts having complex configurations may
require rotating or tumbling while passing through the field of
the coil prior to the current being shut off. Repeat this process
as necessary.
6.7.1.2 When using DC demagnetization, the initial field
shall be higher than, and in nearly the same direction as, the
field reached during examination. The field shall then be
reversed, decreased in magnitude, and the process repeated
(cycled) until an acceptably low value of residual field is
reached.
6.7.1.3 Whenever possible, parts that have been
magnetized circularly shall be magnetized in the longitudinal
direction before being demagnetized. After demagnetization, a
calibrated field indicator shall not detect magnetic flux fields
with an absolute value above 3 G (3 × 10-4 T) anywhere on
the part.
6.7.2 Post-examination Cleaning—Cleaning shall be done
with a suitable solvent, air blower, or by other means.
6.7.2.1 Parts shall be examined to ensure that the cleaning
procedure has removed magnetic particle residues from holes,
crevices, passage ways, etc. Such residue could have an
adverse effect on the intended use of the part.
6.7.2.2 Care shall be taken to remove all plugs, masking, or
other processing aids that may affect the intended use of the
part.
6.7.2.3 Parts shall be protected from corrosion or damage
as required.
6.8 Record of Examination—Results of all final magnetic
particle examinations shall be recorded. All recorded results
shall be identified, filed, and made available to the cognizant
engineering organization upon request. Records shall provide
for traceability to the specific part or lot inspected. As a
minimum, the records shall include: identification of the
procedure used, disposition of the examination; identification
of the inspector’s examination stamp, electronic ID or signa-
ture; and the date of examination. Records shall be kept for a
minimum of three years or as otherwise specified in the
purchase order or contract.
6.9 Marking of Accepted Parts—Unless otherwise specified
by the Cognizant Engineering Organization, parts that have
been accepted using magnetic particle testing shall be marked
in accordance with the applicable drawing, purchase order,
contract, or as specified herein prior to leaving the testing
facility.
6.9.1 Marking shall be applied in such a manner and
location as to be harmless to the part. The identification shall
not be obliterated or smeared by subsequent handling and,
when practicable, placed in a location that will be visible after
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6.9.1.1 When subsequent processing would remove the current and voltage measuring devices,
identification, the applicable marking shall be affixed to the
record accompanying the finished parts or assembly.
6.9.1.2 Bolts and nuts and other fastener products may be
identified as having met the requirements of magnetic
particle testing by marking each package conspicuously.
6.9.2 Impression Stamping, Ink Stamping, Laser Marking,
Dyeing, Vibro Engraving or Etching—Impression stamping,
ink stamping, laser marking, dyeing, vibro engraving or
etching may be used when permitted or required by the
applicable written procedure, detail specification or drawing,
or when the nature of the part is such as to provide for
impression stamping of part numbers or other examination
personnel markings. Impression stamping shall be located
only in the area provided adjacent to the part number or
examination personnel’s stamp.
6.9.3 Other Identification—Other means of identification,
such as tagging, may be used for parts that have a
configuration or function precluding the use of stamping,
vibro engraving, or etching, as in the case of completely
ground or polished balls, rollers, pins, or bushings.
6.10 Identifying Symbols and Color Markings:
6.10.1 One-Hundred Percent Examination—When items
are examined and accepted by 100 % examination, each item
shall be marked as follows:
6.10.1.1 Dyeing—When dyeing is applicable, a dye of
acceptable adherence which is predominantly blue (in accor-
dance with FED-STD-595) shall be employed. However, if a
color conflict is incurred with any other method, magnetic
particle examination may be indicated by two adjacent blue
dots or other suitable means.
6.10.1.2 Stamping, Laser Marking, Vibro Engraving, or
Etching—When impression stamping or ink stamping, laser
marking, vibro engraving, or etching is used to mark 100 %
examined parts, the letter “M” with a circle around it shall be
employed.
6.10.2 Marking Accepted Lots—When items are accepted
by means of a sampling procedure, each item of an accepted
lot shall be marked as follows:
6.10.2.1 Dyeing—When dyeing is applicable, a dye of
acceptable adherence that is predominantly orange (in accor-
dance with FED-STD-595) shall be employed.
6.10.2.2 Stamping, Laser Marking Vibro Engraving, or
Etching—When impression stamping, vibro engraving or
etching is used to mark lot examined parts, the letter “M”,
without a circle around it shall be employed.
7. Quality Control
7.1 System Performance Verification—The overall perfor-
mance of the magnetic particle testing system, including the
equipment, materials, and the lighting environment being
used, shall be verified initially and at regular intervals
thereafter. The required verification intervals are stated in
Table 1. Records of the verification results shall be
maintained and retained for the time period specified in the
contract. Establish a system in accordance with ANSI Z540-
1 or ISO 10012-1 for calibration and certification of all
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ammeter shunts, timers, lightmeters, gaussmeters, and field contamination. If the total volume of the contaminants,
indicators used in verification. including bands or striations,
7.1.1 Use of Test Parts with Discontinuities—A reliable
method for system performance verification is the use of
representative reference parts containing discontinuities of the
type, location, and size specified in the acceptance require-
ments and examined in accordance with a written procedure.
If correct magnetic particle indications can be produced and
identified in these representative parts, the overall system
performance is verified. Parts used for verification will be
demagnetized, cleaned thoroughly following the examination,
and checked under black or visible light, as appropriate to the
examination process, to ensure that residual indications do not
remain.
7.1.2 Fabricated Test Parts with Artificial Discontinuities—
When actual production parts with known discontinuities of
the type, location, and size needed for verification are not
available or are impractical, fabricated test or production parts
with artificial discontinuities or a ring specimen similar to the
ring in Annex A4 may be used. Artificial discontinuities may
be fabricated to meet a particular need or may be
commercially available magnetic field indicators or shims as
shown in Annex A2. All applicable conditions for the use of
such reference parts, as described in 7.1.1, shall apply.
7.2 Suspension Vehicle Tests (Not required for aerosol can
suspensions):
7.2.1 Concentration/Contamination Tests—Particle
concentration and contamination shall be determined upon
start up, at regular intervals thereafter, and whenever the bath
is changed or adjusted. The required testing intervals are stated
in Table 1.
7.2.1.1 Determination of Wet Particle Concentration—
Agitate the particle suspension a minimum of 30 min to ensure
uniform distribution of particles throughout the bath. Place a
100-mL sample of the agitated suspension in a pear-shaped
centrifuge tube with a graduated stem in 0.05-mL increments
for fluorescent baths and 0.1 mL for non-fluorescent baths.
(Centrifuge tubes shall be as specified in Guide E709). De-
magnetize the sample and allow the tube to stand undisturbed
for a settling time of at least 60 min if using petroleum
distillate or at least 30 min for conditioned water suspension.
Read the volume of settled particles. If the concentration is out
