EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT AMONG CONTRACTORS IN THE CITIES OF LOW- LAND CAVITE

Engr. Ralph T. Crucillo

Aries Paul L. Asufardo and Dave Karyl A. Bacerra

Undergraduate Capstone Project Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Engineering and
Information Technology Cavite State University Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with contribution NO. CEIT
2021-2022, prepared under supervision of Engr. Ralph T. Crucillo.

INTRODUCTION

The construction sector was the top and most challenging industry. Human resources
play a critical role in enhancing productivity in the construction business. The efficiency and
productivity of the “hr department” can contribute to an increased production rate. Projects
were primarily labor-intensive, using just the most straightforward hand equipment. After
agriculture, the construction industry employs the second-largest number of people. Amongst
the most severe issues in the construction business could be low-skilled workers, which results
in a lack of productivity and influences daily cost overruns and schedules. They could disrupt
contractors’ points of view. (Mirhadi,2018). One of the key parameters influencing the actual
progression of an infrastructure project is labor productivity. The scope of work of a contractor
could be affected by a variety of factors, all of which could have a negative impact on the
contractor's labor or equipment productivity. In the Philippines, the construction industry was
one of the critical sectors. During the fourth quarter of 2020, it was expected to contribute
around 336 billion Philippine pesos in gross value added. Still, as of the fourth quarter of 2020,
fixed capital formation in the construction sector as a percentage of GDP expenditures had
decreased by 33%. (Statista Research Department, 2021). For the specifications, in the
previous years, the province of Cavite has seen remarkable growth. The province was named
the third most competitive province in the country at the 7th Regional Competitiveness Summit
in October 2019, indicating that it was a powerhouse for development (Lamudi,2019). Still,
amidst the pandemic, different projects were delayed due to health protocols. The impact of
the coronavirus (COVID-19) on the construction industry was responsible for its decline. Most
construction projects in the Philippines suffer health and safety difficulties, schedule
compression issues, workforce, materials and equipment issues, and a lack of worker
empowerment, which were all indicators of labor productivity losses. If the project was delayed
or expedited, shifting or reassigning work will often affect the utilization of project resources,
including construction cost, labor, and the necessity for a labor control pattern. Labor was one
of the critical aspects of a construction company. Each construction management’s main
objective was to increase productivity. Improving production efficiency was the most
challenging issue in the construction sector. Several investigations had been performed
throughout history, but more study was required to enhance this. The researcher’s
fundamental finding was that there was no precise definition of productivity. It includes
concepts, features, and influencing elements for constructions labor productivity. Productivity
was particularly imperative in third-world countries, where most building projects were still
done by hand.
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Statement of the Problem

