1

READING AND WRITING SKILLS

THIRD QUARTER: WEEK 1
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

Name of Learner: _____________________________________________________

Section: ____________________________________________ Date: __________

Background Information:
As mentioned in your previous subject, Oral Communication in Context, communication is defined
as a way of expressing one's thoughts, feelings, insights, opinions, and others. Aside from
speaking and listening, a person can also communicate through writing. Writing is defined as a
physical and mental act of expressing ideas by developing them into statements and paragraphs
that will be understandable to readers (Nunan, 2003).

You have known that a paragraph is a group of sentences that expresses a complete thought
from the start. One way of developing a paragraph is by considering the writer's purpose. Does
the writer aim to narrate, describe, define, exemplify, compare, classify, persuade, argue, or give
solutions to a problem? This week's discussion focuses on the first five patterns of written texts
across disciplines: Narrative, Descriptive, Definition, Example, and Comparison, as defined by
Peña and Anudin (2016).

1. Narrative refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events chronologically, from

start to finish. It can be based on personal experience or knowledge gained from reading
or observation. For example, suppose you are interested in writing your daily routines
during community quarantines. In that case, narration can be used as your writing pattern.

Every day, I wake up at 6:00 a.m. Before eating my breakfast, I drink two glasses
of water to energize my body. After eating my breakfast, I take a bath and answer my
modules according to my schedule. I usually take a nap for 15 minutes during the lunch
break to recharge my body. Then, I go back to my modules. After class, I help prepare our
dinner and wash the dishes to ensure that I become productive by doing my
responsibilities at home and school.

2. Descriptive is used to provide details by allowing readers to create a mental picture of

how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. It may be similar to the narrative.
However, a descriptive paragraph becomes another writing pattern through the words
used, such as adjectives that describe a person, place, event, and other things in the
section. It is also often used to establish a mood or an atmosphere. For example, suppose
you want to describe a special place you have visited before. In that case, you may use
Descriptive as a pattern of writing your paragraph.

Baguio is my most favorite place in the Philippines. I love the cold breeze and
historical places like Camp John Hay and the Philippine Military Academy. They give me
a perfect description of a calm and serene environment brought by pine trees and different
 2

plants. I also like the sweet and sour taste of fresh strawberries. The people there are also
friendly, hospitable, and nice, especially when they know that I am a tourist. Most of all,
the place gives me a feeling of relief because of its comforting ambiance. It makes me
appreciate the beauty of life even more when I am at this place.

3. Definition is the understanding of the essence of a word, an idea, or an expression. It

simply defines an idea to inform or clarify a concept to the reader. In defining, a writer may
use the denotation or connotation of a word. Denotation is the dictionary, literal, or primary
meaning of a word, while connotation is implied or associated. Like the description, a
definition can also use adjectives to describe, especially if a writer applies connotations.
However, the definition is the exact meaning of a word correctly and collectively accepted
by the readers and is used when writing academic papers like research articles and
textbooks. At the same time, a description varies from one person to another. To make
you understand this concept better, read the example of a definition paragraph titled "E-
mail" by Younggren (2005).

E-mail is not something that you can hold in your hand, send in the mail, and a
stamp is not needed to send it. E-mail is simply mail put into digital form and sent to its
recipient through the Internet. Because of the technological advances of society, mail has
been turned into something computer made that can be sent anyplace, anytime, as long
as there is an Internet connection. For instance, a person does not have to wait until the
post office is open to sending an important letter or message. All they have to do is simply
get on to the Internet and come up with a draft and hit the send button. Also, the person
looking to send the mail does not have to pay for the sometimes-expensive postage price,
but rather the monthly cost of Internet access. Because of the development of E-mail,
people can send messages without the hassle and in a timely fashion. The E-mail also
helps businesses communicate throughout their company simply with the push of a button.
As time goes on, the e-mail will advance while physical mailing will slowly be turned into
something of the past.

4. Example or exemplification is used to explain a concept by giving examples. In contrast

with Definition wherein, the meaning of a word is given, in exemplification, the idea is
presented by providing specific and appropriate examples – facts, specific cases, or
instances to elaborate on the main idea of a paragraph. The paragraph below
demonstrates how Exemplification is used in writing by giving examples of parents'
complaints about the opening of classes this school year. Kindly note that the examples
given are based on the news on television and are not used to give negative comments
or notions about parents.

Most parents complain about the pursuance of classes this school year. Some
concrete examples of these complaints include the following: First, the students cannot
have full access to online classes because most of them do not have an internet
connection. Second, most parents are working and do not have much time to guide their
children in answering the modules. Lastly, most parents prefer face-to-face classes rather
than the "new normal" schooling.

5. Comparison (and contrast) is demonstrated by giving an analogy or figurative language

like similes and metaphors to highlight similarities and differences of usually two or more
concepts. An example of a paragraph comparing and contrasting oceans and lakes, which
was written by Barger (2020), is provided below.
 3

Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both
are bodies of water, but oceans are very large bodies of saltwater, while lakes are much
smaller bodies of freshwater. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while oceans are
what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in them. The ocean is home
to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller forms of life.
When it is time for a vacation, both will make a great place to visit and enjoy.

Learning Competency with code:

Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines (Narrative, Descriptive,
Definition, Example, and Comparison)

Exercise A
Instructions: Identify the specific pattern of written texts (Narrative, Descriptive, Definition,
Example, or Comparison) defined or described in the sentences below. Example sentences for
a possible paragraph are also given for numbers 6-15. Focus on the words used to easily identify
the specific pattern of paragraph writing. Write A for Narrative, B for Descriptive, C for Definition,
D for Example, and E for Comparison on a separate sheet of paper.

Example: B 1. It makes use of adjectives to describe a particular thing in a paragraph.

____ 1. It tells a story or recounts an event.

____ 2. It is used to discuss a concept by giving its similarities and differences.
____ 3. It explains a claim by providing examples.
____ 4. It adds vivid details to create a sense of experience for readers.
____ 5. It uses denotations and connotations to inform the readers of what the concept is all
about.
____ 6. "Today, I realized that life is full of surprises. Life is amazing and wonderful even these
days of the pandemic. It is the best and most precious gift from the Almighty."
____ 7. "Sheena likes sweet food. She always eats cake, chocolate, ice cream, and doughnuts."
____ 8. "Deja vu is a French word meaning 'already seen.' It has also been described as a feeling
or experience that one has seen or done something before" (Ming, 2005).
____ 9. "Oral Communication in Context and Reading and Writing Skills are both core subjects
in senior high school. However, Oral Communication in Context focuses on developing students'
speaking and listening skills. In contrast, Reading and writing skills emphasize reading and writing
skills."
____ 10. "I asked my parents to buy me a study table, so I can enjoy the comfort of studying at
home. Then, I also requested my sister to be patient with me whenever I ask her to help me in
answering my modules."
____ 11. "Adobo refers to a method of marinating and stewing for any cut of meat or fish in a briny
mixture of vinegar, soy sauce, and spices."
____ 12. "It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with a start. It was the day he would
become the first human being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had begun several days
earlier, when on July 16th, the Apollo 11 launched from Earth headed into outer space."
 4

____ 13. "A racist can be defined as a prejudiced person who discriminates because of another
individual's outer appearance or race" (Fauque, 2005).
____ 14. "Books are credible resource materials to consult when looking for definitions of
concepts. Some examples are dictionaries, thesauri, encyclopedias, and manuals.'
____ 15. "Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio are both Filipino heroes. Rizal was born in Calamba,
Laguna, while Bonifacio was a child of Tondo, Manila."

Exercise B
Instructions: Read the paragraph on online learning and traditional learning environments.
Classify the given paragraph enclosed in rectangle according to the pattern of written texts
(Narrative, Descriptive, Definition, Example, or Comparison). Using 2-3 sentences in bullet form,
explain the reason for the classification of the paragraph. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper. You may get 10 points for this activity, divided into 5 points for correctly identifying the
paragraph and another 5 points for the justification given.