of the tolerance stated in the written procedure add particles or
suspension vehicle, as required, and re-determine the particle
concentration. If the settled particles appear to be loose
agglomerates rather than a solid layer, repeat the process with
a second sample. If the second sample also appears
agglomerated, replace the entire bath suspension. Thirty-
minute settling times (for oil suspensions), or other
accelerated tests, may be used if they have been verified to
give results equivalent to the procedure described in this
clause.
7.2.1.2 Determination of Wet Particle Contamination—
Perform the tests specified in 7.2.1.1. Examine the graduated
portion of the tube, under both black light (for fluorescent
baths only) and visible light (for both fluorescent and
nonfluorescent baths), for striations or bands, different in
color or appearance. Bands or striations may indicate
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exceeds 30 % of the volume of magnetic particles the bath equipment accuracy is performed.
must be adjusted or replaced.
7.2.2 Water Break Test—In this test of water-based
vehicles, a clean part with a surface finish the same as the
parts to be examined or an actual production part is flooded
with the conditioned water, and the appearance of the
surface is noted after flooding is stopped. Sufficient wetting
agent is present if a continuous even film forms over the
entire part. If the film of suspension breaks, exposing bare
surface, insufficient wetting agent is present or the part has
not been cleaned adequately. For adequacy, this visual
observation shall be performed individually under both white
light and black light conditions as applicable.
7.2.3 Determination of Particle Sensitivity—Appendix X2
describes several devices that can demonstrate the sensitivity
of either wet-method or dry-method particles. These devices
contain permanent magnetization in some form and are inde-
pendent of the magnetizing system. They should not be
magnetized or demagnetized before or after use. Such
devices can be useful whenever performance of the particles
are subject to question or need to be verified.
7.3 Lighting:
7.3.1 Visible Light—Conduct visible light intensity mea-
surements upon initial light installation, or when changes
occur that would cause the light intensity to change and at
the intervals specified in Table 1.
7.3.1.1 Visible light shall be used when examining with
nonfluorescent magnetic particles and for interpretation of
indications found with fluorescent magnetic particles. A
minimum light intensity of 100 fc [1076 lx] shall be
available at the surface of the part undergoing examination
or evaluation.
7.3.1.2 Ambient Visible Light—Fluorescent magnetic par-
ticle examinations shall be performed in a darkened area
with a maximum ambient visible light level of 2 fc [22 lx]
measured at the part surface.
7.3.2 Black Lights—Black lights used for evaluation pur-
poses shall meet the requirements of 7.4.5. The minimum
acceptable intensity is 1000 µW/cm 2 at the surface being
examined. Black lights shall be checked daily for cleanliness
and integrity and shall be cleaned, repaired or replaced as
appropriate. These daily checks of cleanliness/integrity need
not be recorded. LED UV-A lamps used for evaluation pur-
poses shall comply with Practice E3022.
7.3.3 Restricted Area Examination—Where lamps are
physically too large to directly illuminate the examination
surface, special lighting, such as UV pencil lights, or UV
light guides, or borescopes shall be used. The image viewed
must have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate the
required discontinuities. Light intensity shall be measured at
the ex- pected working distance and shall meet the
requirements of
7.3.2 as appropriate.
7.4 Equipment Calibration—Magnetic particle testing
equipment shall be checked for performance and accuracy at
the time of purchase and at intervals thereafter as indicated
in Table 1; whenever malfunction is suspected, when
specified by the Cognizant Engineering Organization, or
whenever electrical maintenance that might affect
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7.4.1 Ammeter Accuracy—To check the equipment
ammeter, a suitable calibrated shunt test kit shall be connected its delegate. Minimum acceptable intensity is 1000 µW/cm 2 at
in series with the output circuit. Comparative readings shall be 15 in. [38.1 cm] from the front of the filter to the face of the
taken at three output levels encompassing the usable range of sensor. All black light filters shall be replaced or otherwise
the equipment. The equipment meter reading shall not deviate corrected as appropriate.
by more than 610 % or 50 amperes, whichever is greater, from NOTE 2—Some UV-A sources other than mercury vapor, for example,
the current value shown by the calibrated ammeter. (When micro-discharge, LED, etc., have been shown to have emission charac-
measuring half-wave rectified current, the current values teristics such as excessive visible light, and UV intensity that may result
in fluorescent fade, veiling glare, etc., all of which can significantly
shown by the calibrated FW-Rectified ammeter readings shall degrade examination reliability.
be doubled.) The frequency of the ammeter check is specified
in Table 1. Machine output repeatability shall not vary more 7.4.5.1 Black lights that use a UV-A LED source shall
than 610 % or 50 amperes, whichever is greater, at any comply with the requirements of Practice E3022.
setpoint and the machine under test shall be marked with the 7.4.5.2 Battery-powered black lights used to inspect parts
value representing the lowest repeatable current level. shall have their intensity measured prior to use and after each
7.4.2 Timer Control Check—On equipment using a timer to use.
control the current duration, the timer should be calibrated to 7.4.6 Gaussmeters—All field indicators shall be calibrated
within 60.1 s using a suitable electronic timer. and reading taken at a minimum of three points in each
7.4.3 Magnetic Field Quick Break Check—On equipment dynamic range and each polarity, in addition to zero.
that uses a quick break feature, proper functioning of this 7.4.7 Black Light Meters—All meters shall be calibrated in
circuit shall be verified. The check may be performed using a accordance with manufacturers recommended procedures and
suitable oscilloscope or other applicable method as specified shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
by the equipment manufacturer. Technology (NIST) or other recognized national standards,
7.4.4 Dead Weight Check—Yokes and permanent magnets where applicable.
(when allowed) shall be dead weight checked at intervals as 7.4.8 White Light Meters—All meters shall be calibrated in
stated in Table 1. Alternating current and permanent magnet accordance with manufacturers recommended procedures and
yokes shall have a lifting force of at least 10 lb [4.5 kg], with shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
a 2- to 6-in. [50- to 150-mm] spacing between legs. Direct Technology (NIST) or other recognized national standards,
current yokes shall have a lifting force of at least 30 lb [13.5 where applicable.
kg], with a 2- to 4-in. [50- to 100-mm] spacing between legs,
or 50 lb [22.5 kg], with a 4- to 6-in. [100- to 150-mm] NOTE 3—More information on UV-A visible lights and meters can be
found in Guide E2297.
spacing.
7.4.5 Black Lights—Black lights, which are portable, hand- 8. Keywords
held, permanently mounted or fixed, and used to examine
parts, shall be checked for output at the frequency specified in 8.1 dye; fluorescent; FP; FPI; magnetic particle; MPI; MT;
Table 1 and after bulb replacement. A longer period may be nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive examination; nonde-
used if a plan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT structive testing; NDT
facility or
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF AS 5371 STANDARD NOTCHED SHIMS
A1.1 Application of Shims—The Reference Standard shall be clean and dry.

