OMICRON Academy

Testing Additional Protective Functions with the CMC

Test System

Revision Table

Date (yyyy-mm-dd) Version Changes Name

2011-04-08 1.00 First version in the new format AnnBie
2011-05-08 1.01 First review after transfer BjoCia

Actual Version 002

© OMICRON Academy 2011

 Content
1 High Resistance Ground Fault Protection ..................................................................................... 4
1.1 Considerations.......................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Settings of the Ground Fault Short Circuit Protection ................................................................. 5
1.3 Local Hardware Configuration ................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 Analog Outputs .............................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Binary Inputs.................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.3 Binary Outputs ............................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Test of the Ground Fault Short Circuit Protection....................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Test of the 3V0> Pick-Up Value ..................................................................................... 7
1.4.2 Test of the 3I0> Pick-Up Value ....................................................................................... 8
1.4.3 Test of the Tripping Characteristic .................................................................................. 9
1.4.4 Test of the Directional Characteristic .............................................................................11
2 Synchronism Check .......................................................................................................................14
2.1 Considerations.........................................................................................................................14
2.2 Voltage Test ............................................................................................................................14
2.3 Parameters of Synchronism Check ..........................................................................................16
2.4 Setting Values for Synchronism Check.....................................................................................20
2.5 Local Hardware Configuration ..................................................................................................20
2.5.1 Analog Outputs .............................................................................................................20
2.5.2 Binary Inputs.................................................................................................................21
2.5.3 Binary Outputs ..............................................................................................................21
2.6 Testing the Limits of Voltage Testing........................................................................................23
2.6.1 Testing the V< Limit ......................................................................................................23
2.6.2 Testing the V> Limit ......................................................................................................24
2.7 Testing the Amplitude Condition...............................................................................................25
2.8 Testing the Angle Condition .....................................................................................................27
2.9 Testing the Minimum Synchronization Time .............................................................................28
2.10 Testing the Maximum Synchronism Check Time ......................................................................29
3 Active Synchronization ..................................................................................................................30
3.1 Considerations.........................................................................................................................30
3.2 Setting Values of the Synchronizing Device .............................................................................32
3.3 Hardware-configuration............................................................................................................33
3.3.1 Analog Outputs .............................................................................................................33
3.3.2 Binary Inputs.................................................................................................................34
3.3.3 Binary Outputs ..............................................................................................................34
3.4 Extension of the Test Object Definition .....................................................................................35
3.5 Testing the Connection Zone with the Function Test ................................................................36
3.6 Testing the Control Commands with the Adjustment Test .........................................................38
4 Restricted Earth Fault Protection ..................................................................................................40
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................40
4.1.1 Current Limitation on an Impedance Earthed Transformer Starpoint ..............................41
4.1.2 Current Limitation on a Solidly Earthed Transformer Starpoint .......................................42
4.2 Application Example ................................................................................................................43
4.3 Hardware Configuration ...........................................................................................................43
4.3.1 Analog Outputs for Phases A and B ..............................................................................44
4.3.2 Analog Outputs for Phase C ..........................................................................................44
4.3.3 Binary Inputs.................................................................................................................44
4.3.4 Binary Outputs ..............................................................................................................44
4.4 Testing the Stability against External Faults .............................................................................45
4.5 Pick-up Test ............................................................................................................................47
4.6 Tripping Characteristic Test .....................................................................................................48

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 5 EnerLyzer........................................................................................................................................49
5.1 Preface ....................................................................................................................................49
5.2 Hardware Configuration ...........................................................................................................50
5.3 Input Configuration ..................................................................................................................51
5.4 Configuring an Input.................................................................................................................51
5.5 Multimeter................................................................................................................................52
5.6 Transient Recording.................................................................................................................53
5.7 Harmonic analysis ...................................................................................................................54
5.8 Trend Recording ......................................................................................................................56
6 TransView and Advanced TransPlay .............................................................................................57
6.1 Preface ....................................................................................................................................57
6.2 Examining a Fault Report Using the Test Tool "TransView" ......................................................58
6.3 Adding the Test Module "Advanced TransPlay" to a Test Template ..........................................59
6.4 Working with the Test Module "Advanced TransPlay"...............................................................60
6.4.1 Importing Transient Data ...............................................................................................60
6.4.2 Hardware configuration .................................................................................................61
6.4.3 Settings in the Detail View.............................................................................................61
6.4.4 Measurement View .......................................................................................................62
6.4.5 Signal View ...................................................................................................................63
6.4.6 Adding Repetitions ........................................................................................................64
6.4.7 Expanded Mode............................................................................................................65
6.4.8 Test Results..................................................................................................................66
6.5 Example of Application ............................................................................................................67
7 Harmonics ......................................................................................................................................74
7.1 Preface ....................................................................................................................................74
7.2 Test View.................................................................................................................................74
7.3 Definition of Harmonics ............................................................................................................75

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1 High Resistance Ground Fault Protection

1.1 Considerations
In grids with low impedance star point grounding, ground faults with relatively high impedances may occur.
Thereby the resulting fault currents can be below the pick-up values of the classical short circuit protection.
The distance protection function for example may not pick-up in this case. For this reason other physical
fault quantities have to be chosen, to ensure clear fault detection.

The protection function resulting from these criteria is the ground fault short circuit protection, also known as
high resistance ground fault protection. This protection function is based on the analysis of the zero
sequence quantities for the pick-up. Depending on the selected functionality it works directional or non-
directional.

Ground Fault Short Circuit Protection

(Examples)

Residual Overcurrent Protection Zero Sequence Voltage Zero Sequence Power

(directional/non-directional Directional Protection Directional Protection
DTOC or IDMT) IMeasure = 3*I0 / VMeasure = 3*V0 IMeasure = 3*I0 / VMeasure = V0
IMeasure = 3*I0 / VMeasure = V0 tTrip = f (V0) tTrip = f (Sr)

Note: Depending on the relay type, the zero sequence voltage directional protection can also use the
negative sequence for direction determination.

However, the following example only uses the zero sequence voltage directional protection.

As standard characteristic a zero sequence dependent characteristic ( tTrip = f(V0) ) is selected for this
protection function. This characteristic is based on the fact that in meshed grids the zero sequence voltage
decreases with increasing distance of the fault.

tTrip / s

V0 / V

B C

Figure 1-1: Voltage dependent trip time of the zero sequence voltage protection (not true to scale!)

Because of this, the relay which is in forward direction the nearest to the fault, has the fastest trip time.

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 The remaining protection relays represent the backup protection. In reverse direction a definite tripping time
can be set separately, which has to be adjusted to the grid protection concept.