This time of the pandemic, online learning is used as one of the modes of learning
delivery. Just like traditional learning, online learning also requires a great amount of work.
Both emphasize giving and receiving feedback from students and teachers and that they
both have to manage their time wisely to accomplish their tasks related to the teaching-
learning process. Moreover, the challenges and rewards are the same in each
environment. However, online learning includes both synchronous and asynchronous
learning. Students need an internet connection to submit the activities. In the traditional
classroom, students use paper and pen to complete the given tasks. Students' voices and
raising of hands are also observed by the teachers during recitations. Given the analogy
between the two, it is emphasized that education is very possible despite all circumstances
that may happen and that the quality of education will not be sacrificed.

Exercise C
Instructions: Choose one specific pattern of written texts across disciplines (Narrative,
Descriptive, Definition, Example, or Comparison). Then, write a paragraph with 5-10 sentences
about one of the suggested topics below or anything that may interest you. A rubric is given to
guide you to achieve a very good score. Kindly note that the number of sentences would not affect
your score as long as they are 5-10. Put your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
• "New Normal" Schooling
• Social Distancing
• Stories about Front liners
• Staying at home
• Experiences during Community Quarantines

Checklist for Scoring

Criteria VGE GE SE LE N
5 4 3 2 1
1. The paragraph is written based on the chosen
pattern of written texts across disciplines.
 5

2. The paragraph is meaningfully and clearly written.

3. The words used are appropriately chosen and
written based on the topic.
TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL /15
Legend: VGE – To a very great extent; GE – To a great extent; SE – To some extent; LE – To a
little extent; N – Not at all

References for Learners:

Peña, Andrew Rey S. and Anudin, Ali G. 2016. Reading and Writing. Quezon City: Vibal Group,
Inc.
Morgan, Kori. 2016. Compare and Contrast Online Vs. Classroom Instruction. Retrieved from
http://education.seattlepi.com/compare-contrast-online-vs-classroom-instruction-
1757.html

Answer Key:

Exercise A
1. A
2. E
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. E
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. D
15. E
Answers may vary for Exercise B.
Exercise C
The paragraph is an example of a Comparison. Answers may vary for the explanation.

Prepared:
KATHLYN JOY B. GALANG
T-III/Reading and Writing Skills Teacher
Angeles City National High School-SHS
6
 READING AND WRITING SKILLS
THIRD QUARTER: WEEK 2
Name of Learner: ________________________
Section: _______________________________ Date: ___________________

Background Information:

A paragraph is considered a miniscule composition. Therefore, understanding the different

development patterns is the first step to starting your composition (Labay et al., 2014).
Different development patterns are employed to achieve the purpose of writing a written form
of communication. These patterns, such as description, definition, comparison and contrast,
narration, persuasion, and argumentation, answer the 'how' questions (Mosura, 1999).
The chosen development pattern depends on the writer's purpose and reactions to different
contexts.
The following are the different developmental patterns that can be used in writing.
Classification
This developmental pattern categorizes things, people, or ideas into divisions, classes,
or groups such as types, factors, features, and many more. This pattern aids the mind in
handling several irrelevant ideas because the details are grouped into some order.
Sample Paragraph

Malinowski proposed a three-way classification for folktales and distinguished between myth, legend,
and fairy stories. He suggested that the first of these represents a statement of a higher and more
important truth of primeval reality. As such, it is regarded as sacred. Fairy stories, on the other hand,
are simply entertainment. Consequently, nobody attaches any particular significance to them, believing
them to be true. Legends, however, are believed to be true historical accounts.
Source: The University of New Kingdom (U.N.E.)

Cause and Effect

It is the development pattern that primarily answers Why-questions. This pattern also
states that for every cause, there is an effect. Lastly, this writing discusses why something
happened, why certain conditions occurred, or why certain things resulted in another thing.

Sample Paragraph

Snoring is a natural thing humans and animals do. However, it can be annoying to sleep around people
who snore. Often, people say it is the bane of their existence to hear their husband, lover, or what have
you snore throughout the night, ending up with insomnia. That is why many people search on Google,
"Why do people snore?" It is one of the most asked questions on the Internet. The common causes of
snoring are age, weight, basic biology of the sexes, nasal and sinus issues, taking certain substances
(alcohol, smoking, particular medications), and sleep position.
Source: resmed.com.au
Problem-Solution
The problem-solution pattern is somewhat similar to the Cause and Effect pattern in
structure but highly different in content. This pattern emphasizes the problems of a particular
situation and gives solutions to the given problems. Problem-solution has the following
composition: a.) situation; b.) problem; c.) solution; and evaluation (Smith, 2019).
Sample Paragraph

Consumption of processed and convenience foods and our dependence on the car have led to an
increase in obesity and reduction in the fitness level of the adult population. In some countries,
especially industrialized ones, the number of obese people can amount to one third of the
population. This is significant as obesity and poor fitness lead to a decrease in life expectancy, and it is
therefore important for individuals and governments to work together to tackle this issue and improve
their citizens' diet and fitness.

Obesity and poor fitness decrease life expectancy. Overweight people are more likely to have serious
illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, which can result in premature death. It is well known that
regular exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, which means that those with poor
fitness levels are at an increased risk of suffering from those problems.

Changes by individuals to their diet and their physical activity can increase life expectancy. There is a
reliance today on the consumption of processed foods, which have a high fat and sugar content. By
preparing their own foods, and consuming more fruit and vegetables, people could ensure that their
diets are healthier and more balanced, which could lead to a reduction in obesity levels. In order to
improve fitness levels, people could choose to walk or cycle to work or to the shops rather than taking
the car. They could also choose to walk up stairs instead of taking the lift. These simple changes could
lead to a significant improvement in fitness levels.

Governments could also implement initiatives to improve their citizens' eating and exercise habits. This
could be done through education, for example by adding classes to the curriculum about healthy diet
and lifestyles. Governments could also do more to encourage their citizens to walk or cycle instead of
taking the car, for instance by building more cycle lanes or increasing vehicle taxes. While some might
argue that increased taxes are a negative way to solve the problem, it is no different from the high taxes
imposed on cigarettes to reduce cigarette consumption.

In short, obesity and poor fitness are a significant problem in modern life, leading to lower life
expectancy. Individuals and governments can work together to tackle this problem and so improve diet
and fitness. Of the solutions suggested, those made by individuals themselves are likely to have more
impact, though it is clear that a concerted effort with the government is essential for success. With
obesity levels in industrialized and industrializing countries continuing to rise, it is essential that we take
action now to deal with this problem.
Source: EAPFoundation.com

Persuasion
Persuasion is the pattern that is present in almost every material. It aims to convince the
readers that the material is well-constructed. The given recommendation (if there are any) is
the best move. This pattern's critical goal is to refute the other side of an issue (Mosura, 1999).

Sample Paragraph
Mandatory minimum sentencing is harmful to the human race. It is a form of discrimination;
many people receive long sentences for minor crimes. We should overturn mandatory
minimum sentencing rules and give judges more leeway in their decision-making.
Argumentative
Based on the article published by the Southeast Asian Academy in Education, this pattern
provides reasons, claims, or proof to convince the readers that the given argument is valid.

Sample Paragraph
Although I disagree with much that those who oppose animal testing say, I fully
endorse their final conclusion that there are many better alternatives to animal testing. The
Food and Drug Administration has stated that they may support the development and use of
alternatives to animal testing. Moreover, scientist have developed methods to test cosmetics
and personal products that are faster, cheaper and more accurate to animal testing. In other
words, there are better alternatives to animal testing and the F.D.A. agrees. Some readers
may challenge the view that animal testing can be done away with. After all, many believe that
it is impossible to eliminate the need for animals in research. Nonetheless, my discussion of
alternatives to animal testing is in fact the larger issue of choice. If we don't need to use
animals, why should we?
Learning Competency:

• Compare and contrast patterns of written text across disciplines

Exercise A
Directions: Identify the developmental pattern of the given paragraphs. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's
population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this. First, the increasing
industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in many factory jobs, which tended to be
located in cities. With their promise for a better material life, these jobs attracted many
people from rural areas. Second, many schools were established to educate the children
of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to
leave farming communities and move to the cities. Finally, people established leisure,
entertainment, and cultures as the towns grew, such as stadiums, theaters, and museums.
These facilities made city life appear more interesting for many people than life on-farm,
which drew them away from rural areas.