Notched Shims of AS 5371, as shown in Annex A2, require
specific handling, attachment, and care for accurate indication
of magnetic field strength and direction. To select amperage
settings for multi-directional magnetization, the use of
AS 5371 shims or parts described in 6.3.1.1 is mandatory.
A1.2 Shims 0.002 in. [0.05 mm] thick shall be used on
curved or complex surfaces.
A1.3 Shims are manufactured of low carbon steel and must
be protected from corrosion when not in use. They may be
submerged in a solvent such as MEK or naphtha for storage.
Before attaching the shim to the part, both the shim and part
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NOTE A1.1—Polar solvents such as water, will break down the
cynoacrolate based (super glue) adhesives commonly used to apply
these shims.
A1.4 The shim shall be placed in intimate contact with the

part with the flaw side next to the material to be examined.
A1.5 The shim shall be securely fastened to the part by
using an adhesive or tape (such as Scotch Brand 191, 471, or
600 series) that prevents the magnetic particle suspension
from entering between the shim and part. Whatever means is
used to secure the shim to the part shall not interfere with the
visibility of the indications.
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A1.6 Tape may be used to secure the shim and shall have
the following properties: (1) Good adhesion to steel, (2 ) A1.9.3.1 Field strength for the first direction shall be deter-
Impervious to the suspension used, and (3) the tape shall be mined by slowly increasing the amperage until a satisfactory
non-fluorescent under blacklight (for fluorescent suspensions). indication is observed on each shim.
A1.9.3.2 Record the amperage setting and indication re-
A1.7 If the tape becomes loose, allowing the suspension to sults.
seep under the shim, the tape and shim shall be carefully A1.9.3.3 Demagnetize the part and carefully clean the shims
removed, the shim and the part shall be cleaned and the shim prior to determining the amperage in the next direction.
shall be reattached. A1.9.3.4 Field strength for the second direction shall be
determined by incrementally increasing the amperage until a
A1.8 Re-use of the shims is acceptable, provided they are satisfactory indication is observed on each shim.
not distorted when removed and intimate contact is achieved A1.9.3.5 Record the amperage setting and indication re-
when replaced. sults.
A1.9 Determining Field Strength and Direction—Use of the A1.9.4 Place the selector switch in the multi-directional
circle or cross configuration shims will indicate fields in any mode and magnetize the part at the previously recorded
direction. settings. If the entire circle on the shims is observed, the fields
are in balance. If any portion of the circle has a weak
A1.9.1 In developing a magnetic particle procedure, first indication, adjust the amperage accordingly and repeat the
determine the locations the shims should be placed to ensure field verification process until the magnetic fields are
adequate coverage to monitor the field strength and direction, balanced.
and then attach the shims.
A1.9.5 Use care when applying the suspension to the shims.
A1.9.2 Using the continuous method, begin by starting with Proper shim indications may not form unless the suspension is
the amperage selection at a minimum level and increasing the applied in a gentle manner.
amperage slowly until the shim indications are readily ob-
served. When magnetized, one leg of the X will be indicated A1.10 The shims are made of a low retentivity and high
perpendicular to the field direction and the circle shim will permeability material that cannot be used for indicating re-
show quadrants that are approximately perpendicular to the sidual fields when developing magnetic particle testing proce-
direction of the applied field. dures.
A1.9.3 In multi-directional magnetization, longitudinal and A1.11 In unidirectional applications, the actual field
circular fields shall be determined separately as follows: strength measurements can be obtained by placing a Hall
Effect probe adjacent to the shim or at a nearby location where
probe placement can easily be replicated.
A2. REFERENCE STANDARD NOTCHED SHIMS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING IN ACCORDANCE WITH AS 5371
A2.1 The following standard flawed shims are typically square of Fig. A2.3. The shims of Fig. A2.3 are cut, by the
used to establish proper field direction and ensure adequate user, into four 0.395 in. [10 mm] square shims for use in
field strength during technique development in magnetic par-
restricted areas.
ticle testing. The shims shown in Fig. A2.1 may be used to
ensure the establishment of fields in the unidirectional magne- A2.1.3 Shims shall be low carbon steel, AMS 5062 or
tization method and to ensure the establishment and field equivalent.
balance in the multidirectional magnetization method.
A2.1.4 Shims shall be used as specified in AS 5371. Shims
A2.1.1 Except for shims illustrated in Fig. A2.3, the shims are placed in the area(s) of interest with the notches toward the
are available in two thicknesses, 0.002 in. [0.05 mm] and surface of the part being examined. Use enough shims by
0.004 in. [0.10 mm]. Thinner shims are used when the thicker placing the shims in multiple areas to ensure proper field
shims cannot conform to the part surface in the area of directions and strengths are obtained.
interest.
A2.1.2 The shims are available in two sizes, 0.75 in. [19
mm] square for Figs. A2.1 and A2.2 and 0.79 in. [20 mm]
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FIG. A2.1 Shims for Magnetic Particle Testing
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A3. FLEXIBLE LAMINATED STRIPS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING
A3.1 Flexible laminated strips are typically used to ensure