When setting this protection function it must be ensured, that the pick-up values are set according to the grid
configuration. The pick-up current has to be lower than the lowest ground fault short circuit current and the
pick-up voltage must not react to small unbalances in the grid.

The tripping characteristic depends on the manufacturer. In the following, two examples shall be displayed:

AREVA:
2s
t
VN-E
10   0.2
Vnom
0.6364  1.1
3

SIEMENS:
2s
t
0.25  V0 V  V0min V

Furthermore, most of the manufacturers use an additional time delay, which delays either the pick-up time or
the trip time.

1.2 Settings of the Ground Fault Short Circuit Protection

Pick-up values:
3I0> 3V0>
0.25 A 5V

Settings for the characteristic:

SIEMENS 7SA63 AREVA P435
Additional trip time delay: 1.6 s
Forward directional Pick-up time delay: 1.5 s
V0min = 0.1 V
Trip delay: 10 s
Non-directional Trip time: 8.5 s
Note: This trip delay has to be added to the
pick-up time delay to get the resulting trip time.

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1.3 Local Hardware Configuration
The test of the ground fault short circuit protection needs the current and voltage signals as well as the start
and the trip command.

1.3.1 Analog Outputs

VA VC

VB VN

IB IN

IA IC

1.3.2 Binary Inputs

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1.3.3 Binary Outputs
Binary outputs are not needed for this test.

Start
Trip

1.4 Test of the Ground Fault Short Circuit Protection

1.4.1 Test of the 3V0> Pick-Up Value

This test is done with the Ramping test module. During this test it has to be ensured, that the zero sequence
current is above the pick-up value.
Furthermore it has to be kept in mind, that the pick-up value is 3·V0. However the ramped value is V0. At a
pick-up voltage of 5 V, the nominal value for the test therefore is 1.667 V.

Note: The AREVA P435 uses a pick-up delay as additional time delay. This has to be considered in
the step duration of the ramps.

Settings in the test module:

State Trigger Nominal Value Comment
1 Start 0 => 1 1.667 V Pick-up value
2 Start 1 => 0 1.583 V Drop-off value

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 The assessment of the test is done in the measurement view:

1.4.2 Test of the 3I0> Pick-Up Value

The test of the zero sequence current pick-up is done analog to the test of the zero sequence voltage pick-
up value. It also has to be kept in mind, that the setting in the relay is equivalent to three times of the
nominal value in the test. Additional to that, the zero sequence voltage has to be above the pick-up value.

Note: The AREVA P435 uses a pick-up delay as additional time delay. This has to be considered in
the step duration of the ramps.

Settings in the test module:

State Trigger Nominal Value Comment
1 Start 0 => 1 83 mA Pick-up value
2 Start 1 => 0 79 mA Drop-off value

The assessment of the test is done in the measurement view:

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1.4.3 Test of the Tripping Characteristic
With several test points it is tested, if the trip times at specific zero sequence voltages correspond to the
nominal values of the characteristic. As there is no dedicated test module for this purpose, the
State Sequencer test module is used. The trigger for this test is the trip command.

The nominal trip times of the characteristic are:

t/s
V0 / V
SIEMENS 7SA6 AREVA P435 Comments

Reverse dir. 8,5 11,5

1,67 7,916 10,918 Pick-up value
2 6,600 8,283
3 4,677 5,188
4 3,822 4,033
5 3,339 3,428
6 3,029 3,057
7 2,812 2,806
8 2,653 2,624
9 2,530 2,487
10 2,433 2,379

The resulting tripping characteristics are shown below:

12,00

10,00

8,00

Siemens 7SA6
6,00
Areva P435

4,00

2,00

0,00
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

For the following test three values are chosen to test the forward direction and one test point for the reverse
trip time.

Note: The angles of the voltages and currents correspond to the methods, used by the
manufacturers. These methods will be explained more detailed in the next section.

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 Settings in the test module (SIEMENS):
State V0 I0 Time Limit Trigger T nom
Healthy 1…4 0V 0 1s none -
V0 = 3 V 3 V, 50° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 4,677 s
V0 = 6 V 6 V, 50° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 3,029 s
V0 = 9 V 9 V, 50° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 2,530 s
Reverse Direction 9 V, -130° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 8,500 s

Settings in the test module (AREVA):

State V0 I0 Time Limit Trigger T nom
Healthy 1…4 0V 0 1s none -
V0 = 3 V 3 V, 180° 200 mA, -70° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 5.188 s
V0 = 6 V 6 V, 180° 200 mA, -70° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 3.057 s
V0 = 9 V 9 V, 180° 200 mA, -70° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 2.487 s
Reverse Direction 9 V, 180° 200 mA, 110° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 11,50 s

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1.4.4 Test of the Directional Characteristic
The directional characteristics of different manufacturers are not equal. The following figure shows the
directional characteristic of the SIEMENS 7SA6 and the AREVA P435.

Figure 1-2: Directional characteristic of the Siemens 7SA6 (Source: Manual 7SA6, Siemens) and of the Areva P435 (Source: Manual
P435, Areva)

In the Siemens relay, the neutral current is used as reference, while the polarizing voltage is used for the
direction determination. This polarizing voltage consists of the zero sequence voltage and (if measured) the
star point current of the transformer. In our example, only the zero sequence voltage is used for the
polarizing voltage.

In contrast, the Areva relay uses the neutral-ground voltage as reference. The neutral current is used
determine the fault direction.

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 In our test, the zero sequence components of current and voltage are used, so the test angles have to be
adapted to the relay characteristics.
Siemens 7SA6 Areva P435

Forward Reverse

V0
I0 V0

I0

Reverse Forward

Figure 1-3: Position of the test quantities for the Siemens 7SA6 and the Areva P435

The position of the test angles has to be set outside the tolerance of the directional limits.

Settings in the test module (SIEMENS):

State V0 I0 Time Limit Trigger T nom
Healthy 1…4 0V 0 1s none -
Angle V0 = -28° 9 V, -28° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 6.000 s
Angle V0 = -16° 9 V, -16° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 1.730 s
Angle V0 = 116° 9 V, 116° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 1.730 s
Angle V0 = 128° 9 V, 128° 200 mA, 180° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 6.000 s

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 Settings in the test module (AREVA):
State V0 I0 Time Limit Trigger T nom
Healthy 1…4 0V 0 1s none -
Angle I0 = -165° 9 V, 180° 200 mA, -165° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 6.000 s
Angle I0 = -155° 9 V, 180° 200 mA, -155° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 3.487 s
Angle I0 = 15° 9 V, 180° 200 mA, 15° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 3.487 s
Angle I0 = 25° 9 V, 180° 200 mA, 25° 10 s Trip 0 => 1 6.000 s

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2 Synchronism Check

2.1 Considerations
L1
L2
L3

CB close

L1 Distance L1
Protection Device
L2 L2
with Synchronism
L3 Check
N

Figure 2-1: Connecting the measurement voltage of a distance protection device with synchronism check

Synchronism check is used to prevent unauthorized equalizing currents when switching on the circuit
breaker. These equalizing currents occur if the voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker are not the
same. The frequency, amplitude and phase angle of the voltage are the criteria here. Only when all of these
factors are within the defined boundaries for a specific time is the CB close command issued.