2. The Internet has evolved from simple dial-up technology to high-speed data networks. It
has undergone continuous evolution caused by the people's need to transmit high traffic
and high-bandwidth applications over the network. The Internet's continuous advancement
of software technology is the Local Area Network (LAN). It connects computers in one
location. The Wide Area Network (WAN) also interconnects different LANs. The Wireless
Fidelity (WiFi) Wimax allows wireless Internet access using Internet Protocol (I.P.). The
General Packet Radio Service Networks (GPRS) allows mobile users to access the Internet
using cellular phones. Then, there is the Voice Over Internet Protocol; (VOIP) which
enables telephone calls to use Internet Protocol (I.P.). Multimedia Streaming allows
Audio/Video streaming over the Internet. Then there is GigaPops (Gigabits-per-second
Point of Presence) which allows very high-speed transmission. Finally, the Grid Computing
cluster allows intensive computations to be distributed to thousands of computers and lets
them process computation simultaneously.
3. The school fair is right around the corner, and tickets have just gone on sale. We sell a
limited number of tickets at a discount, so move fast and get yours while they are still
available. It is going to be an event you will not want to miss! First off, the school fair is a
great value compared with other entertainment forms. Also, your ticket purchase will help
our school, and when you help the school, it helps the entire community. But that's not all!
Every ticket you purchase enters you in a drawing to win fabulous prizes. And don't forget,
you will have mountains of fun because there are acres and acres of great rides, fun games,
and entertaining attractions! Spend time with your family and friends at our school fair. Buy
your tickets now!

4. I do well in school, and people think I am smart because of it. But it's not true. Three
years ago, I struggled in school. However, two years ago, I decided to get serious about
school and made a few changes. First, I decided to become interested in whatever was
being taught, regardless of what other people thought. Second, I also decided to work hard
every day and never give up on any assignment. Third, I decided to never, never fall behind.
Finally, I decided to make school a priority over friends and fun. After implementing these
changes, I became an active participant in classroom discussions. Then my test scores
began to rise. I still remember the first time that someone made fun of me because "I was
smart." How exciting! It seems that being smart is simply a matter of working hard and
being interested. After all, learning a new video game is hard work, even when interested.
Unfortunately, learning a new video game doesn't help you get into college or get a good
job.

5. Piranhas comprise more than 30-60 species of fish, depending on whom you ask. The
many species fall into four genera: Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, Serrasalmus, and
Pristobrycon. Piranha in the Pygocentrus genus is the most common variety, the kind you
might find in a pet store. Pygopristis piranha is an herbivore, feasting on seeds and fruits,
not flesh. In contrast, fish in the Serrasalmus genus eat only meat, and their teeth are razor-
sharp. Finally, Pristobrycon is the least friendly of all piranhas; they often bite the fins of
other fish, even fish of the same species. The label piranha, then, refers to a wide variety
of species.

6. It's easy to see how science (and the technology to which it leads) is woven into the
fabric of our day-to-day activities; when we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods,
personal computers, and the Internet, we can immediately appreciate how science affects
the benefit of C.T. scanners, M.R.I. devices, pacemakers, and arterial stents' quality of our
lives. We assess the state of the world and identify looming challenges like climate change,
global pandemics, security threats, and diminishing resources. We don't hesitate in turning
to science to gauge the problems and find solutions.

And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the horizon—stem cells,
genomic sequencing, personalized medicine, longevity research, nanoscience, brain-
machine interface, quantum computers, space technology—we realize how crucial it is to
cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues; there's simply no other
way that as a society we will be prepared to make informed decisions on a range of topics
that will shape the future.

7. There are many types of stringed instruments. The violin family comprises the violin,
viola, cello, and double bass. Fretted instruments (frets are strips that show players where
to put their hands) include the banjo, mandolin, flute, ukulele, and guitar. Related to these
instruments are the lyre and the harp. The dulcimer, zither, and psaltery form another family
whose strings are stretched over flat sound boxes—finally, the keyboard stringed
instruments such as the piano, clavichord, and harpsichord.

8. Many of today's kids are engaged in sedentary pursuits made possible by a level of
technology unthinkable as recently as 25 to 30 years ago. Computer, video, and other
virtual games, the ready availability of feature films and games on DVD, plus high-tech
advancements in music-listening technology have come down into the range of affordability
for parents and even for the kids themselves. These passive pursuits have produced a
downside of reduced physical activity for the kids, often with the explicit or implicit consent
of the parents. Other relatively recent developments have also contributed to the alarming
rise in childhood obesity rates. For example, fast food outlets offer consumables that are
low in price and low in nutritional content. It has exploded all over the American landscape
since the 1960s, especially in suburban areas close to major highway interchanges. Kids
on their lunch breaks or after school often congregate in these fast food outlets, consuming
food and soft drinks high in sugar, carbohydrates, and fat. Many parents frequently take
their children to these fast food places, thus setting an example the kids can find justification
to emulate.

9. There are certain things that students can do if they suffer from exam anxiety. First, they
should get a good night's sleep the day before the exam. If they sleep well, they will
concentrate and do well in the exam. If not, this will cause more stress and anxiety. The
second effective solution is to change their poor study habits. If they study one day before
the exam, this will cause worry and stress. However, suppose they change such habits and
start to study regularly. In that case, this will give them confidence before and during the
exam. Finally, the last thing they should do is to think positively. When they think
positively, they will get rid of all their fears and worries—for example, visualizing
themselves as a student who has a high mark before the exam can make them feel
better. In summary, getting a good night's sleep, changing their poor study habits, and
thinking positive is effective solutions to exam anxiety.

10. Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to man. Laughter is powerful
and can help people in many different ways. It has the power to cure something as little as
a bad day or to heal the wounds of a terminally ill person. Laughing has helped create the
smile, the universal sign of well-being. Generally, individuals who do not laugh live
miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr. Robert Holden found out that smiling and laughing
releases endorphins in the brain, giving people overall happy well-being. Using comedy,
many doctors have stimulated the healing process in manic depressants and fatally ill
patients giving them hope and ambition. In many clinics, laughter is being used in replacing
anti-depressants and reduces the need for pain killers. Take comedians, for example. They
usually live long and happy lives. Putting a smile on faces and laughs in souls is what
makes life complete. Laughter helps heal people and brightens spirits for a better and
healthier life. Laughing is a sign of joy and hope and keeps people regular and the world
happy. Using the techniques of laughter and happiness is the best medicine known to man.
Laughter is the universal sign of well-being and happiness within health. Laughing
brightens the spirit and heals the mind and body of people who allow it to overcome them.
So try a smile and laugh on for size and live a happier life with loved ones.
Exercise B
Directions: Write a 2-paragraph essay about CoVid-19 using a pattern of your choice.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Rubric for grading the Essay

Criteria Excellent Good Fair Poor

(8-10) (6-7) (4-5) (1-3)

Focus and Details There is one clear, well- There is one clear, well- There is one topic. The topic and main
focused topic. Main focused topic. Main Ideas are somewhat ideas are not clear.
ideas are clear and are ideas are clear but are clear.
well supported by not well-supported by
detailed and accurate detailed information.
information.
Organization The introduction is The introduction states The introduction There is no clear
inviting. It also states the the main topic and states the main topic. introduction,
main topic and provides provides an overview of A conclusion is structure, or
an overview of the the paper. A conclusion included. conclusion.
paper. Information is is included.
relevant and presented
in a logical order. The
conclusion is strong and
striking.
Choice of words and The author uses vivid The author uses vivid The author uses The author uses a
fluency words and phrases. The words and phrases. words that limited vocabulary.
choice and placement of The choice and communicate clearly, Jargon or clichés
words seem accurate, placement of words are but the writing lacks may be present
natural, and not forced. inaccurate at times variety. and detract from
and/or seems the meaning.
overdone.
Mechanics, All sentences are well Most sentences are Most sentences are Sentences sound
Sentence Structure, constructed and have well constructed and well constructed, but awkward, are
Grammar and varied structure and have varied structure they have a similar distractingly
Spelling length. The author and length. The author structure and/or repetitive or so
makes no errors in makes a few errors in length. The author difficult to
grammar, mechanics grammar, mechanics makes several errors understand. The
and/or spelling. and/or spelling, but they in grammar, author makes
do not interfere with mechanics, and/or numerous errors in
understanding. spelling that interfere grammar,
with understanding. mechanics, and/or
spelling that
interfere with
understanding.