proper field direction during magnetic particle testing. The
longitudinal axis of the strip should be placed perpendicular to
the direction of the magnetic field of interest in order to
generate the strongest particle indications on the strip.
A3.1.1 The strips are available in two types, General Use
and Aerospace Use. Both types of strip contain a steel layer
sandwiched between two brass plates that are 0.0020 in. FIG. A3.2 A cross-sectional view illustrates the magnetic leakage
[0.0508 mm] thick. The bottom brass layer acts as a lift-off of flux generated by the slots in the central steel layer of a flexible
laminated strip exposed to a magnetic field perpendicular to the
0.0020 in. [0.0508 mm] from the examination surface. The strip axis.
brass is non-magnetic and functions only to provide lift-off
and to protect the steel layer. The entire strip may have a
polymeric coating for further protection. 600 series) that prevents the magnetic particle suspension from
A3.1.2 The longitudinal dimension of the strips is 1.95 in. entering between the strip and part.
[50 mm] and the width of the strip is 0.47 in. [12 mm]. A3.2.3.2 Tape may be used to secure the strip and shall have
A3.1.3 Both types of strips contain three longitudinal slots the following properties: (1) good adhesion to steel, (2)
in the center steel layer. impervious to the suspension used, and (3) the tape shall be
A3.1.3.1 The widths of the slots in the General strip are non-fluorescent (for fluorescent suspensions).
0.0075 in. [0.1905 mm], 0.009 in. [0.2286 mm], and 0.010 in. A3.2.3.3 If the tape becomes loose, allowing the suspension
[0.254 mm]. to seep under the strip, the tape and strip shall be carefully
A3.1.3.2 The widths of the slots in the Aerospace strip are removed, the strip and the part shall be cleaned and the strip
0.003 in. [0.0762 mm], 0.004 in. [0.1016 mm] and 0.005 in. shall be reattached.
[0.127 mm]. A3.2.3.4 Any tape or adhesive used to secure the strip to the
part shall neither cover nor interfere with the visibility of the
A3.1.4 The center steel layer of the strips is made of a high indications.
“µ” magnetic material.
A3.2.4 Re-use of the strips is acceptable, provided they are
A3.1.5 Strips shall be placed in the area(s) of interest part or not distorted when removed and intimate contact is achieved
surface being examined. Use enough strips, or place the strips when replaced.
in multiple areas to ensure that proper field directions are
obtained. A3.2.5 Use care when applying the suspension to the strips.
Proper strip indications may not form unless the suspension is
A3.2 Instructions for the Use of Flexible Laminated Strips applied in a gentle manner.
A3.2.1 Application of Strips A3.2.6 The active center layer of the strips are made of a
Flexible laminated strips, as shown in Annex A3, require low retentivity and high permeability material. Use of the
specific handling, attachment, and care for accurate indication strips in verifying the presence of residual magnetic fields can
of magnetic field direction. only be made with approval of the Cognizant Engineering
A3.2.2 Strips are manufactured of high permeability carbon Organi- zation.
steel and must be protected from corrosion when not in use. A3.2.7 Determining Field Direction
They should be stored in a dry location. Before placing the Strips provide the strongest particle indications on the three
strip onto the part, both the strip and part shall be clean and lines when positioned such that the longitudinal axis of the
dry. strip is perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. A strip
A3.2.3 The strip shall be placed in intimate contact with whose longitudinal axis is parallel to the applied field will not
material to be examined. The strip may be held in place provide any particle indications. Refer to Fig. A3.3 and Fig.
manually or with the use of an adhesive or tape. A3.4.
A3.2.3.1 If the strip is to be fastened to the part by using an A3.2.7.1 To use the strips to determine field direction, first
adhesive or tape select one (such as Scotch Brand 191, 471, or determine the location(s) for the strip(s) to be placed.
A3.2.7.2 Position a strip onto the surface so that it is
perpendicular to the direction of the applied magnetic field.
(1) A second strip may be placed perpendicular to the first.
A3.2.7.3 Using the continuous method, begin by starting the
amperage selection at a minimum level and increasing the
amperage slowly until the indications of the lines in one or
both
FIG. A3.1 The longitudinal lines represent the location of the strip(s) are readily observed.
slots cut into the center steel layer of either the General or Aero- A3.2.7.4 If both strips show particle indications, the applied
space flexible laminated strips.
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field is at an angle of between 30° to 60° to them. If no
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
FIG. A3.4 Weak particle indications can mean that the longitudi-
FIG. A3.3 Particle indications are strongest when applied mag- nal axis of the strip is at an angle (θ) from the applied magnetic
netic field (H) is of sufficient strength and perpendicular to the field (H), or that the applied field is not strong enough to gener-
longitudinal axis of the strip. No indications will form when the ate indications.
longitudinal axis is parallel to the applied field or the strength of
H is insufficient. A3.2.7.5 Actual field strength measurements (in the air at
the point of measurement) can be obtained by placing a Hall
indications are visible in either strip when the field is applied, Effect probe adjacent to the strip or at a nearby location where
the field is not strong enough to generate indications. probe placement can easily be replicated.
A4. AS 5282 TOOL STEEL RING SPECIMEN FOR SYSTEM PERFORMANCE TEST
A4.1 A ring specimen similar to Fig. A4.1 may be used to TABLE A4.2 Amperage and Hole Indication Requirements for
perform the system performance verification of subsection 7.1. Ketos 01 Tool Steel Ring Specimen
A4.2 Wet Particle Test. (Conducted in accordance with a Amperage