2.2 Voltage Test

If one of the two sides of the circuit breaker is de-energized, no CB close command release can be issued
by the synchronism check function. However, this prevents equipment that is switched off from being
connected. For this reason, the synchronism check function can be bypassed when one side is de-energized
and the other side is switched on. It can also be bypassed when both sides are de-energized.

If the voltage on one side is below the setting value V<, this is detected as de-energized. If the voltage is
higher than the setting value V>, this side is classed as "switched on".

Vn
switched on

V>

undefined

V<
de-energized
0

Figure 2-2: Setting values for voltage testing

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 Reference values for these setting values are:
> V< = 0.10 · Vn
> V> = 0.85 · Vn

Due to the different logic employed in the relays of different manufacturers, the same input values can cause
different reactions. The parameter settings of SIEMENS and AREVA are, for example, compared in Figure
2-3 and Figure 2-4. Both relays should be activated if one of the two sides is de-energized while the other is
switched on or when both sides are de-energized.

Figure 2-3: Parameters for selecting the SIEMENS 7SA63 voltage test (source: DIGSI 4.82)

Figure 2-4 Parameters for selecting the AREVA P435 voltage test (source: MICOM S1 Studio)

The following case is now assumed (see Figure 2-5):

> The voltage on one side is below V<. This side is therefore detected as de-energized.
> The voltage on the other side is between V< and V>. This causes this side to neither be detected as
switched on nor as de-energized.

Given the assumed parameter settings, it makes no difference whether the busbar side is de-energized and
the line side is undefined or vice versa.

Vn

V>

voltages on both
sides of the circuit
breaker
V<
0

Figure 2-5: Voltages for the situation: "one side de-energized, one side undefined"

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 In this situation, the SIEMENS relay would refuse to switch on, as none of the three activated conditions has
been met. The AREVA relay, on the other hand, would issue a CB close command release, as one of the
two sides has been detected as de-energized.
Since the situation in which a voltage is in the undefined range does not occur in a system with no faults, it is
of no relevance for practical operations. However, differences in the respective testing strategies become
apparent when testing the parameter V>.

2.3 Parameters of Synchronism Check

As already mentioned, the deviations in frequency, amplitude and phase angle of the two sides of the circuit
breaker are to be tested. Only when these are within the set parameters can a CB close command release
be issued.

The three conditions for a CB close command release are therefore:

> The frequencies on both sides of the circuit breaker must be the same.
1,5

0,5
V / p.u. ->

0 V1
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08
V2
-0,5

-1

-1,5
t / s ->

Figure 2-6: Voltages with various frequencies

> The amplitudes of the voltages must NOT deviate significantly from one another.
1,5

0,5
V1
V / p.u. ->

0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 V2
-0,5

-1

-1,5
t / s ->

Figure 2-7: Voltages with various amplitudes

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 > The phase angles must NOT deviate significantly from one another.
1,5

0,5
V / p.u. ->

V1
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 V2
-0,5

-1

-1,5 t / s ->

Figure 2-8: Voltages with various phase angles

The following apply as reference values for these setting values:

> Maximum frequency difference: fmax  0  0.01...0.04 Hz 
> Maximum amplitude difference: Vmax  0.02 Vn
> Maximum angular difference: max  10

If these conditions are met for a minimum time tmin = 0…5 s, the CB close command release is issued. If the
conditions cannot be met throughout the maximum synchronization time tsync max = 10…360 s, the CB close
command is aborted without success.

1,5

0,5
V / p.u. ->

V1
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 V2
-0,5

-1

-1,5 t / s ->

Figure 2-9: Voltages at which all conditions for activation are met

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 Attention! In light of the many possible setting values of the aforementioned parameters, contradictory
parameter entries can occur:

The frequency deviation indicates how quickly the phase angle changes between the two voltages. For
example, if we take a frequency deviation of 1 Hz, the angular difference  changes 360° within one
second. The following generally applies as the condition for the setting values of synchronism check:

2  max 360
fmax 
tmin

The relay does not typically check whether the three parameters meet this inequality. A situation can, for
example, therefore occur in which fmax is set too high. This causes the angular difference to change too
fast. In this case, the permitted switching window of the angle condition elapses in too short a time, meaning
that the switch-on conditions cannot be met for the duration tmin (see Figure 2-10).

+10° -10°

f

+90° φ
-90°

180°

Figure 2-10: Motion of the angular difference f

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 In addition to the angle and frequency conditions, the amplitude condition can also cause problems in real
networks. For example, if we take a cable through which a high load current flows ILoad, a drop in voltage
occurs at the end of the cable. To lighten the load on the cable, a second cable should be connected.
However, the capacitive load current IC leads to a rise in voltage in the new line. So if we examine both sides
of the circuit breaker, the voltage V1 is reduced relative to the supply voltage VG, but the voltage V2 is
increased.

VG V1

IC
V2

Iload

Figure 2-11: Example network for adding a line

VG
V2
V1

Δφ Δφmax
ΔVmax

ΔV

Figure 2-12: Illustration of the voltages from Error! Reference source not found.

Based on Figure 2-11 and Figure 2-12 we can see that the conditions of synchronism check cannot always
be met, even in a standard operating state. Both the amplitude and the angle condition fail to be met here.

To avoid this problem, the synchronism check function must be adjusted to a less sensitive setting. Should
this not be possible due to the increased equalizing currents, we can attempt to connect the line first on the
load side and then on the supply side. This allows the Ferranti effect to contribute to improving the
conditions at the point of activation. If the conditions are still not met, the line can only be connected at a
lower load current.

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2.4 Setting Values for Synchronism Check
Limits of voltage testing:
V< V>
0.10 · Vn 0.85 · Vn

Mode of voltage testing:

SIEMENS 7SA63 AREVA P435
Connection at Usy1< and Usy2>: Yes
Connection at Usy1> and Usy2<: Yes Not V or not Vref
Connection at Usy1< and Usy2<: Yes

Permitted differences when connecting:

Vmax max
0.05 ·Vn 10°

Timing:
tmin tmax
5s 10 s

2.5 Local Hardware Configuration

Since testing a distance protection system involves more than just synchronism check, all necessary inputs
and outputs are set up in the global hardware configuration. Those signals that are not needed are
deactivated for the synchronism check function test.