Construction Industry: Considering many things, it’s the most strenuous and most
challenging industry to work in. One of the vital parts of this industry’s success was labor
productivity. Today, low productivity in the construction industry results from many factors.
According to CEIC Data, Philippines Labor Productivity dropped by 5.57 % in December 2020,
compared to 2019. Labor was one of the most crucial aspects of a construction company. In
the construction sector, the most challenging problem was boosting production efficiency.
Given that most projects are dependent on the skills of the staff and laborers, recognizing and
evaluating the factors that may affect the production would allow us to boost the productivity
of our job.
This research aimed to answer the following questions in particular:
1. What were the factors that influence labor productivity in Cavite’s low-land construction
firm?
2. What was the severity rating of the factors that data would identify based on their mean
score?
3. What was the amount of agreement among respondents on how these factors should
be ranked regarding contractors and site-specific characteristics?
4. What recommendations would be given to improve labor productivity in construction?
Objectives of the Study
Generally, this study aimed to find out what people in the construction sector in low-land
Cavite think about various aspects that affect labor productivity.
The objectives of this study were to:
1. To identify and evaluate the factors that influence labor productivity in in the cities of
low-land Cavite construction firms;
2. To provide a severity rating to the factors based on their mean score;
3. To determine the amount of agreement among respondents on how these factors
should be ranked regarding contractors and site-specific characteristics using
Relative Important Index (RII);
4. To make recommendations to improve labor productivity in the construction industry.
Significance of the Study
In Construction, labor productivity was the most challenging aspect in terms of
management. Maximizing productivity was about scaling to do things faster and efficiently,
and it plays a critical role in influencing the project’s overall success. Also, the quality of the
construction largely depends upon the quality of work done by labor. Thus, construction
productivity was primarily dependent on human effort and performance. Inefficient
management of construction resources can result in low productivity. It was essential not only
in construction companies in the said area but also in other parts of the country, to meet the
project’s expected outcome.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The general purpose of this study was to evaluate various techniques to improve
construction labor productivity, specifically at the cities of low-land Cavite (Dasmarinas, Imus,
Bacoor, General Trias and Cavite City). This would be limited only to the factors affecting labor
productivity among different methods used by every contractor. This research would be
conducted to determine certain factors affecting labor' efficiency, other factors limiting building
projects’ production proficiency, determining the impact of the resources on productivity, and
lastly, identifying the external factors influencing the performance of human assets.
As a result, this research intended to develop recommendations so that construction
industry managers would understand how worker productivity affected the performance of
every project that higher labor productivity would implement. The respondents of this study
were limited to contractors only from the cities of low land Cavite.
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Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted on low-land Cavite. The study obtained this data from
contractors from the cities of low-land Cavite. The research study happened during the school
year 2021- 2022. It was conducted from September 2021- June 2022.
Definition of Terms
Construction Industry – It was a broad term that refers to a sector of the economy.
The industry contributes significantly to the country's economic growth, but it was currently
confronted with numerous obstacles affecting project goals, the economy's stable expansion,
as well as labor productivity.
Contractors - It was the respondents of this study
Coordination - It was the synchronization of different sectors of a construction
company.
Economic Progress - It could be seen as a growth in a society's ability to generate
significantly greater goods. Construction industry was also a big factor in achieving progress
in the economy.
Infrastructure - It was the essential equipment and facilities that the society,
community, or organization needs to perform properly.
Labor - It was the one responsible for physical labor and may also operate machinery
or erect and dismantle scaffolding and other temporary constructions. A crucial part of the
success of the project.
Leadership - It was the art of motivating a group of people to work together toward a
similar objective, as well as influencing, inspiring, and assisting others in becoming their best
selves, developing skills, and attaining goals.
Likert’s Scale - It was rating scale used in questionnaires to measure respondent’s
point of view regarding various factors affecting labor productivity.
Ordinal Scale - It was used to indicate the order of the data. The ordinal scale identifies
the level of measurement of the data in order.
Productivity - It was usually expressed as a ratio of output to input
Planning - It was the strategy through which a construction manager lays out how they
would supervise and deliver a building project from start to finish, from conception to
production.
Relative Importance Index - It was a statistical tool that would be used in this study.
It was calculated for each indicator using the Likert’s scale and ranked the various factors
accordingly.
Shortage - It was the attribute of being by a specific amount less than expected or
required
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Labor productivity was defined as the ratio of outputs to inputs. Labor Productivity was
a crucial concept of construction management. Different studies had been done discussing
labor productivity improvement and a thorough analysis of the causes of low productivity was
essential. Management would improve productivity by utilizing factors with a positive effect
and controlling factors with a negative impact. If all factors influencing productivity were
identified, it was also possible to predict labor productivity.
Construction management was a type/approach used in the construction business to
coordinate design, planning, and implementation processes into a single/integrated system
(Donald S. Barrie, 1978).
The ratio of produced-outputs to inputs used to make the outputs has been calculated
as productivity (Coelli et al., 2005). Construction labor productivity has been measured as the
ratio of completed work units to work hours in the construction industry. It was vital to identify
critical aspects that influence labor productivity in planning construction projects to improve
construction labor productivity. As a result, multiple scientific researchers from various nations
have proposed and categorized different elements affecting labor productivity in the
construction business, as shown in earlier studies. (Ghoddousi and Hosseini, 2012, Enshassi
et al., 2007)
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The potential of a corporate organization to define its position for success was
determined by the management and quality of the resources available to the contractor as a
competitive advantage in raising company quality. The attributes of an organization will impact
business competitiveness, which was the key to the development of a company form
(Syafarudin Alwi, 2001)
According to Attar (2012), construction was a critical sector of the global economy for
all countries. It employs a considerable portion of the country's workforce and contributes
significantly to its overall revenue. Labor expenditures contribute to between 30 to 50 percent
of the entire cost of most building projects, according to Yates and McTague. As a result, this
was seen as a realistic duplicate of the operation's economic progress. Liu demonstrated that
worker productivity had a significant impact on the project's financial performance. Labor
productivity development was the best way to approve the drop in labor and, as a result,
construction expenses.
One of the performance measures used to evaluate the success of a construction
project was labor productivity. Construction is a labor-intensive business; hence, labor was
the most valuable productive resource. As a result, human effort and performance were the
most critical factors in building productivity. Labor productivity was an essential metric because
of the concentration of labor required to execute a specific task. (Wen Yi and Albert P.C. Chan,
2014)
The existence of change of work, disturbances, and rework was strongly linked to lower
labor performance. There was a 30 percent loss in efficiency when adjustments were made
on average. The most common disruptions were a shortage of materials and information and
working out of order. Due to these disturbances, daily efficiency losses range from 25% to
50%. (H. Randolf Thomas and Carmen I. Napolitan).
In general, productivity was defined as the ratio of output to input. It can be expressed
as follows in the form of an equation:
Productivity = Output ÷ Input
= Total output ÷ Total work hour
Different productivity measurements are used for different purposes. According to
Thomas et al., different aspects of measures were as follows:
a) Economic Model: Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
(TFP) = Total Output/ (Labour+Material+Equipment+Energy+Capital)
b) Project Specific Model:
Productivity = Output/ (Labour+Material+Equipment)
c) Activity Oriented Model: Labour Productivity = Output/Labour cost Or Labour
Productivity = Output/Work hour
The table below shows various factors affecting labor productivity from past related
studies.
Factors affecting Labor Productivity from the other studies.
Productivity is the result of several factors related. Various factors affecting labor
productivity are discussed below and reviewed from previous studies.
Manpower Related Factors
(Gundecha, 2012) stated that labor productivity are critical factor in achieving good
productivity. Contractors should hire adequate skilled laborers to be productive. It is possible
that productivity will be affected if skilled labor is absent and a contractor is required to perform
a specific task with less-skilled labor. Since workers are often unable to achieve the same
production rate with fewer resources and various crew members, the absence of any
manpower may have an impact on the labor production rate. Laborer miscommunication leads
to arguments regarding responsibilities and work boundaries, resulting in a high number of
work errors and a decrease in labor productivity. In addition, (Heizer, 1990) stated that labor
productivity was negatively affected by a lack of compensation and an increase in laborer age.
External Related Factors
According to (Olomolaiye. et. al, 1998) labor productivity factors were divided into two
categories, internal and external factors. Internal factors connected to productivity factors
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originating within the company and external factors are factors beyond the control of the
organization's management. According to them, the industry's nature, which normally involves
the separation of design and construction responsibilities, has affected construction efficiency
by causing delays in drawings, design modifications, and subsequent rework, because of their
lack of appropriate understanding about building methods, construction clients have
occasionally been a obstruction to construction productivity. In addition, clients must pay
progress payments to contractors on time because late payments affect the contractors' ability
to finance the work, resulting in a shortage of materials and delayed payments to laborers,
which affects their motivation to work. (Tam, 2018)
Communication Related Factor
(Robles. Et. al, 2014) stated that communication issues between site management and
workers, as well as between crews, may be mitigated by everyone meetings, which may help
identify overlapping activities and addressing potential problems on the construction site.
Misunderstanding between different parties can cause into misdealing situation. It is critical to
ensure good communication in the construction process in order to produce information
required by top management for tracking work progress on site.(Abdmajid, 2012)
Materials and Equipment Related Factor
According to (Chigara, 2012) material related challenges were amongst significant
factors negatively impacting on cost management efforts by building contractors in Zimbabwe.
Late delivery of materials on projects also has an impact on labor productivity. Poor material
supply chain management aggravates the situation by causing material delivery delays.
Furthermore, the project management unit should require contractors to choose a reasonable
storage location for purchased materials in each project, which should be easily accessible
and close to project implementation in order to avoid labor time waste for multiple-handling
materials. (Tam, 2018)
Natural Related Factors
The majority of construction projects are built in natural areas. Weather has a direct
impact. The weather not cooperating or occasionally becoming severe has a significant impact
on labor productivity. Natural conditions play an objective and unavoidable role in labor
productivity. As a result, in order to ensure achievement and increase productivity,
construction firms must anticipate difficulties arising from natural environmental conditions in
order to mitigate risks in the production process. (Tam, 2018). According to (Odesola, 2012)
the project size may result in a more congested working space, influencing the labor
production rate. As a result, site managers must consider this in pre-design process.
Otherwise, it would cause a delay in completing a critical task on time.
Accidents have occurred, according to Thomas and Sanders (1991). A significant
impact on occupational accidents with three types comprising fatal accidents will cause the
construction process to be disrupted for a number of days; accidents causing injured laborers
to be hospitalized for at least 24 hours will have an adverse effect on the performance of such
work; and minor accidents will have an impact on labor productivity in some cases.
Primary Factors affecting Labor Productivity from the other countries.
Numerous studies have identified the various factors affect construction labor
productivity in different countries such as: Vietnam (Tam, 2018), India(Soham,2013),
Jordan(Bekr,2016), Zimbabwe(Chigara,2013), Spain(Robles et al., 2014), Egypt(El-Gohary,
2014), Palestine(Mahamid, 2013), New Zealand(Durdyev, S., & Mbachu, J. 2011), and United
States of America(Gundecha, 2012).
In the study of labor productivity in the United States of America(Gundecha,2012)
identified lack of required construction material, shortage of power and/or water supply,
Accidents during construction, Lack of required construction tools/equipment, Poor site
condition, Insufficient lighting Weather condition Differing site conditions from plan Material
storage location, Working overtime as the main productivity problem. In Zimbabwe(Chigara,
2013) revealed that unavailability of material, late payment of salaries and wages, suitability
of plant and equipment, supervisory incompetence are the critical factors affecting the labor
productivity. In Vietnam,(Tam, 2018) identified ten key factors affecting on labor productivity
as follows: Experiences of workers, Labour discipline, Types of salary payment, Quality of
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building materials, Ability to organize production, Quality of working tools, Construction