Prepared:

PRINCESS T. SANGALANG
SST-III/RWS Teacher
Angeles City Science High School-SHS
 10. Persuasive
9. Problem-Solution
8. Cause and Effect
7. Classification
6. Argumentative
5. Classification
4. Problem-Solution
3. Persuasive
2. Classification
1. Cause and effect

Answer Key

Answers may vary for Activity B.

References

Avanceña, A. 2014. A2011Crim 2 Case Digests. Retrieved November 05, 2020.

https://es.scribd.com/document/127137817/A2011Crim-2-Case-Digests

Libay, L. 2014. Communication skills in English. Manila, Philippines

LiteraryDevices Editors. 2013. "Metaphor" LiteraryDevices.net.

Lodge, D. 1997. The practice of writing. New York, NY, U.S.A.: Allen Lane.

Mackie Shilstone's Body Plan For Kids. (n.d.). Retrieved November 05, 2020, from
https://www.mackieshilstone.com/mackie-shilstones-body-plan-for-kids/
Mosura, C. 1999. Contemporary technical writing styles and strategies. Valenzuela, Philippines.

Nordquist, Richard. "Cause and Effect in Composition." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020,
thoughtco.com/cause-and-effect-composition-1689834.

Paragraph Development Examples. n.d. Retrieved November 05, 2020.

https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/paragraphs/paragraph-development-
examples/
Paragraph Development Examples. n.d. Retrieved November 05, 2020.
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/paragraphs/paragraph-development-
examples/
Pattern Based Writing: Quick & Easy Essay. (n.d.). Paragraph Examples: Expository, Narrative,
Persuasive, Descriptive, and More. Retrieved November 05, 2020, from
https://patternbasedwriting.com/elementary_writing_success/paragraph-examples/
Persuasive paragraphs. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://english120.pbworks.com/w/page/19007010/persuasion%20paragraph
Problem-Solution Essay. (n.d.). Retrieved November 05, 2020, from
https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/problemsolution/

Smith, S. 2019. Problem-solution. Retrieved November 05, 2020, from

https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/structure/
 1

READING AND WRITING

THIRD QUARTER: WEEK 3
WRITTEN TEXT BASED ON ITS PROPERTIES

Name of the Learner: ____________________________ Grade Level: __________

Section: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Background Information

Knowing the parts of a paragraph and an essay will help you form the framework
of your composition. Moreover, knowledge of the aspects that make a well-written text
will enable you to ensure the quality of your work. But, more importantly, the message
you want to communicate will effectively come through.
As a writer, it is important to think about what you say and how you say it. One
must also think about the style, tone, and clarity of their writing and adapt these elements
to the reading audience.
In this lesson, we are going to tackle the properties of a well-written text which are
the following: Organization, Coherence and Cohesion, Language Use, and
Mechanics.

Organization
The organization is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
Knowing the parts of a composition is an excellent help in adhering to the correct
organization of ideas. The sentences within a paragraph must also be organized logically.
Academic writing aims to present several ideas that somehow fit together to make
sense. However, sometimes the number of new concepts, words, and facts can be very
large and complex. Therefore, professors, textbook authors, and researchers use a
framework or plan that helps to communicate their ideas. There are several types of plans,
called organizational patterns, that can be identified in academic writing. They help the
author organize their thoughts in a way that makes sense. Hopefully, they will help you to
understand the material being presented.
 2

Here are the seven common types of patterns of organizations.

a. Chronological - when information in a passage is organized by the time each
event occurred.
b. Compare and Contrast - is a text structure or pattern of organization where
the similarities and differences of two or more things are explored. It is
important to remember that the text should discuss similarities and differences
with the compare and contrast text structure. If the reader only discusses
similarities, it is only comparing. Likewise, if it only discusses how things are
different, it is only contrasting.
c. Order of Importance - the writer or speaker prioritizes ideas or steps according
to a value hierarchy. When using the order of importance pattern of
organization, information can be structured from most important to least
important or least important to most important.
d. Sequence - is when information in a passage is organized by the order in which
it occurs. This method of organizing text is generally used for instructions or
directions. However, it can also explain processes in nature or society.
e. Spatial - spatial organization is when information in a passage is organized in
space or location.
f. Cause and Effect - paragraphs structured as cause and effect explain why
something happened or the effects of something. These paragraphs can be
ordered as causes and effects or as causes.
g. Problem and Solution - is a pattern of organization where information in a
passage is expressed as a dilemma or concerning issue (a problem) and
something that was, can be, or should be done to remedy this issue (solution
or attempted solution).

Organization can be achieved through the following techniques: Physical Format,

Signal Words, and Structure.

• Physical Format
 3

The format is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the

reader. It is seen in how the text physically appears, like headings and
subheadings, bullet points, or font emphasis.
Example:
Marxist ideology has three main theories. First, historical materialism
purports that all the features of society can historically be traced back to economic
activities. Social class in capitalist societies produces unjust structures of power
that exist today. Socialism would be the next rational step for the development of
human culture.
 The words in bold are the three most important Marxist theories that the first
sentence refers to. By emphasizing these words, the reader can identify the
correct term for the concepts and their definitions. It would also aid in
remembering the theories since they stick out from the rest of the text.

• Signal Words
Textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They can "signal" the transition
from one point to another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the writer's
chosen text type.
Example:
Chuck Palahniuk's novel Fight Club greatly influenced me as a fictional
writer. First, his use of unreliable narrator fascinated me, and I have written similar
characters in my works. Second, the theme of patriarchal oppression can also be
found in my writing stories. Third, the novel's stunning twist is what I have been
trying to recreate. Thus, I am incredibly grateful to have encountered Palahniuk's
genius early in my writing career.
 By using sequential signal words (first, second and third) before the
beginning of every sentence, the reader can follow what seems to be the
writer's list of three reasons why the novel influenced him. The word "thus"
also signals the conclusion and the end of the list.

• Structure
 4

The structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists
of the following:
 Beginning: introduction, thesis statement
 Middle: supporting details
 End: conclusion, summary, final message
Example:
Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an "aura" that appears as a
rainbow of light around the body that individuals with clairvoyant abilities can see. The
colors change depending on one's mood, health, and thoughts. Some scientists believe
that the aura's existence has something to do with the electromagnetic fields produced
by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether auras are real or not, the fact remains
that there are forces everywhere that are real even though we cannot see them.
 Organization in this paragraph is not really noticeable as it does not use
cues like formatting or signal words. However, the text is organized in this
way:
Beginning: Introduce the topic of "aura"
Middle: Definition and evidence of the existence of auras
End: Ending message about forces in the world.

Coherence and Cohesion

Coherence occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or the idea level.
It can be seen through well-defended arguments and organized points. It can also refer
to the overall sense of unity in a passage, including both the main point of sentences and
the main point of each paragraph.
Cohesion is the connection of ideas at the sentence level. It is also an important
aspect of academic writing because it immediately affects the tone of your writing.
Cohesive writing does not mean just "grammatically correct" sentences. Instead,
cohesive writing refers to connecting your ideas at the sentence and paragraph levels.
Cohesion can be applied using these techniques:
• Pronouns to refrain from using a specific word repeatedly.
• Transitional devices to connect sentences with linked ideas.
 5

• Repetition of keywords to tie up the paragraphs subtly.

Example of Text with Coherence and Cohesion:
International Women's Day is celebrated on the 8th of March every year. It began
as a Socialist political event in several Western countries. Then, other countries also
started celebrating the holiday just as a way to express their love for a woman. Currently,
the United Nations observes the holiday to light women's issues around the world.
 The main topic of the text is International Women's Day, which was started in the
first sentence. The paragraph proceeds to outline the holiday's history beginning
from some Western countries and spreading to other nations. It ends with the
current way that the whole world celebrates the day. The writer can present
different ideas about the holiday logically and without veering away from the topic.

