EE346 NLO

1/11/21, #2 slide 1

2_Slowly Varying Envelopes & SHG

EE 346 Nonlinear Optics

M.M. Fejer
[email protected]
01/11/21
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 2
Previous Lecture
Envelope fields factor out rapid variation:
Nonlinear Polarization
E ( z, t ) = ω ( z )ei (ωt −kz )
P ~ χ E + χ E + χ E + ...
(1) (2) 2 (3) 3

PNL Reduces order of evolution equation:

Mixes frequencies of input waves: d ω iωµ0 c

=− NL,ω
E (t ) ~ E1e iω1t
+ E2 e iω2 t
+ c.c. dz ε
PNL (t ) ~ χ (2) E12 ei 2ω1t + E1 E2 ei (ω1 +ω2 ) t Plane-wave undepleted pump SHG:
+ E1 E e * i (ω1 −ω2 ) t
+ ... d 2ω ωχ ( 2)
2 = −i 2
ω ( z )ei∆kz
dz 2nc k k2 2k
1
Source term in wave equation:
need ∆k → 0
∂PNL ∆k = 0
↔J 2ω ( L )
∂t κ ω2 (0) L slope ∝ χ
(2)
ω
2

ε ∂ 2E ∂ ∂P ∆k = 2π / L
∇ E − 2 2 = µ0
2
J + NL
c ∂t ∂t ∂t ∆k = 16π / L
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
z/L
z/L
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 3
These Notes

• Derive coupled wave equations

• Define envelope quantities and slowly varying envelope

equations

• Solve for SHG case

• Establish importance of nonlinear susceptibility and

phasematching

• Reading
– Harris, ch. 4 pp. 1-14
– Boyd pp. 1-21 (lecture 1 material)
pp. 69 - 79 (lecture 2 material)
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 4
Incorporate nonlinear polarization into EM
∂B ∂ ∂D
∇× ∇×E = − ∇ × ∇ × E = − µ0 +J
∂t ∂D ∂t ∂t
B = µ0 H, ∇ × H = +J
∇ × ∇ × E = ∇ (∇ E) − ∇ E
2
nonmagnetic media ∂t
∇ E = 0 no free charge
uniform medium

(you’ll work out details in P.S. 1) D = ε 0 ε ⋅ E + PNL

linear polarizability
incorporated into ε

1 ∂2E ∂ ∂PNL
∇ E − 2 ε ⋅ 2 = µ0
2
+J
c ∂t ∂t ∂t
free wave eqn
forcing term
J=0
lossless, source free media

1 ∂ 2E ∂ 2 PNL
Forced wave equation: ∇ E − 2 ε ⋅ 2 = µ0
2

c ∂t ∂t 2
ε →ε isotropic medium
iω t
E (r , t ) = E (r ) e monochromatic wave

dispersion relation:
Inhomogeneous 2
Helmholtz equation:
∇ Eω + kω Eω = − µ0ω PNL,ω
2 2 2
2 εω nω ω
2

kω = =
c c
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 5
Envelope quantities

• We typically seek solutions that change slowly on scale of

wavelength and optical frequency
– various problems are simplified by analytically extracting rapid
variation, e.g.
– usually results in lowering the order of the differential eqn,
paraxial wave eqn uses: E ( x, y, z ) ~ ( x, y , z )eikz
ω
dispersive pulse propagation uses: E (t ) ~ (t )eiωt
– will consider both these cases later Eω
• Here consider simplest interesting case:
scalar monochromatic plane wave:
1 i (ωt − kω z ) − i (ωt − kω z )
E ( z, t ) = ω ( z ) e + *
ω ( z ) e
2
– need second derivative for Helmholtz equation:
second derivative
2 2
d E 1 d d variesslowly
2
= 2
− i 2 k − k 2 ei (ωt −kz ) + c.c.
dz 2 dz dz complex conjugate

– key simplification if slowly varying:

d d 2E 1 d
<< k ⇒ ≈ − i 2 k + k 2
ei (ωt −kz ) + c.c.
dz dz 2 2 dz
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 6
Slowly Varying Envelope Approximation (SVEA)

• Simplify inhomogeneous Helmholtz eqn (#2.4)