supervision, Safety equipment ,Physical ability, Height of working place. In the study of (El-
Gohary, 2014) revealed that the following five factors, ranked in descending order, are the
most significant in their effects on construction labor productivity in Egypt: labor experience
and skills;incentive programs;availability of the material and ease of handling;leadership and
competency of construction management; and competency of labor supervision. In New
Zealand, a study identified factors affecting labor productivity includes reworks, level of skill
and experience of the workforce, adequacy of method of construction, buildability issues, and
inadequate supervision and coordination.(Durdyev, S., & Mbachu, J. 2011). In Jordan, a study
by (Bekr,2016) identified factors affecting labor productivity such as; poor planning and
scheduling, material shortage of project site equipment shortage, lack of skilled labor, poor
site management. In India, (Soham, 2013) revealed that five most crucial factors in descending
order are delay in payments, skill of labour, clarity of technical specification,shortage of
materials, and motivation of labour. A later study on factors affecting labor productivity in
Spain(Robles.et al, 2014) revealed five factors as follows; shortage or late supply of materials;
clarity of thedrawings and project documents; clear and daily task assignment; tools or
equipment shortages; level of skill and experience of laborers. In Palestine, revealed that
primary factors negatively affecting labor productivity of construction projects are: political
situation, equipment shortages, old and inefficient equipment, lack of labor experience, poor
site management.(Mahamid, 2013).
Factors affecting Labor Productivity
The following factors were identified to have influence on the labor productivity from
previous research studies and literature. Some similar factors would be merged, and some
current concepts would be added.
Manpower Related Factors
a) Lack of experience.
b) Disloyalty.
c) Misunderstanding among laborers.
d) Lack of competition between the Laborers.
e) Age.
f) Personal problems.
g) Alcoholism.
h) Absenteeism
External Realated Factors
a) Implementation of government laws.
b) Rework
c) Supervision delays
d) Inspection delays from the authorities.
e) Variations in the drawings.
f) Complex designs in the provided drawings.
g) Incomplete drawings
h) Payment delays.
i) Training sessions.
j) Design Changes.
Communication Related Factors
a) Change orders from the designers.
b) Change orders from the owners.
c) Disputes with owner.
d) Disputes with designer.
e) Misunderstanding between the owner, and the contractor
Material and Equipment Factors
a) Material shortage of project site
b) Equipment shortage
c) Low quality of materials
d) Unsuitable material storage location
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e) Old and inefficient equipment