Language Use
Language use is one of the most precise indicators of a well-written text. It enables
writers to communicate ideas without confusing the reader effectively.
Determine when it is appropriate to use formal or informal language is acceptable.
• Informal language is usually used in writing for oneself or to family, friends, and
colleagues. On the other hand, formal language is used in writing academic,
business, and official texts.
Examples:
1. We asked the secretary to call the professor and get her permission to continue
our research.
2. We requested that the secretary contact the professor and obtain her permission
to continue our research.
 In the first sentence, the writer used casual words such as 'asked', 'call', and
'get permission', making the sentence informal. The second sentence used
more serious words such as 'requested' instead of 'asked', 'contact' instead
of 'call', and 'obtain permission' instead of 'get permission'. This sentence is
formal and is appropriate to use when talking or writing to a person of
authority.
 6

• When you write, you should also make sure that the language you use is
straightforward rather than complicated so that readers would easily understand
the text. If your readers are the youth, you should use words that are familiar to
young people.

• It would help if you were sensitive enough to use unbiased language so that you
would not offend any individual or any particular group of people. Unbiased
language is a language that is free of racial bias, free of religious prejudice, and
free of gender bias.
Examples:
1. A teacher should make it a point to motivate her students.
2. Teachers should make it a point to motivate their students.
 In the first sentence, the pronoun used is 'she,' but teachers may also be
male, so the statement shows gender bias. On the other hand, the second
sentence uses the gender-neutral pronoun 'they are,' making it unbiased.

Language Use Tips: Effective language use is achieved by observing the following time-
tested principles in writing:
• Use clear and concise sentences. On average, a sentence is 18 words long. (Note
that this does not require every sentence composed of exactly 18 words).
• Avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches, and highfalutin language.
• Although it may be used, avoid overusing "there" and "it."
• Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate. Condensed.
• Be consistent with your pronouns' point of view.
• Avoid sexist language.
• Use the appropriate level of formality.
Mechanics
Mechanics is the technical aspect of writing. It is one of the properties of a well-
written text. It is characterized by conventions on spelling, abbreviating, punctuating, and
capitalizing a composition.
 7

a. Spelling
When you write, always make sure that you are consistently using one standard
concerning the spelling of the words. Remember that there are slight differences
between American English spelling and British English spelling.
Examples:
American Spelling British Spelling
Color Colour
Defense Defence
Organize Organize
Traveled Travelled
Theater Theatre
Learned Learnt
Analyze Analyse
Aging Ageing

b. Punctuation
Act of using a system of symbols such as the comma, period, quotation marks,
question marks, etc., that are used to give structure to and organize a text. The use
of punctuation guides the reader regarding how the text should be read.
Examples:
o This book is dedicated to my parents, Noel and Corazon.
o This book is dedicated to my parents, Noel, and Corazon.
 The first example denotes that the author's parents are Noel and Corazon. In the
second example, the serial comma represents that the book is dedicated to four
persons: the author's mom, the author's dad, Noel, and Corazon. The simple act
of adding a comma completely changed the statement's meaning.
c. Capitalization
Act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while the rest of the letters
are in lowercase. There are rules in capitalization that one has to remember. Below
are a few examples of words that require capitalization:
o proper nouns
Alex, Manila
 8

o proper adjectives
Canadian
o days of the week
Monday, Friday
o months of the year
January, June

In academic and more formal texts, the following should be observed:

• Always use standard English.
• Avoid contractions (e.g., shouldn't)
• Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation.
• Mention the full name of an institution or organization with the abbreviation in
parenthesis in the first mention. After that, use the abbreviation.
• Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out, while numbers higher than ten
should be written in figures.
• Generally, citations are used in academic and formal text. However, they are
sparingly used in the business text.

Learning Competency:
Evaluate a written text based on its properties.

Exercise A
Directions: Read each question carefully and write the best answer.
___________1. It is achieved when these ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
___________2. It is seen in how the text physically appears like headings and
subheadings, bullet points, or font emphasis.
___________3. It means that ideas are connected at the conceptual or the idea level,
making them easily understood by the reader.
___________4. It gives the readers the transition from one point to another, the ordering
of events and concepts.
 9

___________5. It is an important aspect of academic writing because it immediately

affects the tone of your writing.

Exercise B.
Directions: Determine what property of a well-written text is present/used in the following
excerpts or examples from a text.
Example: Michael took the children with him.
Answer: Coherence and cohesion, Pronouns
___________6. During the early twentieth century, in addition to industrialization, urban
growth, and technological development, Australian society was
experiencing a transformation of the domestic ideal. Consequently,
people were subject to an increasing array of government and
professional programs aiming to manage and regulate life, particularly
family life.
___________7. Alternative: A poor or negative result
Instead of: A bad result
___________8. During the early twentieth century, in addition to industrialization, urban
growth, and technological development, Australian society was
experiencing a transformation of the domestic ideal.
___________9. Central Idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections.
Main Points:
I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a
gift shop, and a restaurant.
II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and
elevators that lead to the top.
III. The top section of the tower includes an observation deck
with a spectacular view of Paris.
___________10. President Rodrigo Duterte was the 16th President of the Republic of the
Philippines. He is also the former Mayor in Davao City for a long time.

Exercise C.
 10

Directions: Create a short well-written paragraph (a topic of your choice) employing the
properties of a well-written text. Your essay will be rated according to this analytic rubric.
Consequently, use this rubric as a guide when writing your essay.
TRAITS 4 3 2 1
There is one clear, There is one clear, well- There is one topic. The The topic and the main
well-focused topic. The focused topic. The main main ideas are ideas are not clear.
main ideas are clear ideas are clear but are somewhat clear.
Focus and Details and are well supported not well supported by
by detailed and detailed information.
accurate information.
The introduction is The introduction states The introduction states There is no clear
inviting, states the main the main topic and the main topic. A introduction, structure,
topic, and provides an provides an overview of conclusion is included. or conclusion.
overview of the paper. the paper. A conclusion
Organization
Information is relevant is included.
and presented in a
logical order. The
conclusion is strong.
The author's purpose in
The author's purpose in writing is somewhat The author's purpose in
writing is very clear, clear, and there is writing is somewhat
Voice
and there is strong some evidence of clear, and there is
evidence of attention to attention to the evidence of attention to The author's purpose in
the audience. audience. the audience. writing is unclear.
The choice and The choice and The author uses words
placement of words placement of words that communicate
Word Choice
seem accurate, natural, seem inaccurate at clearly, but the writing The writer uses a limited
and not forced. times. lacks variety. vocabulary.
Sentence
Structure,
The author makes no The author makes a The author makes The author makes
Grammar,
errors in grammar, few errors in grammar, several errors in numerous errors in
Mechanics, and
mechanics, and or mechanics, and or grammar, mechanics, grammar, mechanics,
Spelling
spelling. spelling. and or spelling. and or spelling.

Prepared:

EDUARD DAYAO MANALO

SHS Teacher

Answer Keys
 11

Answers may vary.