Minimum Number
Type of Suspension FW or HW
written procedure.) of Holes Indicated
Rectified
A4.2.1 Demagnetize the ring. Fluorescent Oxide 1400 3
A4.2.2 Place a non-ferromagnetic conductor with a diam- (Wet) 2500 5
3400 6
eter between 1 and 1.25 in. [25.4 and 31.75 mm] through the Visible Oxides 1400 3
center of the ring. (Wet) 2500 5
A4.2.2.1 Center the ring on the conductor. 3400 6
Dry Powder 1400 4
A4.2.3 Magnetize the ring circularly by passing the required 2500 6
3400 7
current through the conductor. Use the current levels of Table
A4.1 or Table A4.2, as applicable to the ring being used.
TABLE A4.1 Amperage and Hole Indication Requirements for A4.2.4 Apply the suspension to the ring using the continu-
AS 5282 Rings ous method.
Amperage A4.2.5 Examine the ring within 1 min after current appli-
Minimum Number
Type of Suspension FW or HW
Rectified
of Holes Indicated cation.
Fluorescent Oxide 500 3 A4.2.5.1 Nonfluorescent baths shall be examined under
(Wet) 1000 5 visible light of not less than 100 fc [1076 lx].
1500 6 A4.2.5.2 Fluorescent baths shall be examined under black
2500 7
3500 9 light of not less than 1000 µW/cm2 and an ambient white light
Visible Oxides 500 3 level not greater than 2 fc [22 lx].
(Wet) 1000 4
1500 5
A4.2.5.3 The number of hole indications visible shall meet
2500 6 or exceed those specified in Table A4.1 or Table A4.2, as
3500 8 applicable to the ring being used.
Dry Powder 500 4
1000
A4.2.5.4 Current levels used and number of holes observed
6 may be limited by equipment current capacity, or the intended
1500 7
2500 8 working range based upon the type of parts being examined.
3500 9
A4.2.6 Demagnetize the ring.
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
Hole 1 2 3 4 5 6
Diameter 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Note 1 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78
mm] mm] mm] mm] mm] mm]
“D” 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42
Note 2 [1.78 [3.56 [5.33 [7.11 [8.89 [10.67
Hole 7 8 9 10 11 12
Diameter 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Note 1 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78 [1.78
“D” 0.49 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.84
Note 2 [12.45 [14.22 [16.00 [17.78 [19.56 [21.34
NOTE 1—All hole diameters are 60.005 in. [60.13 mm]. Rings with holes 10 through 12 are optional. NOTE
2—Tolerance on the D distance is 60.005 in. [60.13 mm].
NOTE 3—All other dimensions are 60.03 in. [60.76 mm].
FIG. A4.1 AISI KETOS Tool Steel Ring
A4.3 Dry Particle Test. (Conducted in accordance with a A4.3.4 Apply the particles to the ring using a squeeze bulb
written procedure.) or other suitable applicator while the current is flowing.
A4.3.1 Place a non-ferromagnetic conductor with a diam-
A4.3.5 Examine the ring within 1 min after current appli-
eter between 1 and 1.25 in. [25.4 and 31.75 mm] through the
cation under a minimum of 100 fc [1076 lx] of visible light.
center of the ring.
A4.3.5.1 The number of hole indications visible shall meet
A4.3.2 Center the ring on the conductor. or exceed those specified in Table A4.1, Table A4.2, or the
A4.3.3 Magnetize the ring circularly by passing the required written procedure, or both.
current through the conductor. Use the applicable current A4.3.5.2 Current levels used and number of holes observed
levels of Table A4.1 or Table A4.2, as applicable to the ring may be limited by equipment current capacity.
being used. A4.3.6 Demagnetize the ring.
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
A5. MEASUREMENT OF TANGENTIAL FIELD STRENGTH
A5.1 Care must be exercised when measuring the tangential to read the peak value during the shot. The gaussmeter should
applied field strengths as specified in 6.3.2. The active area of have a frequency response of *300 Hz or higher. The direction
the Hall Effect probe should be no larger than 0.2 in. [5.1 mm] and magnitude of the tangential field on the part surface can be
by 0.2 in. [5.1 mm] and should have a maximum center determined by two measurements made at right angles to each
location 5 mm from the part surface. The plane of the probe
other at the same spot. The gaussmeter probe leads should be
must be perpendicular to the surface of the part at the location
shielded or twisted to prevent reading errors due to voltage
of measurement to within 5 degrees. This is difficult to
induced during the large field changes encountered during
accomplish by hand orientation, therefore the probe should be
magnetic particle testing.
held in a jig or fixture of some type. If the current is being
NOTE A5.1—Lack of effective bandwidth could have a significant
applied in shots, or if alternating current or half-wave rectified effect on the resultant value when measuring fields generated by pulse-
alternating current is being used, the gaussmeter should be set width modulated MPI equipment.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SUITABILITY OF MATERIALS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING
X1.1 Some materials are far more suitable for magnetic tized but should not be examined with the residual method.
particle testing than others. In some cases, liquid penetrant
testing may be a more reliable testing method. X1.5 Fig. X1.1 is a tabulation of stainless and corrosion
resistant steels and their suitability for examination with the
X1.2 Some of the precipitation hardening (PH) steels are magnetic particle testing method.
austenitic in the annealed or low heat treat ranges. Austenitic
materials cannot be examined by the magnetic particle testing X1.6 Aluminum and aluminum based alloys, copper and
method. copper based alloys, and nickel based alloys cannot be exam-
ined by the magnetic particle testing method.
X1.3 Care must be taken with low permeability steels, such X1.7 All low-alloy carbon steels, 1000 series (1020, 1050,
as the PH steels, to use a high enough amperage to provide 1117, 1340 etc.), 4000 series (4130, 4330 4340M, and so
proper field strength. forth), 5000, 6000, 8000, 9000 series, HY 80, HY 100,
9Ni-4Co, and Maraging steels are ferro-magnetic and can be
X1.4 Steels with very high permeability are easily magne- examined with the magnetic particle testing method.
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
FIG. X1.1 Tabulation of Stainless and Corrosion Resistant Steels
X2. PARTICLE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION DEVICES
X2.1 Scope X2.2 Procedures Considerations