2.5.1 Analog Outputs

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 V Line L1 V Line L3 V BB L1

V Line L2 VLine n VBB L2

2.5.2 Binary Inputs

2.5.3 Binary Outputs

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 Synch Start

L1 CB closed
L2 CB closed
L3 CB closed
CB CLOSE

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2.6 Testing the Limits of Voltage Testing

2.6.1 Testing the V< Limit

Different voltage inputs are used in the relay for the busbar voltage than for the line voltages. These inputs
generally differ in terms of their tolerances. A test of the V< limit is therefore performed both for the voltage
inputs of the busbar and for the voltage inputs of the line.

Testing V< at the voltage inputs of the busbar:

Vn
voltages
on the line
V>

voltages
on the busbar

V<
0

Test module settings:

State Voltage VSyn Binary outputs Time limit Binary trigger
PreSynch 1 and 2 0V None 1s None
VSyn > V< V< + 2 V = 12 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
VSyn < V< V< - 2 V = 8 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1

The voltages on the line side (L1, L2 and L3) are to be set to the nominal values.

Attention must be paid with all voltages set to ensure that the angle of the voltages is always set the same.
To achieve a voltage triangle with a voltage phase angle V L1-E of 0°, a value of 30° must therefore be set
between phase 1 and phase 2 for a line-line voltage.

The test is then assessed based on the Measurement View:

A similar test is set up to check the V< limit of the voltage inputs on the line.

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2.6.2 Testing the V> Limit
The various voltage inputs of the relay must also be taken into account for the V> limit. The voltage inputs of
the busbar AND of the line are therefore tested. The differences in the logic of relays produced by different
manufacturers means that different testing strategies are required here.

Testing V> at the voltage inputs of the busbar:

SIEMENS AREVA

voltages
Vn Vn on the line
voltages
on the busbar
V> V> Vmax

voltages
on the busbar

V< voltages on the V<

line
0 0

The SIEMENS relay can be tested by leaving the voltage on the line side at 0 V and setting the voltage on
the busbar below and above the V> limit. Since the synchronization bypass is used here, the
synchronization conditions do not need to be met.
The AREVA relay, on the other hand, would always issue a CB close command release if one side has been
detected as de-energized. The voltage on the line side therefore cannot be left at 0 V. Instead of a
synchronization bypass, a complete synchronization check must be performed. The voltage on the line side
therefore needs to be set to a value slightly above V>. Voltages that are below and above V> are now set on
the line side. It is vital to ensure that the difference in the voltages between the line and busbar side are not
greater than Vmax here. If this condition is not observed, it is then not possible to determine whether a CB
close command release has been refused because synchronous conditions are not in place or because the
respective value is below the V> limit.

Test module settings:

State Voltage VSyn Binary outputs Time limit Binary trigger
PreSynch 1 and 2 0V None 1s None
VSyn < V> V> - 2 V = 83 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
VSyn > V> V> + 2 V = 87 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1

The only differences between SIEMENS and AREVA in terms of the settings are due to the value of the line-
side voltage.
> SIEMENS: V L1-L2 = 0 V
> AREVA: V L1-L2 = 87 V

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 Table View: SIEMENS

Table View: AREVA

However, this does not impair assessment of the test in the Measurement View:

A similar test is set up to check the V> limit of the voltage inputs on the line.

2.7 Testing the Amplitude Condition

To test the V condition of the synchronism check function, the voltage of the line is set to the nominal
value. The voltage of the busbar is now varied in such a way that both the upper and the lower limit can be
tested.

lower limit upper limit

voltages
on the busbar
voltages +Vmax
on the line
Vn Vn
voltages
Vmax on the line
voltages
on the busbar

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 Test module settings:
State Voltage VSyn Binary outputs Time limit Trigger
PreSynch 1…3 0V None 1s None
VSyn - dV * 1.2 Vn - Vmax · 1.2 = 94 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
VSyn - dV * 0.8 Vn - Vmax · 0.8 = 96 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
Switch off CB 0V None None User interaction
VSyn + dV * 1.2 Vn + Vmax · 1.2 = 106 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
VSyn + dV * 0.8 Vn + Vmax · 0.8 = 104 V SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1

Since the circuit breaker is switched on during the test, it needs to be switched back off to be able to
continue the test. This is why the state "Switch off CB" requires user input.

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2.8 Testing the Angle Condition
To test the  condition of the synchronism check function, the voltage of the line is also set to the nominal
value. Similarly to the V condition, the voltage on the busbar is now set in such a way that the upper and
lower angle limits are tested.

When setting the angle, it is important to observe the difference between line-neutral and line-line values. If
the voltage L1-E has an angle of 0°, the angle of the voltage L1-L2 equals 30° during symmetrical operation
with no faults.

Example for the calculation

VL1 Line
of the line-line angle

12.5°

VL1 Line
VL1 BB

VL1 BB VL1L2 BB

42.5°

VL2 BB
VL3 BB

Test module settings:

State Angle of VSyn Binary outputs Time Trigger
PreSynch 1…3 0° None 1s None
VSyn_phi + (dphi + 2.5°) L1-L2 + (max + 2.5°) = 42.5° SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
VSyn_phi + (dphi - 2.5°) L1-L2 + (max - 2.5°) = 37.5° SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
Switch off CB 0° None None User interaction
VSyn_phi - (dphi + 2.5°) L1-L2 - (max + 2.5°) = 17.5° SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
VSyn_phi - (dphi - 2.5°) L1-L2 - (max - 2.5°) = 22.5° SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1

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2.9 Testing the Minimum Synchronization Time
The time tmin indicates the minimum time during which the conditions of the synchronism check function must
be met for a CB close command release to be issued. To test this time, the voltages are set in such a way
that the synchronization conditions are met for less time than tmin on the one hand and for more time than tmin
on the other.

Conditions Conditions not Conditions

fulfilled fulfilled fulfilled
Start Start

tmin tmin

no CB close release CB close release

Test module settings:

State Angle of VSyn Binary outputs Time limit Trigger
PreSynch 1 and 2 0V None 1s None
tsynch < 5 sec 1 L1-L2 = 30° SynchStart = 1 tmin - 0.2 s = 4.8 s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
tsynch < 5 sec 2 L1-L2 - (max + 5°) = 15° SynchStart = 1 2s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
tsynch > 5 sec L1-L2 = 30° SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1

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2.10 Testing the Maximum Synchronism Check Time
The time tmax indicates the maximum time during which the synchronism check function can monitor the
synchronization conditions. Once this time has been exceeded, the switch-on test is aborted. To check this
time, a negative and positive test is performed (similar to tmin).