EXERCISE C

10. Coherence and cohesion, pronouns

9. Coherence and cohesion, spatial order
8. Mechanics
7. Language Use
6. Coherence and cohesion, Signal Devices
EXERCISE B

5. Cohesion
4. Signal Words
3. Coherence
2. Physical Format
1. Organization
EXERCISE A

References

Barrot, Jessie S., Ph. D. 2016. Properties of a well-written text. Academic Reading and Writing for Senior
High School. 104-109

Landich, Katrina Claire. 2018. "Properties of a Well-Written Text." Slideshare.

https://slideshare.net/mobile/KatrinaClaireLandich/properties-of-a-well-written-text-88147656

Tan, Monica. "Properties of a Well-Written Text." Academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/34256187/READING_AND_WRITING_First_Quarter_Period_PR
OPERTIES_OF_A_WELL_WRITTEN_TEXT

Communications Student Support Center. "Organizational Patterns in Academic Writing."

https://valenciacollege.edu/students/learning-support/winter-
park/communications/documents/OrganizationalPatternsinAcademicWriting.pdf

"Patterns of Organization." E-Reading Worksheets. https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-

structure/patterns-of-organization/

2018. "Properties of a Well-Written Text-Reading and Writing." Slideshare.

https:www.slideshare.net/mobile/aliciamargaretjavelosa/properties-of-a-wellwritten-text-
reading-and-writing

Anthony, Gary. "Properties of a Well-Written Text (Organization, Coherence & Cohesion, Language Use,
Mechanics). MPEG-4, 33:45, https://youtu.be/qUzINVk3VEY
 READING AND WRITING SKILLS
THIRD QUARTER: WEEK 4

Evaluate a Written Text based on its Properties (Language Use and Mechanics)

Name of the Learner: ______________________________________________________

Grade Level & Section: ____________________________ Date: _________________

Background Information for Learners

A well-written text is characterized by appropriate language to convey the intended

message based on a topic or purpose. One way to choose proper language is to ensure that
the employed words are suited to the readers. Moreover, as the writer, you must decide the
language and tone of writing depending on its purpose. For example, the writer’s tone of
writing could be subjective or objective. The subjective tone of writing uses the writers’
personal biases and judgment. In contrast, the objective tone of writing uses factual
information and arguments.

Levels of Language Use

1. Informal/ Personal- it is more casual and spontaneous, slang, local expressions, text
messaging,

Lodi Beshy Yow

Sup Bro Nigga
Hey IDK Dude
BRB Buddy OTW

2. Standard/Academic-language used in classroom lessons, words, phrases found in

books, tests and homework, magazines, and newspapers

Note to a teacher:
I can’t attend to class today due to fever. I am attaching my research that’s
due today.

3. Business/Technical – jargons, smart talk, scientific terms, negotiation, and systematic

approach

Doctor’s finding:
“Not suffering from leprosy, veneral disease, trachoma, tuberculosis or other
infectious or contagious condition.”

Principles in Language Use/ Diction

1. Use clear and concise sentences.

 We hereby wish to let you know that our We appreciate your confidence.
company is pleased with the confidence you
have reposed in us.
The reason why he enrolled at the State He enrolled at the State University because it
University was that it was inexpensive in price. was inexpensive.

2. Avoid redundancies, cliches, wordiness, and highfalutin words.

Sample Redundant word are:
• Comment down below
• At the present time
• Past history
• Repeat again

Sample Cliches are: Sample highfalutin words are:

• Deal with it • Hackslaver - to hesitate or stammer in
• in a jiffy speech
• brave as a lion • Humdinger- a remarkable or outstanding
• opposites attract person, place, action, or thing
• all is well that ends well • Scallywag – a person who behaves badly
• once upon a time but in an amusingly mischievous rather
• time will tell than harmful way.

3. “Although” may be used; avoid overusing “There” and “It”; drop “it”
There’s a book on the table. A book is on the table.
There’s a coffee shop next to the station. A coffee shop is next to the station.
It seems as though we might need some We might need some money.
more money.

4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate.

Original Revised
There is a requirement that all students The college requires that the admissions
evaluate their transcripts for placement office evaluate all student transcripts for
purposes or to meet a prerequisite. placement and prerequisites.

The biota exhibited a one hundred percent

All the fish died.
mortality response.

5. Be consistent in pronoun POV

Wrong Correct
We should accept that fate is simply an We should accept that fate is simply an illusion;
illusion; we must not leave our decisions with we must not leave our decisions with something
something that does not exist. that does not exist.
 They might start by joking but calling Try this.
someone a name with the intent of hurting
you is not okay. Be sure your child
understands that calling someone a name,
even if he feels the person deserves it, is not
okay and is a form of bullying.

6. Avoid sexist language.

Instead of Use

A student who forgets to bring his project to If you forget to bring your project on time to
class will be deducted ten points from his class, you will be deducted ten points from
score. your score.

The chairperson is busy working in the office.

The chairman is busy working in the office.

Formerly Acceptable Currently Acceptable

fireman firefighter
headmaster headteacher
mankind Humankind, humans, people
mailman Mail carrier, mail delivery person, letter
carrier, a postal worker
salesman sales associate, seller, vendor, salesperson

7. Use an appropriate level of formality.

Appropriate level of Formality

Yes, the diskette is like a thing of the past, Diskette may be outdated, but they're still
but they’re still cool today. fascinating
If bullying problems occur, be sure to chat Try this
with your adviser about the problem and seek
their assistance immediately in resolving the
matter.
I would like to thank my boss, Principal Try this
Parker, for the staff, the people behind this
award, and the young fellas of BHS for
selecting me for this honor.

INFORMAL FORMAL HIGHLY FORMAL

Time Sequence first, second, third to begin with subsequently
then afterwards previously
next at the same time
after that meanwhile
also
Addition also in addition equally important
 and moreover
furthermore
besides
similarity
Cause/Effect so therefore consequently
for as a result accordingly
thus Hence
Comparison also as well as bear resemblance to
too both.... and in common with
like neither... nor
likewise
in like manner
Contrast but however conversely
or yet on the contrary
nor on the other hand in opposition to
at the same time in contrast to
though
Whereas
unlike
otherwise
Example for example as an illustration
for instance
Summary/Conclusion finally in summary
Last in conclusion
on the whole

MECHANICS AND GRAMMAR

The mechanics of writing refer to the overall characteristics of a written text; it focuses
on the technicalities or the written text’s structure. Some of those include spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, and abbreviations. Knowing and observing these in writing is essential to avoid
confusion and make up a well-written text. At the same time, grammar is the structure of written
and spoken language. It refers to parts of speech and how they combine to form sentences.
Understanding both grammar and mechanics is required to communicate your ideas.

Punctuation Marks

1. PERIOD (.) is placed at the end of declarative sentences, after abbreviations, and as
decimals.

2. EXCLAMATION POINT (!) is used when a person expresses a sudden outcry at the
emphatic sentences.
3. QUESTION MARK (?) to indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence.

4. QUOTATION MARKS (“ ”) pair of punctuation marks used basically to mark the starting
and ending of a passage to indicate direct quotations.
5. APOSTROPHE (’) to show possession (Angel’s bag), to indicate missing letters and
numbers (you’re, ’95), to show plurals of letters (I got all A’s last semester.).

6. COLON (:) after a word introducing a quotation, an example, an explanation, or series. It

is also between independent clauses when the second explains the first, and colon is used
for emphasis.

7. PARENTHESES () are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or qualifying

remarks.

8. BRACKETS [ ] are squared off notations used for technical explanations or to set off
clarifications. If you remove the message in the brackets, it will still make sense.

9. HYPHEN ( - ) is used to join two words and is not separated by spaces.

• I watched her on tele-
vision yesterday.
• Part-time

10. DASH ( -- ) used to separate words into statements. There are 2 types of dashes: en
dash and em dash. En Dash is twice as long as the hyphen used in writing to indicate
a range and differentiation, such as 1979-1983. While Em Dash is longer than the en
dash. It is also used in place of a comma, parenthesis, or colon to enhance readability
or highlight a sentence’s conclusion. Like She gave him her answer--- Yes!

11. SLASH (/) used to show alternatives or to separate words (he/she)

12. SEMICOLON (;) used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer relationship
between the clause than the period would show.

• Adrian was hurt; he knew she only said it to upset him.

13. ELLIPSIS (. . . ) used most commonly represented by three dots. But occasionally
demonstrated with three asterisks (***). It is used in printing or writing to indicate an
omission, especially of letters or words. Ellipses are mostly used within quotations to
jump from one phrase to another word have been deleted from the quoted material,
omitting unnecessary words that do not interfere with meaning.

Original text
The mayor said, “Our city, which is one of the country’s most progressive, deserves a high-
tech light-rail system.”

With Ellipsis
The mayor said, “Our city . . . deserves a high-tech light-rail system.”

14. COMMA (,) is used to show a separation of ideas within a sentence structure. It is also
used in. umbers, dates, and letter writing after the salutation and closing.
 • Separation of two complete sentences: We went to the farm, and then we went out for
lunch.
• Direct address: Thanks for all the help, Susan.
• Separating lists within sentences: Hilda wanted the green, black, and red dress.