X2.1.1 This appendix illustrates several types of devices X2.2.1 Preparation—The surface of the device must be
that can be used to evaluate or compare the performance of clean dry and free of any particles from previous test, fluid or
both wet and dry magnetic particle testing materials. Particle other contaminants or conditions that might interfere with the
performance evaluation devices may be used to: check for efficiency of the evaluation prior to the application of the
material degradation; compare difference materials; check the testing material.
visibility of any material(s) under varying illumination condi-
tions; and other types of comparisons. X2.2.2 Device Verification—Device should be checked with
NOTE X2.1—The devices discussed in this section shall not be re- a new material or known material prior to use, to verify the
magnetized in any manner or demagnetized in any manner. They contain device has not been magnetically altered. If the test indicates
some form of permanent magnetization. With suitable care the the magnetic properties of the device have been altered, it
magnetization within each device should not be subject to change over should be replaced. Contact the device manufacture with
time.
regard to any magnetization or performance issues.
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
X2.2.3 Equipment and Procedures—The equipment
requirements, test condition and testing procedures for particle X2.2.6 Particle indications may be recorded in accordance
evaluation should be established and documented to the extent with 6.6.
required in order to provide a standardized evaluation. The X2.2.7 Evaluation of materials not meeting company stan-
requirements may cover such things as black light distance dard shall not be used for examination.
and illumination requirements, visible light requirements,
particle applicator and application procedure, the use of X2.3 Handling—After the visual examination has been
contrast backgrounds, removal of excess particles and method made, the surface of the device should be cleaned of
of documenting results. remaining fluid and particles in a manner non-detrimental to
NOTE X2.2—Non-fluorescent particles results are particularly impacted the device. When not in use the device should be stored sway
by background color. A thin coating simulating test condition from excessive heat and strong magnetic fields. Contact the
background color may be considered in order to provide an additional aid device manufacture with regard to any magnetization or
in evaluating particle performance under actual test conditions. performance issues.
X2.2.4 Prior to examination verify that required test proce-
dures have been met. X2.4 Devices
X2.2.5 Particle Application—Wet Method and Dry Method X2.4.1 Encoded Magnetic Media—The magnetic encoding
materials should be consistent with the method of application process can generate magnetic gradients in a highly controlled
that will be used for examination. manner. These gradients, when encode into a media (that is, a
X2.2.5.1 Wet Method Materials—Fluorescent or non- magnetic strip card) can be used as an indicator of magnetic
fluorescent particles suspended in a liquid vehicle at the particle performance. Fig. X2.1 illustrates how particles can be
required concentration shall be applied as they would be used attracted to the encoded strip on the magnetic strip card.
for examination by gently spraying or flowing the suspension
over the area to be examined or by immersion of the device in X2.4.2 Permanently magnetized devices—Cracks in perma-
the suspension. Excess bath shall be allowed to flow away nently magnetized disks provide the flux leakage required for
from the device. The device shall be observed under magnetic particle indications. Observation of the intensity and
appropriate illumination for the formation of particle brightness of indication allow a comparison or evaluation of
indications. Obser- vations shall be noted as to the quality of particle performance. Fig. X2.2 illustrates cracks that have
particle indications and the clarity thereof. been formed in a small disk.
X2.2.5.2 Dry Method Materials—Apply dry powder so that
X2.4.3 Devices containing permanent magnets—The seam
a light, uniform, dust-like coating settles on the surface of the
between two magnetically coupled blocks provide the flux
device. The applicators shall introduce the particles into the air
leakage required for magnetic particle indications. The flux
in a manner such that they reach the part surface in a uniform
density decrease as the distance from the magnet increases and
cloud with a minimum of force. Excess particles shall be
the resulting magnetic particle indication reduces. Fig. X2.3
removed by a gentle air current. The device shall be observed
illustrates how a permanent magnet can be located to result in
under appropriate illumination for the formation of particle
a particle indication along the seam between two precision
indications. Observation shall be noted as to the quality of
formed steel blocks. The seam can be incremented so that the
particle indications and the clarity thereof.
particle performance can be graded.
FIG. X2.1 Particle indications appear where magnetic gradients have been encoded in the magnetic strip of the card. In this case the
gradients decrease in value from “0” (strongest) to “X” (weakest). Particle performance can be graded on the basis of the weakest
indication.
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
FIG. X2.2 Typical dimensions (millimetres) of a disk containing surface cracks that has been permanently magnetized. In this case (1)
indicates larger cracks formed by grinding and (2) indicates finer cracks caused by stress (induced by quenching)
FIG. X2.3 One type of device containing a permanent magnet held next to two precision formed steel blocks with a brass cover. The
seam between the steel blocks acts as a discontinuity; particles form an indication on the seam that is strongest close to the magnet
and weakens with distance away from the magnet.
X3. FORMULAS FOR DETERMINING PROPER CURRENT VALUES FOR CIRCULAR MAGNETISM
X3.1 Magnetization Current Levels—The current values X3.3 Direct Circular Magnetization—When magnetizing
given in X3.2 and X3.3 are average current values and are by passing current directly through the part the nominal
applied directly to full-wave direct current. For other types of current shall be 300 to 800 A/in. of part diameter [12 to 32
current, the operator’s manual, the equipment manufacturer, or A/mm]. The diameter of the part shall be taken as the greatest
the Cognizant Engineering Organization should be consulted. distance between any two points on the outside circumference
of the part. Currents will normally be 500 A/in. [20 A/mm] or
X3.2 Prod Current Levels—When using prods on material lower, with the higher currents up to 800 A/in. [32 A/mm]
3⁄4 in. [19 mm] in thickness or less, 90 to 115 A/in. of prod being used to examine for inclusions or to examine low-
spacing [3.5 to 4.5 A/mm] shall be used. For material greater permeability alloys such as precipitation-hardened steels.
than 3⁄4 in. [19 mm] in thickness, 100 to 125 A/in. of prod Amperages of less than 300 A/in. [12 A/mm] may be used