Miscellaneous Related Factors
a) Shortage of water and/or power supply.
b) Working overtime.
c) Weather conditions
d) Accidents during construction
e) Project objective is not well defined
f) Project Size
g) Site congestion
METHODOLOGY

Based on Literature Study, researchers developed a strategy for collecting field data
and creating an evaluation process and numerical values to facilitate the study. This study
extracted different factors affecting labor productivity in construction from previous research
studies. Some similar factors would be merged, and some current concepts would be added.
The information gathered was organized into categories based on the primary criteria.
The research method used was primarily quantitative, with some qualitative
assessments for good measure also included. Quantitative data was used to quantify the
problem by way of generating numerical data that could be transformed into usable statistics.
Sources of Data
Data collected based on questionnaires and surveys. Factors affecting construction
labor productivity identified based on prior literature, with local experts engaging, evaluating,
and making adjustments. The survey questionnaire was conducted through face-to-face
interviews. It was necessary to make provisions and make simple contact with respondents to
ensure that they knew all applicable terminology, procedures, and guidelines involved in data
gathering. Approaching prospective respondents in person allows for informal conversations
and ensured that the surveys were properly conducted.
Lastly, the information gathered from the respondents, including general information,
would remain confidential and not be shared with anyone outside this study.
Research Instruments
The research instrument used in this study was survey form questionnaires. The
instrument was divided into two parts: the general information of the respondent which
included, name of the organization, job title, types of project, numbers of projects per year, and
number of employees working in the company, The other was for the list of various factors
affecting Labor Productivity in Construction Projects among contractors in the cities of Low-
Land Cavite which provided the needed data for the research study.
Participants of the Study
In order to have more reliable and credible data, the required participants for the
surveys were mainly general contractors with or without titles or license under Philippine
Contractors Accreditation Board (PCAB License) within the cities of low-land Cavite. The said
professionals could be project managers, site engineers, construction managers, civil
engineers, architects, and other professional-related from the construction firms in the cities
of low-land Cavite.
Professionals in the construction industry were the study's target groups. The sample size
could be calculated for a 95% confidence level using Slovin’s formula.
Where; n= sample size, N= population size, e= margin of error.

By using formulas with the value of N= 54, e= 0.05%, the sample size needed is 48.
Sampling Technique
The sampling technique that was used in the study was Purposive Sampling.
Purposive sampling (sampling with a purpose) was appropriate in this study because the
instruments that used in the study involved ordinal scale surveys that would be rated by
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respondents based on their judgment and their own observation, selected by the researchers.
Sampling tool
Likert Scale was designed to measure altitude according to Sullivan and Artino (2013).
The typical Likert scale is a 5- or 7-point ordinal scale used by respondents to rate the degree
to which they agreed or disagreed with a statement (table). In this study, a 5- point Likert scale
was used as the sampling tool. The respondents were asked to answer the survey
questionnaire based on their perspective regards on the various factors affecting labor
productivity.
Statistical Analysis
When the scope of the study was identified, the researchers used the method of the
Relative Importance Index (RII) to analyze the influence of these factors on labor productivity
of contractors’ projects in the cities of low-land Cavite. All necessary data was collected based
on the results of the survey questionnaire.
The RII method used an ordinal scale of 1 to 5 to determine the impact of each factor.
(5 - Very High Influence, 4 - High Influence, 3 - Average Influence, 2 - Low Influence, 1 - Not
Influence)
For the analysis of the level of influence, the RII method used the following equation. [10]

Where;
W= weight given to each factor by the respondents and ranges from 1 to 5.
A = highest weight
N = total number of respondents in the study
The influence of factors thereby was expressed through the following scale [28]:
1.0 ≤ RII < 1.8: Not Influence
1.81 ≤ RII < 2.6: Low Influence
2.61 ≤ RII < 3.4: Average Influence
3.41 ≤ RII < 4.2: High Influence
4.21 ≤ RII < 5.0: Very High Influence
According to (Azman. et.al, 2019) to determine the important each of the factors was
based on the higher the value of Relative Importance Index (RII) obtained from equation
above. Different factors will have different Relative Importance Index (RII) and it used to rank
the factors. This method was used to identify the participant states in the level of significance
based on their perspective for the ordinal rankings of the factors affecting the labor productivity
in the cities of low-land Cavite.
A total of 50 survey questionnaires were collected from the contractors in the cities of
low- land Cavite.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A total of 50 respondents were questioned to the construction companies from the cities
of low-land Cavite. The respondents were asked to fill out a survey questionnaire about their
job title, type of construction project held, numbers of projects per year, typical size of project,
and numbers of employees working in the company. Previous research studies were used to
extract different parameters affecting worker productivity in construction for this study. Some
factors that were comparable would be combined, and some contemporary notions would be
added. Based on the primary criteria, the material was divided into categories. As a result, 35
critical factors affecting labor productivity were identified. These factors were mainly
categorized into five main groups such as follows; (1) Manpower related group, (2) External
related group, (3) Communication related group, (4) Material and Equipment group, (5)
Miscellaneous group
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Profile of the respondents