Conditions not Conditions Conditions not Conditions

fulfilled fulfilled fulfilled fulfilled
Start Start

tmax tmax
tmin tmin

no CB close release CB close release

Test module settings:

State Angle of VSyn Binary outputs Time limit Trigger
PreSynch 1 and 2 0V None 1s None
tsynch > 10 sec 1 L1-L2 - (max + 5°) = 15° SynchStart = 1 tmin + 0.2 s = 5.2 s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
tsynch > 10 sec 2 L1-L2 = 30° SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
tsynch < 10 sec 1 L1-L2 - (max + 5°) = 15° SynchStart = 1 tmin - 0.2 s = 4.8 s CB CLOSE 0 => 1
tsynch < 10 sec 2 L1-L2 = 30° SynchStart = 1 7s CB CLOSE 0 => 1

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3 Active Synchronization

3.1 Considerations
If a generator is to be connected to the power system, it is important to ensure that the equalizing currents
are kept as low as possible. Equalizing currents flow when the voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker
are not the same at the switching time. These differences can affect the frequency (f), amplitude (V) and
phase angle (). During the synchronization process, the synchronizing device matches the generator
voltage to the power system voltage. The synchronizing device is capable of influencing the amplitude and
the frequency of the generator voltage via control commands. While these are being adjusted, the
synchronizing device continuously monitors whether the conditions for switching on the circuit breaker are
met. Once this is the case, the CB close command is issued. If the conditions are not met within the
maximum synchronization time, the process is aborted.

L1
L2
L3

CB- CLOSE

L1 L1
Synchronizing
L2 L2
device
L3 L3

V ↑↓
G

f ↑↓
T
Figure 3-1: Connecting a synchronizing device

The permitted amplitude, frequency and angle differences between the power system and the generator
need to be specified by the generator manufacturer here. It is also important to ensure that the resulting
equalizing current does not exceed the mechanical strength of the switchgear system. When setting the
parameters of the synchronizing device, it is important to ensure that the connection zone is within
manufacturer tolerances.

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 ΔV

Manufacturer specification

Parameter of the
synchronizing device

Δff

Theoretical permitted zone

Connecting zone of the

synchronizing device

Figure 3-2: Connection zone of a synchronizing device

As we can see from Figure 3-2, a difference in frequency between the two sides of the circuit breaker is also
permitted when connecting the circuit breaker. As the phase angle continuously changes with a constant
frequency difference (Figure 3-3), it is not possible to connect at all times.

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
V / p.u. ->

0.4
0.2 V1
0
-0.2 0 V2
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0,16 0.18
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
t / s ->

0° 0° 0°

f f
+90° -90° +90° -90° +90° -90°
f
0° 0°
180° 180° 180°
f
+90° -90° +90° -90°
f

180° 180°

Figure 3-3: Motion of the angular difference  based on the frequency difference f

So that the equalizing current is kept as low as possible when switched on, the connection must be made
when the angular difference is 0°. To take the close time of the circuit breaker into account, the CB close
command is issued before the zero passage, so that the circuit breaker poles come together precisely at the
zero passage point. The principle becomes clear when viewing Figure 3-4. To be able to predetermine this
time, however, the close time of the circuit breaker must always be measured.

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 Close time
CB switched
on
CB CLOSE
0°
Δf

+90° Δf
+90°

180°

Figure 3-4: Angular difference  when switching on the circuit breaker

3.2 Setting Values of the Synchronizing Device

Transformer data:
VT on power system side VT on generator side
110 kV / 100 V 110 kV / 100 V

Permitted differences when connecting:

Vmax fmax
0.02·Vn 0.1 Hz

Timing:
tmax close time
60 s 0.1 s

The phase sequence monitor is deactivated.

Switching during synchronous conditions is deactivated:

Voltage control commands:

Minimum pulse Maximum pulse
dV/dt of the controller Transient time
duration duration
20 ms 1s 4.0 V/s 2s

Frequency control commands:

Min. pulse Max. pulse df/dt of the
Transient time Target value
duration duration controller
20 ms 1s 0.15 Hz/s 2s 0.04 Hz

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3.3 Hardware-configuration

3.3.1 Analog Outputs

VBB L1 VGen L1

VBB L2 VGen L2

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3.3.2 Binary Inputs

3.3.3 Binary Outputs

Synch. Abort
Synch. Start

CB CLOSE
V> (higher)

f> (higher)
V< (lower)

f< (lower)

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3.4 Extension of the Test Object Definition
The synchronization function of a synchronizing device is tested using the test module Synchronizer. To be
able to use this module, the test object definition needs to be adjusted.

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 1

Since the 7VE632 does not possess a defined zone in which no control commands are issued, both values
of the dead zone (1 and 2) must be set to 0.

3.5 Testing the Connection Zone with the Function Test

To be able to begin testing the synchronizing device, the times must first be specified in the tab Settings.

The individual times have the following meaning here:

> Pre-sync. Time that passes before the start signal is issued, during which voltages are already
being output
> Max-Sync. Maximum duration of the synchronization process
> Post-sync. Time after completion of the synchronization process, during which voltages continue
to be output
> Delay Time that passes between two test points, during which no voltages are output

In the tab Function, individual test points are then positioned at the V-f plane. The CMC test set does not
react to control commands from the synchronizing device here. As such, it is possible to test the limits of the

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 connection zone. The values of the test points can also be entered manually. This also allows the difference
in starting angle of a test point to be set.

Attention: Due to the way the 7VE632 operates, it is not possible to test the Vmax limit with f = 0 using the
set of parameters defined.

For synchronization of generators, the function "Connection on synchronous power systems" has been
deactivated in the protection device, as it is only relevant for synchronization of power system sections.
However, deactivating this function causes the zone of synchronous power systems to be hidden from the
connection zone.

ΔV

Δf

Connecting zone of asynchronous power systems active

Connecting zone of sychronous power systems inactive

The switchover limit between synchronous and asynchronous power systems can be set between 10 and
40 mHz.

As a consequence of the values set, no CB close command is issued when the test point lies within the zone
marked in red. An LED also indicates that the conditions have been met for synchronous power systems.

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3.6 Testing the Control Commands with the Adjustment Test
Since a new module is used for this test, the test object definition and the tab Settings need to be adjusted
here. Unlike the function test, however, during this test the CMC test set reacts to the voltage and frequency
control commands being output by the synchronizing device. Yet to do this, the rate of change V/t of the
voltage and the rate of change f/t of the frequency need to be specified (1). In addition to the generator
model with linear rate of change, it is also possible to specify other generator models.

The test points can then be positioned at the V-f plane.