General Principles
• Always use standard English
• Avoid Contraction (shouldn’t, gonna)
• Avoid exclamation marks unless part of a quotation
• Mention full name in the first mention. After that, use abbreviations.
• Numbers zero to ten vs. 11 and so on
• Citations are used in academic and formal texts but sparingly used in business texts

PROOFREADING
What is proofreading?
Proofreading a sentence means trying to find a mistake and correct it with a focus on the
mechanics such as Punctuation, Capitalization, Grammar, spelling, and more.

Learning Competency with Code

• Identifies properties of a well-written text a. organization (language use and

mechanics) (EN11/12RWS-IIIgh-4.3 EN11/12RWS-IIIgh-4.4)
Exercise 1
Instructions: Identify the properties of a well-written text. Write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is not a property of well-written text?

a. Coherence and Cohesion b. Organization
c. Paragraphing d. Writing Mechanics

2. A well-written text _______________________________________________.

a. refers to the writer's knowledge of the fundamental properties of grammar
b. constitutes proper paragraphing and logical order of presentation of ideas
c. builds around effective paragraphing on coherence and an established convention
d. is the properties that show the interplay of both the physical aspects of organization
and deeper textual aspects

3. Which property of a well-written text uses special expressions and scientific terms?
a. Business Language b. Academic Language
c. Personal Language d. None of the above

4. Which property of a well-written text focuses on the technicalities of the structure. it

determines errors on subject-verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, grammar, spelling,
capitalization, abbreviations and acronyms, the use of numbers as part of the statement, and
the punctuation marks.
a. Coherence and Cohesion b. Organization
c. Paragraphing d. Writing Mechanics

5. Which property of a well-written text refers to appropriate language to be used in

writing/speaking?
a. Language Use b. Organization
c. Paragraphing d. Writing Mechanics

6. Which property of a well text refers to the parts of speech and how they combine together
to form sentences to establish writing conventions?
a. Coherence and Cohesion b. Organization
c. Paragraphing d. Writing Mechanics

7. These are words that are not considered part of the standard vocabulary of a language
and that are used very informally.
a. Jargon b. idioms
b. Slang d. Euphemism

8. The following are examples of sexist language EXCEPT__________

a. Ask him to define thesis. b. Ask the philosopher to explain his thesis.
c. Ask the writer to define thesis. d. Ask the headmaster to define thesis.

9. Which of the following is NOT a mechanic of writing?

a. Language Use b. Grammar
 b. Punctuation d. Capitalization

10. This is the language used for a particular activity or by a particular group of people, the
technical terminology of a special activity or a group.
a. Jargon b. Idioms
c. Slang d. Euphemism

Exercise 2
Instructions: In not more than seven (7) sentences, explain the characteristics and
importance of a well-written text using your own words. Your answer will be rated based on
the rubric below. Kindly write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Criteria Performance Indicators Points Score

Content complete and thoughtful 3
explanation of idea
Organization strong organization and 2
structure
Mechanics written in complete 2
sentences
correct and appropriate 3
grammar, punctuation
spelling etc.
Total Points 10

Exercise 3.
Proofread the following sentences for the correct usage of punctuation, capitalization, spelling,
and grammar. Then, use the right proofreading symbols on page 5. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

Example:
my Daughter was born sept 25 2017 in AngelesCity PAMPANGA

Corrected: My daughter was born on Sept. 25, 2017 in Angeles City, Pampanga.

1. in january 2020 scientists announce that a new corona virus was responsible for an
outbreak of of respiratory disease and pneumonia in wuhan china
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. The Novel coronavirus has around spread the world, sikening tens of millions of
people.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. the most reported symptomsof covid-19 includes fever, cough and shortness of
breath.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Doctor recommend that any one who experiences a sudden loss of smell or taste
self-isolate and contact there healthcare provider.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. Covid-19 is spreads Primarily respiratory through drop lets.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

6. when an infected person sneezes or cough, the virus can travel from one person two
another either directly (Which is why the CDC recommends maintaining at list a 6-
foot distance from other people) or viaan intermediate surface
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

7. The virous can also spread through the air, But these is more likely in crowded,
indoor areas with poor ventilation then in areas withplenty of out door air and fewer
people.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

8. RESEARCH have found that the Virus can leave up to 24 hours on card board and 2
too 3 days in plasticand stainless steal
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

9. public health officials asking all People to dramatically limit contact social to prevent
the spread ofdisease
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

10. wearing a mask and faceshield reduces the risk of unknowingly spreding the virus to
others in the space around you.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Prepared:

Margie O. Santos
SST III

Answer Key

Exercise 1
1. Paraphrasing
2. Built around effective paragraphing on coherence and an established convention.
3. Organization
4. Writing Mechanics
5. Language Use
6. Writing Mechanics
7. Slang
8. Ask the writer to define thesis.
9. Language Used
10. Jargon

Exercise 2
Answers may vary

Exercise 3
1.

pneumonia in Wuhan, China.

2.

Corrected: The novel coronavirus has spread around the world, sickening tens of millions
of people.
3.

Corrected: The most reported symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough and
shortness of breath.
4.

Corrected: Doctors recommend that anyone who experiences a sudden loss of smell or
taste self-isolate and contact their healthcare provider.
5.

Corrected: COVID-19 spreads primarily through respiratory droplets.

6.
 Corrected: When an infected person sneezes or coughs, the virus can travel from one
person to another, either directly (which is why the CDC recommends maintaining at
least a 6-foot distance from other people) or via an intermediate surface.
7.

8.

Corrected: Researchers have found that the virus can live up to 24 hours on cardboard
and 2 to 3 days on plastic and stainless steel.
9.

Corrected: Public health officials are asking all people to dramatically limit social contact
to prevent the spread of disease.
10.

References:

Fink, Jennifer L.W. “10 Surprising Facts About Coronavirus” November 23, 2020.
http://bit.ly/3qWTY4a

Incentive Publications, Inc. “Proofreading and Editing Symbols” 1999. Nashville, TN

https://bit.ly/39uMb7G

Tan, Monica. 2020 “READING AND WRITING First Quarter Period Properties Of A Well-Written Text”
Accessed November 2020. http://bit.ly/3j0z1SW
 READING AND WRITING
THIRD QUARTER: WEEK 5 TYPES
CLAIMS
Name of Learner: _____________________________________________________
Section: ____________________________________________ Date: __________

Background Information:

A reader assesses whether or not the writer's purpose is realized during reading. It is
done by evaluating the reasonableness of the facts, opinions, and inferences presented in the
text. At times the information in the text is explicit. The reader can see the information directly
stated in the text. At times the information is implicit. The reader needs to read between the
lines to understand what the writer tells. When the reader figures out what the writer means, he
looks for his point regarding the topic. This point is also known as CLAIM or central argument.
An argument is composed of the writer's claim, categorized into three different types — fact,
policy, and value.

Claims of Fact are arguments that say something is true. They are bits of information
based on reliable authorities such as science or history. Validated data and statistics can verify
them.

Example: Covid-19 is causing turmoil in 216 countries and territories worldwide.

Claims of Policy are arguments that say something should or should not be
implemented- ed. These are statements on courses of action or laws that must be revised or
amended based on particular issues or conditions. These claims propose that a specific
problem needs to be addressed and that a plan of action should be made to solve it.

Example: The personal decision to get or not to get a Covid-19 vaccine is a human
right, so nobody must be forced to have it.

Claims of Value are arguments that say something is essential. These are bits of
information focused on the goodness or badness of an issue. They are arguments about
morality or philosophy. They try to prove that certain values are more or less preferable and
sensible compared to others.

Example: Scientific advancements such as gene engineering and stem cells have gone
too far that interspecies are made, such as animals having human organs.
Learning Competency:
Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text.
Exercise A

Instruction: Read and understand each sentence carefully, then identify the type of claim
each represents.
1. It is better to get sunshine every day for the body to absorb vitamin D and other minerals
than to hide from the sun for fear of getting a darker skin tone.
Type of Claim
2. As of November 5, 2020, there are 130 country-wide school closures and 990,324,537
affected learners due to Covid-19.
Type of Claim
3. Wearing of face mask can foster a false sense of security. It does not protect a person from
the coronavirus, but a healthy immune system does.
Type of Claim
4. Good manners and right conduct should be taught at home since it is not teachers' primary
responsibility to instill them.
Type of Claim

Exercise B

Instructions: Find ten words or phrases that are related to claims.