– z-propagating plane wave, single polarization (scalar case)
d 2 Eω
∇ Eω + kω Eω = − µ0ω PNL,ω plane wave,
2 2 2
2
+ kω2 Eω = − µ0ω 2 PNL,ω
one eigenpolarization
dz
• Assume envelope form for field and nonlinear polarization:
1 i (ωt − kω z ) 1
E ( z, t ) = ω ( z )e + c.c. PNL ( z , t ) = ω ( z )ei (ωt −kω z ) + c.c.
2 2

d 2 Eω d ω µ0ω 2
2
+ kω2 Eω = − µ0ω 2 PNL,ω = −i ω
dz dz 2kω
d E 12
d i ( ω t − kz )
≈− +k + c.c.
2
i 2k e
dz 2 2
dz
kω = nω ω / c

Slowly varying d ω ωµ c
= −i 0 ω
envelope equation: dz 2nω
d ω Z ω
in terms of wave impedance: Z ω ≡ µ 0 c / nω = −i ω ω
dz 2
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 7
Second Harmonic Generation
Eω ( z ) = Eω 0 χ (2) E2ω ( L) = ?

z=0 z=L
∞
• Notation: E ( z , t ) = real field = ∫ E (ω , z )eiωt d ω
−∞
E (ω , z ) = Fourier spectrum of field
Eω ( z ) = Fourier amplitude of monochromatic field
ω ( z ) = envelope of field
• Relationship between the quantities for monochromatic fields:
E (ω , z ) = (1 / 2) Eω ( z ) δ (ω − ω1 ) + Eω* ( z ) δ (ω + ω1 )

E ( z , t ) = (1/ 2) Eω ( z )eiω1t + Eω* ( z )e − iω1t = Eω ( z ) cos(ω1t + φ )

Eω ( z ) = ω ( z )e ω1 ⇒ E ( z , t ) = ω ( z ) cos(ω1t − kω1 z + φ )
− ik z

• Nonlinear constitutive relationship for monochromatic plane waves:

1
P2ω ( z ) = ε 0 χ (2) Eω2 ( z ) Pω ( z ) = ε 0 χ (2) E2ω ( z ) Eω* ( z )
2
why E*?
P2ω = 2ω e − ik2ω z discuss later (#5),
− ikω z Negative frequencies ⇒ E*
with susceptibilities
Eω = ω
e E2ω ei 2ωt Eω* e − iωt → E2ω Eω* eiωt
in terms of envelopes:
1
2ω ( z ) = ε 0 χ (2) ω
2
( z )e − i (2 kω −k2ω ) z ω ( z ) = ε χ (2)
2ω ( z )
*
ω ( z ) e − i ( k2 ω − 2 kω ) z
2 0
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 8
Second Harmonic Generation II

• Insert envelope constitutive relations (#2.7) into SVEA eqns (#2.6):

d 2ω ωµ c d 2ω ωµ c 1
= −i 0 2ω
= −i 0 ε 0 χ (2) 2
ω ( z )e − i (2 kω −k2ω ) z
dz n2ω 1
dz n2ω 2
ε0χ
− i ( 2 kω − k 2 ω ) z
=
(2) 2
2ω ω
e
2

– cleaning up notation:

d 2ω phase velocity mismatch

= −iκ 2ω 2 i∆k z
ωe ∆k = k2ω − 2kω 2ω
dz ∆k = ( n2ω − nω )
c
d ω
= −iκ ω * − i∆k z ωχ (2)
similarly: 2ω ω e κ jω ≡ nonlinear coupling
dz 2cn jω
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 9
Second Harmonic Generation III

Eω ( z ) = Eω 0 E2ω ( L) = ?
χ (2)
z=0 z=L
d 2ω d ω
= −iκ 2ω 2 i∆k z
ω e = −iκ ω * − i∆k z
2ω ω e
dz dz

• General solutions to these coupled nonlinear ODE’s exist

– in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions
– consider some simpler, enlightening limits instead
• Undepleted pump approximation:
– assume only small amount of power converted to harmonic
– can take pump field amplitude as its value at input: ω ( z ) ≈ ω (0) = Eω ,0
– now have uncoupled linear ODE: d ω
⇒ ≈0
d 2ω dz
≈ −iκ 2ω Eω2 ,0 ei∆k z
dz
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 10
SHG with Undepleted Pump

d 2ω ok is important since
= −iκ 2ω Eω2 ,0 ei∆k z
interaction is distributed over
dz
space
• Simplest case is when phasematched: ∆k = 0
2ω ( z ) = −iκ 2ω Eω2 ,0 z