spacing [4.0 to 5.0 A/mm] shall be used. Prod spacing shall when part configuration dictates and approval is obtained from
not be less than 2 in. [50 mm] or greater than 8 in. [200 mm]. the Level III and the Cognizant Engineering Organization.
The effective width of the magnetizing field when using prods
is one fourth of the prod spacing on each side of a line through X3.4 Central Conductor Circular Magnetization—Circular
the prod centers. magnetization may be provided by passing current through a
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
conductor that is positioned inside the part. If only the inside
of the part is to be examined, the diameter shall be the greatest the part, the current levels as given in X3.3 shall apply, except
distance between two points, 180 degrees apart on the inside that the total diameter shall be the sum of the diameter of the
circumference. Otherwise, the diameter is determined as in central conductor plus twice the wall thickness of the part. The
X3.3. distance along the part circumference (interior) that may be
effectively examined shall be taken as approximately four
X3.4.1 Centrally Located Conductor—When the axis of the
times the diameter of the central conductor up to 360 degrees
central conductor is located near the central axis of the part,
provided the presence of suitable fields is verified. The entire
the same current levels as given in X3.3 shall apply.
circumference shall be examined by rotating the part on the
X3.4.2 Offset Central Conductor—When the conductor that conductor, allowing for approximately a 10 % magnetic field
is positioned inside the part, is placed against the inside wall overlap. See Fig. X3.1 for an illustration.
of
FIG. X3.1 The Effective Region of Examination When Using an Offset Central Conductor is Equal to Four Times the Diameter of the
Conductor as Indicated
X4. FORMULAS FOR DETERMINING PROPER CURRENT VALUES FOR COILS
X4.1 Longitudinal Magnetization Using Coils— than 2, pole pieces (pieces of ferromagnetic material with the
Longitudinal magnetization is often accomplished by passing same diameter as the part being examined) may be placed on
current through a coil encircling the part, or section of the part, one or each end to effectively increase the L/D to 2 or greater.
to be examined (that is, by using a coil shot). This produces a If the part has hollow portions, D may be replaced with Deff as
magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coil. The effective
outlined in X4.3.4. If the part has a length longer than the
field extends a distance on either side of the coil center
effective length of the coil (as described in 6.3.1.1) the length
approximately equal to the radius of the coil. The actual
of the part when calculating the L/D ratio shall be the actual
effective distance must be demonstrated based on the
length of the section of the part to be examined.
particular part to be examined. For parts longer than these
effective distances, the entire length shall be examined by X4.3.1 Longitudinal Magnetization with Low Fill Factor
repositioning the part within the coil, allowing for Coils—When the cross-sectional area of the coil is ten or more
approximately 10 % effective magnetic field overlap. times the cross-sectional area of part being examined, the
following formulae apply:
X4.2 The following formulas have been used for many
years to develop techniques for examining parts using longi- X4.3.1.1 For parts positioned to the side of the coil:
tudinal fields produced by coils and cable wraps. Recent K
NI 5 ~ 610 % ! (X4.1)
studies have indicated that the fields produced by these L/D
formulas may be excessive for some parts. They may be used where:
as a guide to establish preliminary magnetizing current values N = the number of turns in the coil,
and shall be verified by one of the magnetic field strength I = the current in amperes applied to the coil,
monitoring methods referenced in 6.3.1. K = 45 000 permeability constant,
X4.3 Coil and Cable Wrap—The following formulas hold L = length of the part, and
D = the diameter of the part in the same units as the length.
only if the L/D is greater than 2 and less than 15. If L/D is less
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
X4.3.1.2 For parts positioned in the center of the coil:
KR (NI)l = value of NI calculated for low-fill factor coils using
X4.3.1.1 or X4.3.1.2,
NI 5 ~ 610 % ! (X4.2)
~ 6L/D ! 2 5 (NI)h = value of NI calculated for high-fill factor coils using
where: X4.3.2, and
N = the number of turns in the coil, τ = the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the coil to the cross-
I = the current in amperes applied to the coil, sectional area of the part. For example, if the coil is
R = radius of the coil, mm (or in.), 10 in. in diameter and the part is 5 in. in diameter,
K = 1690 if R is in mm (43 000 if R is in inches), then:
L = length of the part, and ~ π·52 !
D = the diameter of the part in the same units as the length. τ5 54 (X4.5)
~ π·2.52 !
X4.3.2 Longitudinal Magnetization with Cable Wrap or X4.3.4 Calculating the L/D Ratio for a Hollow or Partially
High Fill Factor Coils—When the cross-sectional area of the Hollow Part—When calculating for a hollow or partially
coil is less than twice the cross-sectional area (including hollow part, D may be replaced with an effective diameter D eff
hollow portions) of the part under examination, the following the following formulae:
formula applies:
D eff 5 2 @~ A t 2 A h ! /π # 1/2 (X4.6)
K
NI 5 ~ 610 % ! (X4.3) or
@ ~ L/D ! 12 #
where:
N = the number of turns in the coil,
D Œ
5
2
~ A t 2 A h!
eff π
I = the current in amperes applied to the coil,
where:
K = 35 000 A turns,
L = the length of the part, and At = the total cross-sectional area of the part, and
D = the diameter of the part in the same units as the length. Ah = the total cross-sectional area of the hollow sections of
the part.
X4.3.3 Longitudinal Magnetization for Intermediate Fill For hollow cylindrical parts this is equal to the following:
Factor Coils—When the cross-sectional area of the coil is
Deff 5 @ ~ OD! 2 2 ~ ID! 2 # 1/2 (X4.7)
between 2 and 10 times the cross-sectional area of the part
being examined, the following formula applies: or
NI 5 ~ NI! F
h
10 2 τ
8
G 1 ~ NI! F τ22
8
G (X4.4) Deff =~ OD! 2
2 ~ ID! 2
5
where: where:
N = the number of turns in the coil, OD = the outside diameter of the cylinder, and
I = the current in amperes applied to the coil, ID = the inside diameter of the cylinder.
X5. PIE FIELD INDICATOR AND TORROID FIELD FIXTURE
X5.1 See Fig. X5.1 and Fig. X5.2.
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
FIG. X5.1 Pie-field Indicator for Use in Magnetic Particle Testing
NOTE 1—Only a changing magnetic field will generate a resulting eddy current in the ring-shaped part, such as when the magnetic field in the
magnetizing coil suddenly collapses, or when using a moving waveform such as AC; no eddy current is produce in the part by a non-moving waveform.
The resultant toroidal shaped magnetic field may be used to detect circumferential discontinuities in the part.
FIG. X5.2 Example of Induced Current Magnetization
2
E1444/E1444M − 16
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E1444 - 12)
that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2016)
(1) Added E3022 to the list of Referenced Documents.

