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    Lecture #9 Introduction To Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry

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    G8 ODL Mary Angeline M. Galman
    This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon and discusses their weaker intermolecular forces compared to ionic compounds. The key characteristics of organic compounds are that they contain carbon, usually hydrogen, and may contain other heteroatoms. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds and organic structures include chains and rings. Common functional groups are discussed including hydrocarbons, compounds with single bonds to heteroatoms, and compounds containing carbonyl groups. Functional groups give compounds distinct chemical properties regardless of other structural components.

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    Lecture #9 Introduction To Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    G8 ODL Mary Angeline M. Galman
    47 views10 pages
    This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon and discusses their weaker intermolecular forces compared to ionic compounds. The key characteristics of organic compounds are that they contain carbon, usually hydrogen, and may contain other heteroatoms. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds and organic structures include chains and rings. Common functional groups are discussed including hydrocarbons, compounds with single bonds to heteroatoms, and compounds containing carbonyl groups. Functional groups give compounds distinct chemical properties regardless of other structural components.

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    Chem Finals (1)

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    This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon and discusses their weaker intermolecular forces compared to ionic compounds. The key characteristics of organic compounds are that they contain carbon, usually hydrogen, and may contain other heteroatoms. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds and organic structures include chains and rings. Common functional groups are discussed including hydrocarbons, compounds with single bonds to heteroatoms, and compounds containing carbonyl groups. Functional groups give compounds distinct chemical properties regardless of other structural components.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    47 views10 pages

    Lecture #9 Introduction To Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    G8 ODL Mary Angeline M. Galman
    This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon and discusses their weaker intermolecular forces compared to ionic compounds. The key characteristics of organic compounds are that they contain carbon, usually hydrogen, and may contain other heteroatoms. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds and organic structures include chains and rings. Common functional groups are discussed including hydrocarbons, compounds with single bonds to heteroatoms, and compounds containing carbonyl groups. Functional groups give compounds distinct chemical properties regardless of other structural components.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10

    LECTURE #9

    INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • study of compounds that contain the element carbon.
    • Organic compounds exist as discrete molecules with much weaker intermolecular forces—the forces that exist between
    molecules—than those seen in ionic compounds, which are held together by very strong interactions of oppositely charged
    ions.
    ORGANIC COMPOUND
    • Any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon
    • Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology
    of their preparation.
    DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

    CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS


    What are the common features of organic compounds?
    1. All organic compounds contain carbon atoms and
    most contain hydrogen atoms.
    Carbons always forms 4 covalent bond,
    Hydrogen forms 1 covalent bond.

    COMMON BONDING PATTERNS FOR ATOMS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS


    CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    2. Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms.

    .
    3. Some compounds have chains of atoms and some compounds have rings.

    4. Organic compounds may also contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen. Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen
    is called a heteroatom.
    • Each heteroatom forms a characteristic number of bonds, determined by its location in the periodic table.
    • The common heteroatoms also have nonbonding, lone pairs of electrons, so that each atom is surrounded by eight
    electrons.
    5. They are nonpolar compounds –they do not dissolve in polar solvents like.
    6. They have low melting points –due to weak intermolecular forces
    7. They react slower than ionic compounds – due to strong covalent bonds between atoms

    WRITING STRUCTURAL FORMULA


    • Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
    • Nitrogen normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons
    • Oxygen – two, two
    • Hydrogen – one, no
    • Halogen – one, three

    Sample Problem 2
    Sample Problem 1 • CH3CH2NH2 ethylamine
    Draw in all H’s and lone pairs in each compound. • CH3COOH acetic acid
    a. C-C-Cl • CH3CH2OH ethanol
    b. C-C-O • CH3CH=CH2 propene
    c. C-C-N
    TYPES OF BOND
    1. Single Bond – single covalent bond in which they share 1 pair of electrons. (2 e-)

    2. Double Bond – carbon atoms may share 2 pairs of electrons to form a double bond.

    3. Triple Bond – carbon atoms may share 3 pairs of electrons to form a triple bond.

    TYPES OF COMPOUND
    1. Saturated Compound– organic compounds in which carbon atoms are bonded by SINGLE bonds.

    ex. Methane: CH4


    2. Unsaturated Compound – compounds where carbon atoms have double or triple bonds
    Ex. Ethene C2H4

    CARBON

    Virtually our body is made with large amount of carbons


    CLASSIFICATION

    NATURAL COMPOUNDS

    SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS

    MONOMER

    POLYMERIZATION

    POLYMER

    FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
    FUNCTIONAL GROUP
    • It is an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties.
    • It contains a heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both a heteroatom and a multiple bond.
    The most common functional groups can be subdivided into three types.
    I. Hydrocarbons
    II. Compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom
    III. Compounds containing a C=O group

    I. HYDROCARBONS
    • Alkanes have only C-C single bonds and no functional group. Ethane is a simple alkane.
    • Alkenes have a C=C double bond as their functional group. Ethylene is a simple alkene.
    • Alkynes have a C Ξ C triple bond as their functional group. Acetylene is a simple alkyne. HC Ξ CH
    • Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring, a six-membered ring with three double bonds.

    ALKENES
    II. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A SINGLE BOND TO A HETEROATOM
    • Molecules containing these functional groups may be simple or very complex. It doesn’t matter what else is present in
    other parts of the molecule. Always dissect it into small pieces to identify the functional groups.
    • Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a heteroatom.
    For example, diethyl ether, the first general anesthetic, is an ether because it has an O atom bonded to two C’s.
    Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component in marijuana, is also an ether because it contains an O atom bonded to two
    carbon atoms. In this case the O atom is also part of a ring.

    GROUPS CONTAINING NITROGEN


    HALOALKANES (ALKYL HALIDES)

    ALCOHOLS

    METHANOL

    COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SULFUR

    III. COMPOUND CONTAINING A C=O GROUP


    • Many different kinds of compounds contain a carbon– oxygen double bond (C=O, carbonyl group)
    • The type of atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon— hydrogen, carbon, or a heteroatom—determines the specific class of
    carbonyl compound.
    CARBONYL

    - An aldehyde has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.


    ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

    \
    •A carboxylic acid contains an OH group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.

    CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ETHERS


    AMIDES

    •An ester contains an OR group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.

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