When starting the test, the outputted voltages and frequency now do NOT remain constant on the generator
side. The values of the CMC test set are adjusted in line with the duration of the control pulses and the rates
of change set. The gradient is displayed at the V-f plane.

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 It is then possible to check in the Signal View whether the control signals fall outside the range set for pulse
duration and the minimum dead time between two pulses.

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4 Restricted Earth Fault Protection

4.1 Introduction
For external phase-to-phase or three-phase faults the transformer differential protection relays have no
problems measuring the short-circuit currents. This is not the case, however, with phase-to-earth faults.

transformer phase-to-earth fault

YNyn(d) reference winding= secondary

Isc

protected zone

Figure 4-1 Current distribution at a external phase-to-earth fault

The zero sequence current flowing on the star side of the power transformer will not produce a current
outside the delta on the other side. Therefore the zero sequence must be eliminated from the currents seen
by the relay. The way the elimination is achieved is different for conventional and numerical relays.

Note: The elimination methods of conventional relays with interposing transformers is not part of this
document

Numerical relays can use two variants of the zero-sequence elimination.

Zero-sequence current elimination methods for

numerical relays

arithmetical measured

internal correction of the currents HV MV

Y d5
by means of mathematically a
b
models
c

üE

I'SL
Disadvantage, in analogy to 3I'0

electromechanical relays with YdY-

interposing current transformers the Diffrelais
relay is by the factor 1/3 insensibly

Note: Digital relays, which use the numerical zero sequence elimination, have a sensibility reduced by
1/3. This effect is critical for power transformers with low-resistance or solid earthing.
Especially, if the fault is near the transformer star point.

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 For transformers with low-resistance or solidly earthed starpoint the restricted earth fault protection scheme
(REF) is provided. The value of the earth fault current may be limited by any impedance in the earth path or
by the percentage of the winding involved in the fault. This function is provided to achieve short fault
clearance times and increased sensitivity even if the biased differential protection does not operate because
of a limited earth fault current or load current.

Note: The current limitation depends on the earthing system

4.1.1 Current Limitation on an Impedance Earthed Transformer Starpoint

87
Source

I Source

64

I Fault

Figure 4-2: REF applied to an impedance earthed system (Example)

Note: The fault current depends on the impedance between neutral and earth and on the fault point
voltage which corresponds to the fault location. The value of the current is directly proportional
to the location of the fault.

Figure 4-3: Fault current on an impedance earthed transformer starpoint

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4.1.2 Current Limitation on a Solidly Earthed Transformer Starpoint

87
Source

I Source

64

I Fault

Figure 4-4: REF applied to a solidly earthed system (Example)

Note: The fault current depends on the leakage reactance of the winding when no arc resistance is
taken into consideration. The diagram shows that for the major part of the winding an operating
current for the differential relay exists. The REF alone provides more sensitivity for this network
than the differential protection.

Figure 4-5: Fault current on an solidly earthed transformer starpoint

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4.2 Application Example
The following example is based the configuration shown below:

Ynyn 0
160 MVA
231kV/115.5kV

400A/1A 600A/1A

800A/1A

87/64

The settings as well as the bias definition of this protection function depend on the manufacturer. For the
relays used in this example, the settings are:

SIEMENS 7UT613 AREVA P633

Idiff> = 0.15 In
I 87G = 0.15 In
Idiff>> = 10.0 In

4.3 Hardware Configuration

To test the restricted earth fault without rewiring during the test, a 7th current output is necessary. This can
be provided by the CMA 156. But as the restricted earth fault protection is used to protect against phase-to-
ground faults, the non faulty currents are 0. In this case the six current outputs of the CMC 256 or CMC 356
are sufficient. However, if you choose this option, the relay has to be rewired during the test. A structure of
the test shown below:

You can see that two global Hardware Configurations are needed for this test. But as the binary signals do
not differ, only the analog outputs have to be adjusted.

Note: The following explanations focus on testing the restricted earth fault protection function with not
more than 6 current outputs.

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4.3.1 Analog Outputs for Phases A and B

4.3.2 Analog Outputs for Phase C

4.3.3 Binary Inputs

4.3.4 Binary Outputs

For this test, no binary outputs are necessary.

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4.4 Testing the Stability against External Faults
The first test ensures that the relay does not trip due to external faults. It also checks, if the CT at the
starpoint grounding is connected in the right direction. For this test, the State Sequencer is used. As no
protection function should trip during this test, the currents on all sides of the transformer have to be
calculated correctly. In order to do that, the CT ratios of the phase CTs on all sides, the CT ratio of the
Ground CT, the transformer voltage ratio as well as the vector group have to be taken into account. If done
by hand, the necessary calculations take much time. Therefore a tool has been prepared, to do these
calculations.

This tool includes the tripping characteristics of the Siemens 7UT613 as well as the Areva P633. For testing
the stability against external faults, a fault outside the protected zone has to be entered. The resulting
currents are entered in the State Sequencer.

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 Settings in the test module
State Current Outputs Time limit Trigger
Prefault 0A 1s None
External Fault Calculated by the tool REF.xlsm 1s Trip 0 => 1
Postfault 0A 1s None

This test is done for each phase.

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4.5 Pick-up Test
After testing the stability, the pick-up value of the restricted earth fault can be tested. This is done with the
Ramping test module. For the relays used in this training, it is sufficient to only test with the starpoint current.

Settings in the test module:

Ramp Trigger Nominal Value Dev. + Dev. -
1 None --- --- ---
2 Trip 0 => 1 I0 Sec = IREF> = 150 mA 7.5 mA 7.5 mA
3 Trip 1 => 0 I0 Sec = IREF> · Pick-up ratio = 105 mA 7.5 mA 7.5 mA

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4.6 Tripping Characteristic Test
The tripping characteristics of the restricted earth fault are tested with the State Sequencer. With the tool
REF.xlsm the test points can be placed around the tripping characteristic. E.g. the tripping characteristic is
tested with 2 pairs of test points.

Settings in the test module

State Current Outputs Time limit Trigger
No Fault 1 0A 1s None
Fault 1 Calculated by the tool REF.xlsm 1s Trip 0 => 1
No Fault 2 0A 1s None
Fault 2 Calculated by the tool REF.xlsm 1s Trip 0 => 1
No Fault 3 0A 1s None
Fault 3 Calculated by the tool REF.xlsm 1s Trip 0 => 1
No Fault 4 0A 1s None
Fault 4 Calculated by the tool REF.xlsm 1s Trip 0 => 1
No Fault 5 0A 1s None

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5 EnerLyzer

5.1 Preface
The test tool EnerLyzer offers extraordinary functions: Following prior configuration, the inputs otherwise
only used as binary can also be used as analog inputs. It can also be used in parallel with the test module
QuickCMC, allowing electrical variables to be measured and output at the same time.