(2) Revised subsections 5.6.4, 7.3.2, and 7.4.5.1 to incorporate
E3022.
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Designation: E1444/E1444M − 16´1

Standard Practice for

ε1 NOTE—Summary of Changes updated editorially in July 2016.

2.12 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict

4. Significance and Use

TABLE 1 Required Verification Intervals

Visible light intensity Weekly 7.3.1.1

A1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF AS 5371 STANDARD NOTCHED SHIMS

A1.1 Application of Shims—The Reference Standard shall be clean and dry.

A1.4 The shim shall be placed in intimate contact with the

FIG. A2.1 Shims for Magnetic Particle Testing

FIG. A2.3 Shims for Magnetic Particle Testing

FIG. A2.2 Shims for Magnetic Particle Testing

A3. FLEXIBLE LAMINATED STRIPS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

A3.1 Flexible laminated strips are typically used to ensure

A4.2 Wet Particle Test. (Conducted in accordance with a Amperage

A5. MEASUREMENT OF TANGENTIAL FIELD STRENGTH

X1. SUITABILITY OF MATERIALS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

FIG. X1.1 Tabulation of Stainless and Corrosion Resistant Steels

X2. PARTICLE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION DEVICES

X2.1 Scope X2.2 Procedures Considerations

X4. FORMULAS FOR DETERMINING PROPER CURRENT VALUES FOR COILS

X5. PIE FIELD INDICATOR AND TORROID FIELD FIXTURE

X5.1 See Fig. X5.1 and Fig. X5.2.

FIG. X5.1 Pie-field Indicator for Use in Magnetic Particle Testing

(1) Added E3022 to the list of Referenced Documents.

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