Table 1. Types of construction organization projects

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION FREQUENCY (n) PERCENTAGE (%)

ORGANIZATION PROJECTS
1-Residential 14 28
2- Government 5 10
3- Commercial 6 12
4-Residential, Telecomm 2 4
5-Residential,Commercial 1 2
6-Commercial,Land 3 6
Development
7- Residential, Industrial 2 4
8- Industrial 3 6
9- Commercial, Industrial 3 6
10-Residential, Government 10 20
11- Government, Land 1 2
Development
Total 50 100
Table 1. Describes the profile of the respondents in terms of construction organization
projects. The study revealed that most of the respondents specifically 28% of the total
percentage of the respondents were involved in Residential construction projects, followed by
20% under Residential and Government projects, then 12% involved in Commercial
construction projects.
Table 2. Job Title of the Respondents

JOB TITLE FREQUENCY(N) PERCENTAGE (%)

1-Civil Engineer 20 40
2- SITE ENGINEER 2 4
3- Secretary 2 4
4- President 5 10
5- Architect 8 16
6- Utilities, Fire Protection, 2 4
Plumbing
7- Project Manager 5 10
8- Contractor 2 4
9- Managing Officer 1 2
10-Estimator 1 2
11-Mechanical Technician 1 2
12- Architectural Designer 1 2
Total 50 100
Table 2. Describes the profile of the respondents in terms of the respondents’ job title.
The study revealed that most of the respondents specifically 40% of the total percentage of
the respondents were Civil Engineers, followed by 16% who were working as an architect,
then 10% of the respondents were both Project President and Project Managers who were
involved in construction projects.
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Table 3. Number of projects per year

NUMBER OF FREQUENCY(N) PERCENTAGE (%)

PROJECTS PER YEAR

1- 4-20 Projects 43 86
2- 21-50 Projects 6 12
3- 51 & above 1 2
Total 50 100

Table 3. Describes the profile of the respondents in terms of the number of construction
projects per year. The study revealed that most of the respondents specifically 86% of the
total percentage of the respondents are accommodating 4-20 projects per year. On the other
hand, there were 12% who were handling 21-50 projects per year and the least 1% that
handled 51 and above projects per year.
Table 4. Typical size of project in terms of peso

TYPICAL SIZE OF FREQUENCY(n) PERCENTAGE (%)

PROJECT (₱)
1. 0-5 million 20 40
2. 5-10 million 11 22
3. 10-100 million 15 30
4. >100 million 4 8
Total 50 100

Table 4. Describes the profile of the respondents in terms of typical size or amount of
the project. The study revealed that 40% of the project’s costs 0 – 5 million, followed by 30%
in which the project cost 10 -100 million, 22% in which the project cost 5 – 10 million and the
least is at 8% with more than 100 million worth of project at 8%.
Table 5. Numbers of employees working in the company

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES FREQUENCY(n) PERCENTAGE (%)

WORKING IN COMPANY
1. 5-50 employees 38 76
2. 51-100 employees 6 12
3. 101 & above 6 12
Total 50 100

Table 5. Describes the profile of the respondents in terms of number of employees in

the company and in construction projects. The study revealed that 76% of the respondents
were claiming that they have been part of the 5-50 employee – company. While 24% of the
total percentage of responses were shared by both respondents working in a 51-100 sized
company and 101 and above sized company respectively.
Ranking of Factors affecting labor productivity
Research was conducted considering 35 factors affecting labor productivity in
construction building projects were determined. These factors were categorized into five
groups: manpower factors, external factors, communication factors, material and equipment
factors, and miscellaneous factors. The RII of different factors was calculated and discussed
in detail.
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Table 6. Ranking of manpower related factors

FACTORS AFFECTING LABOR RII RANK INFLUENCE

PRODUCTIVITY
1. Absenteeism 4.16 1 High Influence

2. Lack of Experience 3.68 2 High Influence

3. Alcoholism 3.42 3 High Influence

4. Misunderstanding among laborers 3.00 4 Average Influence

5. Disloyalty 2.90 5 Average Influence
6. Lack of competition between laborers 2.84 6 Average Influence
7. Personal Problems 2.78 8 Average Influence
8. Age 2.78 8 Average Influence
Table 6. Describes the labor productivity of the respondents in terms of manpower.
The study indicates. Among 50 respondents, 40 respondents agreed that absenteeism has a
high influence affecting the labor productivity. (According to RII), absenteeism was the most
influential factor, with a weighted mean of 4.16. According to previous research, labor
productivity decreases over time. Fatigue, increasing absenteeism, and other factors were
frequently cited [16]. Followed by lack of experience (3.68), Incompetence slows down work
and could lead to poor work and improper tool and equipment use [5]. And finally, alcoholism
(3.42), Alcohol consumption on the job place could have a variety of harmful consequences
for other workers. Alcohol drinking can result in rework, misplacing job tasks, and accidents,
halting construction activity fully or partially and lowering labor productivity [16]. (See Appendix
Table 1)
Table 7. Ranking of external related factors