The test tool EnerLyzer offers four different modes, with which the connected signals can be analyzed:

> Multimeter
> Transient recording
> Harmonic analysis
> Trend recording

You will need a license to be able to use the full scope of functions. Only the Multimeter function is available
in the basic version.

In the following, the CMC test device is to be connected to the public power network to highlight the
functionality of the four measurement modes.-

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5.2 Hardware Configuration

Since the CMC test device is not to output any signals, only the inputs need to be configured.- This is
selected in the line Function. Voltage and current are relevant for the functions of the test tool EnerLyzer.

If one of these is set, the Nominal range must be entered in the line beneath it. Currents can only be
measured using clip-on ammeters with voltage outputs. The transformer ratio must also be specified for this.

In our example, the tenth input is being used as a voltage input.

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5.3 Input Configuration

To be able to use the test tool EnerLyzer correctly, an Input configuration needs to be made. This setting
window is opened by clicking on a button directly next to the button Hardware configuration.- The
individual phase voltages or currents are assigned to three-phase systems by dragging and dropping the
icons from the top row of inputs to the desired field.- Power levels to be determined from a voltage and a
current can also be defined. This configuration is required, as automatic assignment of the signals often fails
to set this up correctly. The figure shows an example with three voltages and three currents. No input
configuration is required for our practical example, as we are only using one voltage.-

Double-clicking on one of the signals opens another setting window.

5.4 Configuring an Input

The same settings can essentially be made in this window as in the hardware configuration. However,
here you can also enter transformer ratios. This allows the display of the signals to be switched over from
secondary values to primary values.

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5.5 Multimeter

In this operating mode, the measured variables are shown in a table. If three-phase systems have been
configured in the Input configuration, the symmetrical components are also displayed. All signals can be
displayed in vector diagrams.

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5.6 Transient Recording

In this operating mode, the connected signals can be recorded and saved as a "Comtrade" file. They can
then be analyzed using the test tool Trans-View.

A start time for the recording can be configured under Trigger setting.- A
criterion of power quality, for example a "notch" or a deviation from the
nominal frequency, can be defined as the start time. The transient recording
can also be started by a rising or falling edge of a signal.-

The duration of the recording is specified in the section Acquisition

parameters.

If a trigger condition is used for starting the recording, a pre-trigger length

can also be defined. Signals are then included in the recording for an
adjustable time prior to the occurrence of the trigger condition up to the actual
trigger signal.

Since the recording takes place in the CMC test device and the files are only
transferred to the computer afterwards, the length of the recording is limited
by the available memory of the CMC test device.- This maximum recording length also depends on how
many signals are being recorded and at what sampling frequency. A higher sampling frequency allows
analysis of very high harmonics, but reduces the maximum recording length.-

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5.7 Harmonic analysis

In the mode Harmonic analysis, harmonics contained in the measured signal are displayed as bar graphs.
This makes it easy to read off the amplitudes of the individual harmonics. For more precise analyses, users
can switch over to the two table views Summary and Details.

The THD is, for example, displayed in the Summary View.

In the Detail View, the proportions of harmonics in the measured signal, as well as the amplitudes and
phases of the respective harmonic, are displayed in a table.

The configuration of the harmonic analysis and the Snapshot View are called up using the highlighted
buttons.-

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 The number of harmonics to be recorded can be set in the
adjustment range General.

The reference channel for all specified phases is also set.

The following settings can only be made when Advanced >> has
been activated.

A high sampling frequency is required for a large number of

harmonics.

The Averaging function can be used to set whether the values

displayed are to be determined across multiple measurements or
not.

The Snapshot View shows the time signal

being analyzed. The harmonic analysis is
stopped while this view is being displayed.

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5.8 Trend Recording

In the mode Trend recording, various parameters of the measured signals can be logged over long time
periods.

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6 TransView and Advanced TransPlay

6.1 Preface
Recorded signals can be examined using the test tool TransView.
The test module Advanced TransPlay, on the other hand, is used to process and output recorded signals to
a test object. These might be fault reports exported from a protection device following a fault incident or
operations simulated with a program.

The test module Advanced TransPlay and the test tool TransView support various file formats here:
> COMTRADE format with three files:
- CFG: COMTRADE configuration file, used to describe fault report channels (signal names, sampling
frequency, etc.).
- DAT: COMTRADE file with the sample values of the fault report channels.
- HDR: "Header file", which contains any data-related text that is not used by the software.
> L4 format with a PL4 file.
> TRF format with a TRF file.

The test module Advanced TransPlay can be used as a standalone module or within an OCC test
document.-

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6.2 Examining a Fault Report Using the Test Tool "TransView"
A fault report can be opened using the test tool TransView by selecting the corresponding CFG file.

Various views are available for assessing a fault report using the test tool TransView:

> The view Time signals shows the time response of the recorded signals in either current or effective
values.
> In the view Vector diagrams, the measured variables are displayed in vector diagrams at the current
cursor position.
> Response plots of complex variables, such as impedances, can also be displayed in an R-X diagram.
> The view Harmonics shows the amplitudes of the harmonics contained in the recorded signals.
> In the view Table, variables of the recorded signals, such as magnitude and phase, are displayed in a
table at the current cursor position.
> A Fault locator is also integrated for distance protection. Once relevant variables such as the
impedance coating of the line have been defined, the fault locator can be used to determine the distance
to the fault based on the recorded currents and voltages.

Users can switch between display of primary and secondary values in all views.
The button Assign signals can be used to add signals, for example of symmetrical components, to
individual views.

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6.3 Adding the Test Module "Advanced TransPlay" to a Test Template

The test module Advanced TransPlay can be added to the test report in the OCC.

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6.4 Working with the Test Module "Advanced TransPlay"

6.4.1 Importing Transient Data

Via Import... in the File menu, the recorded signals can be imported from their storage location into the test
module Advanced TransPlay.

Once the transient data has been loaded, a predefined profile can be selected. This is, however, not
necessary to play the incident. Profiles of this nature contain a set of test settings. These settings include
assignment of the binary and analog signals in the Detail View, as well as their properties displayed in the
test module Advanced TransPlay, the various measurement conditions, the positions and names of state
markers and the number of signal repetitions (settings made by right-clicking in the Time Signal View). You
can save these settings in a profile and then use this on an imported fault report.

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6.4.2 Hardware configuration
The analog and binary signals required for playing the fault report or recording binary signals are configured
in the hardware configuration.

6.4.3 Settings in the Detail View

> General

A Start test condition is specified on the tab General.

Alongside the option to start outputting the signal immediately, a
binary signal or a synchronization pulse can also be defined as
start conditions.