C A E I W A R S C A S Q U A I T
E S Q T I D Y T H S A E N N T R
N T A C Y C F A E C L D D A R E
T I S U L V D T T L U R E L G B
R H D Y Y A S E L A G G R Y D D
A B F R C D I M I I F F S D S I
L F G G L S A M S M D V E SI D N
A C H E A A C E O O B D T F R G
R E A D E R J N F F W S A E U A
G S H A I X U T T V F A T H W I
U C J T M F I P H A D A E M G N
M V K E O H L I E L G R C S C F
E J L X F K M U W U U U J T V O
N O M T S L G Y I E W R I T E R
T J N A E T R R H Q O I H H S M
S S B X Q E I D N D R O I E U A
A V C S T A T E M E N T G R T T
L S Z H F W W V L G J L H D A I
K A S E Y P O I N T K M J I F O
I R E T J Y S P S T L G A M A N
G U T E K I Y I O J I I F U R F
D R H J L O Y Q B N O R S M S T
C L A I M O F P O L I C Y N T H
Exercise C

Instruction: Complete the crossword puzzle below.

ACROSS
5 This type of statement enables the reader to find the information directly stated in the text. 6
This is composed of the writer's claim, which may be categorized into three different types—
fact, policy, and value.
DOWN
1 These types of arguments say something is essential. These are bits of information focused
on the goodness or badness of an issue. They are arguments about morality or philosophy.
They try to prove that certain values are more or less preferable and sensible compared to
others.
2 This type of information requires the reader to read between the lines to understand what
the writer tells.
3 These are arguments that say something is true. They are bits of information based on
reliable authorities such as science or history. Validated data and statistics can verify them.
4 These are arguments that say something should or should not be implemented. These are
statements on courses of action or laws that must be revised or amended based on specific
issues or conditions. These claims propose that one particular problem needs to be addressed
and that a plan of action should be made to solve it. Instructions: Imagine that you are tasked
to be a speaker in front of your community's indigent members. Your goal is to successfully dis-
cuss to them the disadvantages of having a COVID-19 vaccine. Write your speech inside the
box. You will be graded according to the scoring rubric below.
Exercise D

Exercise II
Instructions: Read and understand the following article carefully. After, identify a claim of fact, a
claim of policy, and/or a claim of value implicitly and explicitly presented.

The closing of 2019 stunned the world with a silent, raging storm, the Coronavirus disease
2019 (Covid-19). The World Health Organization (WHO) has learned about this infectious
disease on the 31st of December, 2019, from the cases of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
On the 5th of January, WHO issued its first disease outbreak detailed report about a cluster of
pneumonia cases whose cause is unknown (WHO, 2020). On the 9th of January, the first death
linked to was reported. On the 11th of February, 2020, the disease's name causing the new
coronavirus outbreak was officially announced coronavirus disease 2019 by the World Health
Organization (CDC, 2020). It was abbreviated as Covid-19. As days progressed, Covid-19
cases continued to grow exponentially, which was considered a global pandemic. As of
November 4, 2020, there are 48, 054, 541 confirmed cases worldwide, 1,223,409 reported
deaths, and 34,485,291 recovered cases. Covid-19 is causing turmoil in 216 countries and
territories worldwide (Worldometer, 2020).
As of November 5, 2020, there are 130 country-wide school closures and 990,324,537
affected learners. (UNESCO, 2020). Considering this present global educational situation,
educational institutions were forced to find a way to deliver quality education to learners outside
of the classrooms. Educational institutions in countries affected by Covid-19 were forced to act
quickly instead of strategically studying, designing, and adapting to changes in the new teaching
and learning to set (Thompson & Lodge, 2020). It posed an enormous challenge since most
educational systems are not yet prepared. However, digital learning appears to be the solution
(Marshal & Kostka, 2020; Palsdottir, 2020). Therefore countries must learn from this experience
and start designing contingency plans during difficult times.
Despite these challenges, education departments and ministries worldwide face, some
heroes have to be commended for their selfless love and dedication to their profession and their
students despite the risks they face. These are all the generous-hearted teachers around the
world.
Answers:
Claim of Fact

Claim of Policy

Claim of Value

Exercise E

Instruction: Read and understand each sentence very carefully. After, distinguish among the
three types of a claim by identifying whether each sentence presents a claim of fact, a claim of
policy, or a claim of value implicitly and explicitly made in a written text. Write your answer on
the space provided before each number.

1. Successful national immunization programs depend on up-to-date policies and

effective strategies to achieve and sustain their goals.

2. Countries need to have strong mechanisms that enable informed decision-

making about immunization priorities and the introduction of new program strategies, vaccines,
and technologies.

3. Deliberations about incorporating a new vaccine into a national immunization

schedule must include affordability and relative cost-effectiveness, disease burden, availability
and price of vaccines, and safety and suitability of available vaccine products for national pro-
grammes.

4. The development and availability of many new vaccines targeting a variety of

age groups, the emergence of new technologies, the increased public focus on vaccine safety
issues, the enhanced procedures for regulation and approval of vaccines, the need to expand
the immunization schedule with consideration of all age groups and specific at-risk populations,
are all demanding increased attention

5. Recent advances in stem cells and gene engineering have paved the way for
the generation of interspecies chimeras, such as animals bearing an organ from a human
species; thus, this is a crime against humanity

Prepared:

SHERYLOU P. DAVID
Master Teacher I English
Answer Key
Exercise A Exercise B

1. Claim of Fact
2. Claim of Fact C A E I W A R S C A S Q U A I T
3. Claim of Policy E S Q T I D Y T H S A E N N T R
4.Claim of Value N T A C Y C F A E C L D D A R E
T I S U L V D T T L U R E L G B
R H D Y Y A S E L A G G R Y D D
Exercise C
A B F R C D I M I I F F S D S I
1. Claim of Value L F G G L S A M S M D V E S D N
2. Implicit A C H E A A C E O O B D T F R G
information R E A D E R J N F F W S A E U A
3. Claim of Fact G S H A I X U T T V F A T H W I
4. Claim of Policy U C J T M F I P H A D A E M G N
5. Implicit information M V K E O H L I E L G R C S C F
6. Argument E J L X F K M U W U U U J T V O
N O M T S L G Y I E W R I T E R
Exercise E T J N A E T R R H Q O I H H S M
S S B X Q E I D N D R O I E U A
1. Claim of Fact A V C S T A T E M E N T G R T T
2. Claim of Policy L S Z H F W W V L G J L H D A I
3. Claim of Policy K A S E Y P O I N T K M J I F O
4. Claim of Fact I R E T J Y S P S T L G A M A N
5. Claim of Value G U T E K I Y I O J I I F U R F
D R H J L O Y Q B N O R S M S T
C L A I M O F P O L I C Y N T H
Exercise D

1. The closing of 2019 stunned the world with a silent, raging tempest, the Coronavirus disease
2019 (Covid-19). Claim of Fact
2. This posed an enormous challenge since most educational systems are not yet prepared for
digital learning which appears to be the solution at this time (Marshal & Kostka, 2020;
Palsdottir, 2020), therefore countries must learn from this experience and start designing
contingency plans during difficult times like this. Claim of Policy
3. Despite these challenges education departments and ministries around the world are facing,
there are heroes who have to be commended for their selfless love and dedication to their
profession and for their students despite the risks they face and these are all the generous
hearted teachers around the world. Claim of Value

References for Learners

Flores, Ramona S. 2016. Oral Communication in Context. Quezon City: Rex

Printing Company, Inc.

Sipacio, Philippe John F. and Balagos, Anne Richie G. 2016. Oral Communication in
Context for Senior High School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, 2016.

"Coronavirus." World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Accessed December 4,

2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus.

"About COVID-19." Accessed December 4, 2020. http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/

cdcresponse/about-COVID-19.html