FACTORS AFFECTING LABOR RII RANK INFLUENCE

PRODUCTIVITY
1. Payment Delays 3.50 1 High Influence
2. Supervision Delays 3.18 2 High Influence
3. Rework 3.02 3 High Influence
4. Implementation of Government 2.94 4 High Influence
laws
5. Inspection delays from the 2.94 4 Average Influence
authorities
6. Complex design 2.82 6 Average Influence
7. Incomplete Drawings 2.78 7 Average Influence
8. Design changes 2.74 8 Average Influence
9. Variations in drawings 2.72 9 Average Influence
10. Training Sessions 2.66 10 Average Influence
Table 7. Describes the labor productivity of the respondents in terms of external
factors. Payment delays were the most influential element, with a score of 3.50. 30 out of 50
respondents agreed payment delays has a high influence affecting labor productivity
negatively. Payment delays may force suppliers to stop delivering materials and cause low
productivity labor at the same time, the contractor's payment delay causes suppliers to lose
faith in their integrity [5]. Followed by supervision delays with a score of 3.18, and rework tasks
with a score of 3.02. Inspection delays are a significant procedure, according to previous
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research; for example, because contractors cannot cast concrete before inspecting formwork
and steelwork, the inspection delay leads to work activity delays. [6]. (See Appendix Table 2)
Table 8. Ranking of communication related factors

FACTORS AFFECTING LABOR RII RANK INFLUENCE

PRODUCTIVITY
1. Misunderstanding between the 3.72 1 High Influence
owner, and the contractor
2. Disputes with owner 3.11 2 Average Influence
3. Disputes with designer. 2.94 3 Average Influence
4. Change orders from the designer. 2.86 4 Average Influence
5. Change orders from the owner 2.80 5 Average Influence
Table 8. Describes the labor productivity of the respondents in terms of communication
factors. According to the findings, the most relevant component was miscommunication
between the owner and the contractor, which had a relative relevance index of 3.72, followed
by 3.11, which was related to owner conflicts, and 2.94, which was related to designer
disagreements. 31 out of 50 respondents agreed that miscommunication between the owner
and the contractor has a high influence affecting the labor productivity. Design faults were
usually the result of a lack of quality control during the design process, although they could be
avoided. The owner was also responsible for costs incurred by the contractor as a result of
designer errors, such as unreasonable delays in reviewing shop drawings, failure to provide
drawings or design information on time, failure to conduct timely inspections, and other delays
caused by the designer's contract-administration issues. All of these issues arise as a result
of a breakdown in communication between the owner, designer, and even the contractor [16].
(See Appendix Table 3)
Table 9. Ranking of material and equipment related factors

Factors affecting Labor Productivity RII Rank Influence

1. Material shortage of project site 4.30 1 Very High Influence

2. Old and inefficient equipment 3.94 2 High Influence

3. Equipment shortage 3.72 3 High Influence

4. Low Quality of Materials 3.66 4 High Influence

5. Unsuitable material location 3.50 5 High Influence
Table 9. Describes the labor productivity of the respondents in terms of material and
equipment factors. According to the study, the most influential component project site material
shortage, which had a 4.90 influence, followed by 3.94, which involves obsolete and inefficient
equipment, and3.72, which involves equipment shortage. Among 50 respondents, 40
respondents agreed that material shortage on project site has a high influence affecting the
labor productivity. Because material resources account for 40-60% of total project costs, it was
one of the most significant aspects to consider when attempting to enhance worker
productivity in construction. According to previous research, material resource management
and its implications on labor productivity were not given the attention they deserved. Without
the availability of needed resources, it was difficult to execute any task. The inaccessibility of
certain resources or the excessive time spent obtaining them was referred to as a lack of
material [16]. (See Appendix Table 3)

Table 10. Ranking of miscellaneous related factors

 13

Factors affecting Labor Productivity RII Rank Influence

1. Weather Condition 3.67 1 High Influence

2. Site Congestion 3.50 2 High Influence

3. Project objective is not well defined 3.48 3 High Influence

4. Accidents 3.46 4 High Influence

5. Project Size 3.36 5 Average Influence
6. Shortage of water/power supply 3.36 5 Average Influence
7. Working overtime 3.00 7 Average Influence
Table 10. Describes the labor productivity of the respondents in terms of miscellaneous
factors. 30 out of 50 respondent agreed that weather condition has a high influence affecting
the labor productivity. According to the study, the most influential component projects weather
conditions, which had a 3.67 influence, followed by 3.50, which involves site congestion, and
project objectives were not well defined. (See Appendix Table 4)

Overall Factors affecting Labor Productivity According to RII Value

The overall perceived impacts of all 35 factors were shown in Table 3a. The following
were the top 10 critical rankings under the perception of contractors in the construction
industry: Labor productivity was affected by factors such as "Material Shortage at Project Site,"
"Absenteeism," "Old and Inefficient Equipment," "Misunderstanding between the Owner and
the Contractor," "Equipment Shortage," "Lack of Experience," "Weather Conditions," "Low
Quality of Materials," "Payment Delays," "Unsuitable Material Storage Location," and "Site
Congestion." According to the ranking, the top 10 factors have a significant impact on
construction labor productivity. Material shortage; considerably contributes to productivity loss.
In general, the labor waste their time due to the unavailability of materials on site since the
greater part of building construction requires use of materials. In addition, material challenges
were identified as one of the most critical factors affecting labor productivity negatively
[3][12][16]. Absenteeism; Different studies justified that the manpower themselves were the
most influential factor in labor productivity. The lower the manpower number, the lower the
labor productivity [16]. Old and Inefficient Equipment; Due to poor maintenance and lack of
service, old and inefficient equipment often break down hence this directly affects the labor
productivity in construction sites [5]. Misunderstanding between the owner and contractors;
Lack of communication could lead to productivity loss. This was justified by past studies [16].
Lack of communication between the owner and contractors could cause delays due to
mistakes causing misinterpretation and downtime. Equipment Shortage; Low worker
productivity could be caused by inefficient tool or equipment utilization, the use of outdated
and obsolete equipment, or a lack of spare parts. Also suggested, was that overestimating
equipment capacity may result in an insufficient number of equipment being employed for a
given activity, resulting in an equipment shortage and significant idle time because employed
labor was unable to progress their work because they were required a minimum number of
equipment to work effectively, lowering productivity [5] [10]. Lack of Experience; experience
determined whether there would be a good or bad labor productivity [4]. Weather Conditions;
the terrain, climatic conditions, and location of the country all influence the weather. Weather
conditions can vary substantially depending on the region in which the worksite was located
[10] [5]. This affects the time, scheduling, as well as the labor productivity. Low quality of
Materials; Lack of quality supplies and knowledge, as well as the need to perform the work,
were the most significant types of labor productivity disruptions [30]. Payment delays; Payment
delays may force suppliers to stop delivering materials, resulting in low labor productivity.[3].
Unsuitable material storage location; this conclusion may be justified in Spain because a large
 14