Under Pre-playback, a static signal to be output before

playback of the recorded signals can be set. This signal is a
symmetrical three-phase sine signal (i.e. with a 120° phase shift
between the phases). If the duration is set to zero seconds, no
pre-playback occurs.

The number of repetitions of the transient file and the pauses

between them can be entered here.

The sampling frequency of the imported data is specified under

Original.
The value can be changed to the maximum value for output
here.

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 > Binary outputs

The binary outputs can be used to transmit recorded binary

signals to the protection device.

> Analog outputs

"Scaling" can be used to adjust the values of the recorded

signals to the device connected and to be tested (e.g.
100%  400 A, 0.25%  1 A or 100%  1 A, 500%  5 A).

6.4.4 Measurement View

In the Measurement View, time assessments can be performed for the freely selectable binary inputs.

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6.4.5 Signal View

There are three display modes in the Signal View:

> Original mode: In this mode, the Signal View of the imported incident is kept open.
> Expanded mode: When adjustments have been made, for example to alter the scaling of the values,
these can be seen in this mode.
> Test results: When playback is started, the measured signals are recorded and displayed in this
screen.

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 > Signal properties

The display type can be changed for each analog

signal.

Users can also define whether primary or

secondary data is present. The transformers can
also be specified.

To highlight the signals important for this test from

the many binary signals, the color of each signal
can be changed.

6.4.6 Adding Repetitions

The test module Advanced TransPlay is capable of adding repetitions to an imported incident. For example,
if the prefault of an incident recording is not sufficient to fill the protection device's voltage memory, the trip
time can become much longer during playback. Prefault output can be extended to prevent this. This is done
by playing the section between the two cursors again.

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 A corresponding dialog window opens for this. The
results of additions can only be seen in Expanded
mode.

6.4.7 Expanded Mode

The repetitions added can be seen in this mode.

These are highlighted by the points Rep.1 start
and Rep.1 end.

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6.4.8 Test Results

The outputted signals and the

measured binary inputs can be
examined in the view Test Results. If
multiple repetitions are set for
playback, each single pass can be
viewed via Measurement no..

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6.5 Example of Application
A transformer differential protection has tripped incorrectly for a fault on a neighboring line. To investigate
this incorrect tripping, the fault report of the distance protection device is read on the overvoltage or
undervoltage side of the transformer. For further analysis, the two fault reports are to be merged and edited
in the following. These are then to be played using the test module Advanced TransPlay to test the
differential protection device.
To do this, first the fault report of the overvoltage side is opened and then the setting window Edit fault
report.

To be able to differentiate the signals of the two fault reports from one
another later on, an Additional index for signal name is entered here.

The button Add is used to add the fault report of the undervoltage side
and also attach an Additional index for signal name.

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 The signals of the second fault report are displayed below the signals of the first fault report. To make the
whole screen easier to read and understand, the position of the signals can be changed and any signals not
needed can be deleted. In this example, the triggers of both fault reports have been placed in a window, the
current and voltage icon of the overvoltage and undervoltage side arranged below one another and the
binary signals deleted.

At the time at which the fault occurs, we can clearly see that the recorded signals of the overvoltage and
undervoltage side are not synchronous.

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 To synchronize the two fault reports, the time at which each fault occurs is highlighted using a cursor. Fault
report A, i.e of the overvoltage side, must be highlighted with the yellow cursor. The blue cursor is moved to
the time at which the fault occurs in fault report B, the undervoltage side.

The setting window Synchronize fault reports is then opened by hitting the button Edit. This setting
window can be confirmed by hitting "OK" without making any further changes. The two fault reports are now
synchronous.

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 By hitting File, the setting window Comtrade export is now opened to save the two edited fault reports in a
single COMTRADE fault report.

Signals to be included in the new fault report can also

be selected in this setting window. In this example,
only the two current icons are copied to the new fault
report. After selecting the signals required, the new
COMTRADE fault report is saved.

The further processing and editing of this fault report take place in the test module Advanced TransPlay.

In the test module Advanced TransPlay the local hardware configuration is first adjusted. 6 currents are
required. A trigger signal and a Trip-command are also to be issued on the binary inputs of the CMC test set
for the incident analysis.

The fault report previously created can then be imported into the test module Advanced TransPlay and the
individual signals assigned to the outputs of the CMC test set.

The signals used here are primary currents. These need to be converted to secondary values using
corresponding scaling. The current transformer of the overvoltage side has a transformer ratio of 400 A/1 A.
The secondary current therefore corresponds to 0.25% of the primary current. A 600 A/1 A current
transformer is used on the undervoltage side. The secondary current is therefore 0.167% of the primary
current.

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 Since the original fault reports do not start at the same time, there is a problematic starting time in the
merged fault report. While the currents of the one system have already been output, those of the other
system are still zero. To avoid this, cursor 1 (yellow) must be moved until both current systems are
displaying steady-state signals. After right-clicking on the data marker "Start", the option Edit... is then
selected.

The time at which playback is to start is then specified by clicking on << Cursor 1. Alternatively, the start
time can be entered manually.

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 To extend the prefault time for the incident analysis, repetitions are added to the signal. To do this, a signal
is selected (for example current IL1 of the overvoltage side) and two zero passes of this signal are each
marked with a cursor in such a way that the two cursors encapsulate a full period.

A repetition is then added via the menu item Edit. In the setting window Data markers that opens, the
number of repetitions to be added can be specified. A prefault state of approximately 2 s is to be generated
here, so 100 repetitions are set.

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 The resulting signal, which takes into account the repetitions and the scaling of the signals, can be viewed in
Expanded mode within the Time Signal View.

The test can then be started. Here, the signals are played back and the binary inputs defined in the

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7 Harmonics

7.1 Preface
The tool Harmonics allows signals with superimposed harmonics to be generated both quickly and easily.

7.2 Test View

In the Test View, all parameters (amplitude, phase and frequency) of the fundamental component are
defined.

The Pre-signal time and Post-signal time are set in the section Signal Definition. Only the fundamental
component is output during these time ranges without any harmonics. A signal with superimposed
harmonics is only output during the Signal time.

Should a protective function of the protection device to be tested trip during the signal time, the system is
switched over to the post-signal immediately. For this to happen, the trigger condition must be configured
and the corresponding binary input be specified in the hardware configuration.

The desired proportion of harmonics can be defined in the table in the lower part of the window. Whether
entry of the harmonics is made in relation to the fundamental component or in absolute values, it is specified
in the settings section Harmonic input.

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7.3 Definition of Harmonics

When entering harmonics, the desired harmonic is first entered in the column Order. The individual
amplitudes and phases can then be set. In this example, a current with 2nd and 5th order harmonics is being
generated. The voltage output contains the 7th order harmonic.

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