amount of the materials required were provided to external vendors that may not always meet
their quality and delivery deadlines. This could result in a material shortage or delayed supply
of necessary building materials, resulting in a loss of efficiency and, as a result, a fall in labor
productivity. [18]. Site Congestion; Congestion on the job site can reduce labor productivity
owing to overcrowding, slow down the construction process, and created extra safety risks [3].
 15

Table 11. Overall ranking of factors affecting labor productivity

Factors affecting Labor RII Rank Influence

Productivity
Material shortage of project site 4.30 1 Very High Influence
Absenteeism 4.16 2 High Influence
Old and Inefficient Equipment 3.94 3 High Influence
Misunderstanding between the owner 3.72 4 High Influence
and the contractor
Equipment Shortage 3.72 4 High Influence
Lack of Experience 3.68 6 High Influence
Weather Conditions 3.67 7 High Influence
Low quality of Materials 3.66 8 High Influence
Payment Delays 3.50 10 High Influence
Unsuitable material storage location 3.50 10 High Influence
Site congestion 3.50 10 High Influence
Project objective is not well defined 3.48 12 High Influence
Accidents during construction 3.46 13 High Influence
Alcoholism 3.42 14 High Influence
Project Size 3.36 15 Average Influence
Shortage of water and/or power 3.30 16 Average Influence
supply
Supervision Delays 3.18 17 Average Influence
Disputes with Owner 3.11 18 Average Influence
Rework 3.02 19 Average Influence
Misunderstanding among laborers 3.00 20 Average Influence
Working overtime 3.00 20 Average Influence
Implementation of government laws 2.93 23 Average Influence
Inspection delays from authorities 2.94 23 Average Influence
Disputes with designer 2.94 23 Average Influence
Disloyalty 2.90 25 Average Influence
Change orders from the designers 2.86 26 Average Influence
Lack of competition between laborers 2.84 27 Average Influence
Complex design in the provided 2.82 28 Average Influence
drawings
Change orders from the client 2.80 29 Average Influence
Age 2.78 31 Average Influence
Personal Problems 2.78 31 Average Influence
Incomplete Drawings 2.78 31 Average Influence
Design Changes 2.74 33 Average Influence
Variation in Drawings 2.72 34 Average Influence
Training sessions 2.66 35 Average Influence
 16

Table 12. Ranking of group of factors affecting labor productivity.

FACTORS n MEAN RANK P-VALUE SIGNIFICANCE

MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT 50 3.82 1
MISCELLANEOUS 50 3.40 2

MANPOWER 50 3.20 3
COMMUNICATION 50 3.09 4 0.0000 VHS

EXTERNAL 50 2.93 5

Group of Factors affecting Labor Productivity

Group ranking according to factors affecting labor productivity was calculated by
considering the average of RII value for all the factors affecting labor productivity in
construction projects. The top group was the Material and Equipment factors with an average
RII of 3.82 while external factors were at the bottom, with an average RII value of 2.93.
Material/equipment scarcity has a major impact on labor productivity; a lack of these items
leads in large idle time because employed labor is unable to continue their activity because
they require a certain amount of equipment to perform successfully [5]. Supervision and
payment delays are examples of external factors. Payment delays obstruct material supplies
and cause suppliers to lose faith in their contractors' credibility; incompetent supervisors slow
down production and may be liable for poor work and inappropriate tool and equipment
application [5].
 17

Table 13. Relationship between critical factors affecting the labor productivity and
mitigation plans.
FACTORS AFFECTING LABOR RANK RECOMMENDED MITIGATION PLAN
PRODUCTIVITY
Material shortage of project site 1 Keeping supplies on hand to avoid material
shortages; developing a schedule to identify other
missing goods.
Absenteeism 2 Workers should be devoted to their project.
Old and Inefficient Equipment 3 In order to ensure that materials and equipment
were of excellent quality, they should be
supervised, checked, and maintained
appropriately.
Misunderstanding between the 4 Improving project managers' competence may aid
owner and the contractor in reducing miscommunication between
professionals and building owners.

Equipment Shortage 5 Maintaining stuff on hand to avoid material

shortage; creating a timetable in order to
distinguish other lacking materials.
Lack of Experience 6 Finding qualified individuals should be the
responsibility of project managers. Someone who
has already completed a work to and increase
labor productivity.
Weather Conditions 7 None
Low quality of Materials 8 In order to ensure that materials were of excellent
quality supervised maintained properly.

Payment Delays 10 None

Unsuitable material storage 10 To save worker time spent handling supplies,
location equipment should be placed in an easily accessible
location.
Site congestion 10 Stay-on laborers should be provided with quarters
to reduce site congestion.
Project objective is not well 12 Long- and short-term training for site managers
defined and engineers could help them improve their
technical and managerial skills.

Accidents during construction 13 Safety hazards should be included in the project.

Alcoholism 14 When the project is still in progress, alcohol

drinking should be prohibited.
Project Size 15 Project manager supervision that is appropriate for
the project size may increase labor productivity.

Table 13. Shows the critical factors that significantly affect the labor productivity in
construction project. Different mitigation plans are suggested based on the data gathered by
the researchers. Among 35 factors, 15 critical factors with high influence were listed with its
recommended mitigation plan to minimize the negative impact on the labor productivity. The
mitigation plan per factors were highly recommended by the respondents of the study.
 18

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
Construction is one of the most important sectors in today's period since it helps society
reach its goals. This study started with the purpose of identifying the factors affecting labor
productivity in construction project among contractors within Dasmarinas, Imus, General Trias,
Bacoor, and Cavite City. Previous research studies were used to extract different parameters
affecting worker productivity in construction for this study. Some similar factors have been
merged, and some current concepts have been added. The research method used was
quantitative technique. When data have been gathered, the researchers employed the
Relative Importance Index (RII) method to examine the impact of these parameters on the
labor productivity of contractors' projects in low-land Cavite cities. This method was used in
order to measure participants states in terms of relevance depending on their perspective for
ordinal ranking of factors affecting labor productivity in low-land cities of Cavite. Labor
productivity is crucial to understand since it influences government income and the
construction industry's profitability. Many factors can have a significant impact on total worker
productivity in construction projects, resulting in project completion delays and increased
project costs. While labor plays an important part in construction projects, the necessity of
excellent management and high productivity cannot be overstated.
The 50 respondents were recruited through research and with the assistance of the
local cities. The information was acquired through surveys and interviews. The data were
evaluated with the help of a statistician using the RII value, as indicated in the results and
discussion.
Conclusion
The main focus of this study was to identify and evaluate a total of 35 pre-selected
factors affecting labor productivity within the construction project process, which were grouped
into five-main categories: manpower, external, communication, material and equipment, and
miscellaneous factors. The data collected were 50 valid surveyed questionnaires with
participants of professionals from the construction industry were completed and analyzed. The
results were identified and ranked (according to the Relative Importance Index) the factors
that affect labor productivity on building projects in the cities of Low-land Cavite. From this
study, it was identified that the primary factors affecting construction labor productivity in
construction industry as discern by professionals, including "Material Shortage at Project Site,"
"Absenteeism," "Old and Inefficient Equipment," "Misunderstanding between the Owner and
the Contractor," "Equipment Shortage," "Lack of Experience," "Weather Conditions," "Low
Quality of Materials," "Payment Delays," "Unsuitable Material Storage Location," and "Site
Congestion." The analysis was expanded to evaluate the relative importance of group factors
on labor productivity, which were ranked in descending order respectively: material and
equipment related factors; miscellaneous related factors; manpower related factors;
communication related factors, and external factors. While these findings represent the
situation in the cities of low-land Cavite at the time of the study, they also relate to findings
from other countries, as discussed in the results analysis and discussions. Recommended
mitigation plans given by the companies were also presented in the study.
Recommendation
Construction projects were costly, and may frequently result in a slew of challenges,
disagreements, and lawsuits, all which may delay project completion. Construction companies
should work in an environment that allows them to complete projects successfully. Identifying
issues in a certain project would be crucial in the construction sector in aims to discuss and
overcome each conflict. The recommendations that were deemed to enhancing labor
productivity in the construction industry were listed below:
 19

Based on objectives:
1. In order to minimize wasting labor time for handling supplies, equipment should
be placed in an accessible location. Project managers should also supervise and control
material supply. Creating a timetable would be helpful, this includes the material availability
and indicates the certain time where the materials are needed.
2. Project managers should be responsible for finding qualified employees. One
who’s already experienced a certain task in order to enhance labor productivity; without trained
and experienced workers, a high productivity rate is impossible to achieve.
3. If all employees are provided adequate paid time off and vacations,
absenteeism at work can be reduced. A monetary incentive for the best employees may also
help. This may create healthy competition among the staff and may result in a higher
productivity rate.
4. Employees should be provided with adequate organized transportation if the
construction sites are in remote geographic locations where public or employee-owned transit
is not available. Stay-in laborers should be provided with dormitories to reduce site congestion.
Furthermore, organizations should also ensure that the building would be completely covered
with safety hazards, in order to limit incidence of accidents; safety training and meetings
should all be scheduled in order to improve laborers productivity.
5. Long-term and short-term training could help site managers and engineers
improve their technical and managerial skills. Improving their capabilities may help reduce
misunderstandings between the professionals and the building owner.
Study Recommendation
This research study was limited to the construction industry in the cities of Low-land
Cavite. Despite the fact that the current study came to some conclusions, the author urges the
other researchers to:
1. Reconstruct the findings in a more diverse setting, and a bigger target location
so that the important factors discovered within the study would play a bigger role to a more
comprehensive understanding of the complex problem of enhancing labor productivity. The
researchers recommend other places in Cavite or near provinces to be included in the study.
2. Future study may emphasize on specific types of construction projects such as
residential, commercial, government, industrial, and land development, as well as creating
mitigation plans for the critical factors presented in the study would benefit enhancing the rate
of labor productivity.
 20

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