• Define conversion efficiency as η = I 2ω ( L) / Iω (0) nω ω

2

recall: Iω =
2 2Z 0
n ( L)
η = 2ω 2ω
nω ω (0) recall (#2.8): ωχ ( 2)
κ jω ≡
ω 2 Z 0 χ (2)2 2cn jω
= I ω 0 L2

2n2ω nω2 c 2
≡ η PM ,0 convenient
2π 2 Z 0 χ (2)2
form n2ω nω2 λω2
phase matched
efficiency vacuum wavelength

• Typical value: for λω= 1 µm, n = 2, χ (2) = 10 pm/V

ηPM,0 ~ 10−7 Iω 0 [W/cm 2 ] L2 [cm]
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 11
SHG with Undepleted Pump II

• For non-zero phase velocity mismatch:

d 2ω z
2ω ( z ) = −iκ 2ω Eω ,0 ∫ e
i∆k z ′
= −iκ 2ω Eω2 ,0 ei∆k z ⇒ 2
dz ′
dz 0

sin(∆kz / 2)
= −iκ 2ω Eω2 ,0 ei∆kz /2
• Intensity easier to visualize: ∆k / 2
2 − Im[ ] ∆k = 0
2 sin(∆kz / 2) 2ω

I 2ω ( z ) ∝ κ 22ω Eω2 ,0 − Re[ 2ω ]

∆k / 2
I 2ω
∆k ≠ 0
k
∆k = 0 6π /L 0

2π λ
k = ≡ 2lc
k 24π /L ∆k 2( n2 ω − nω )
12π /L z

z=0 z=L
distanceto
2 lc to Typical values:for λω= 1 µm, n2ω − nω = 0.1
firstmaximum π
Coherence length decreases lc ≡ ~ 2.5μm
as Δk increases coherence length
∆k
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 12
Phase-mismatched SHG
I 2ω
∆k = ∆k0
2 ∆k = 0
2 sin(∆kz / 2)
I 2ω ( z ) ∝ κ 2
2ω
2
Eω ,0
∆k / 2 k k
2 ∆k0 4 ∆k0

4π / ∆k0 z
π / ∆k0
• Initial growth rate same for all cases l c
4l c

• Growth monotonic for ∆k = 0 andepleted pump approx breaks at somepoint

• Maxima at z = m lc where lc = π/∆k η 1
ηPM,0
– for odd integer m
– lc known as “coherence length”
– maxima ∝ 1/∆k2 0.5

• Another representation:
∆k L
η = η PM ,0 sinc 2 0
(#2.10) 2 -10 -5 0 5 10
sinc( x ) ≡ sin( x ) / x
∆kL / 2
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 13
Phase-mismatched SHG II

• Why this complicated behavior for phase-mismatched SHG?

d 2ω ωµ c d 2ω /n
= −i 0 2ω = −iκ 2ω Eω ,0 e
2 i∆k z
dz 2n2ω dz
Eω ~ e − ikω z
– sign of energy flow flips
when z = π/∆k
≡ lc P2ω ~ Eω2 / 2n
– turning point for I2ω ~ e − i 2 kω z

Pan is driving source of Ew E2ω ~ e − ik2ω z

• Physically:
– nonlinear polarization drifts ( k 2 ω − 2 kω ) z = π
2
/ n2
out of phase with generated field

I 2ω ~ sin 2 (∆kz / 2)

z=0 z = lc z = 2lc
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 14
SHG with Depleted Pump

• Energy conservation
⇒ quadratic growth of I2ω in undepleted approx (#2.10) must fail
2 2 2
– in fact, energy conservation ⇒ n2ω 2ω ( z ) + nω ω ( z ) = nω ω (0)
– can use to find exact solution in phasematched case
– first choose phases so SVEA equations take real form
d 2ω d 2ω
= −iκ 2ω ω2 = κ ω2
dz dz
≡ −i n2ω
d ω d ω
2ω
n2ω 1
2ω

= −iκ ω 2ω ω* ≡ nω = −κ 2ω ω κ ≡ κ 2ω = κω
dz dz
ω
nω
ω
n2ω

d 2ω energy conservation d 2ω
=κ 2
ω =κ 2
ω0 − 2
2ω ( z)
dz ( z) + ( z) =
2 2 2
2ω ω ω
(0) dz

( L) d L integrate
∫0
ω0 −
2
2ω
2
( z)
= κ ∫ dz
0 2ω ( L) = ω0 tanh(κ L ω0 )
2ω
∫ dx / (a − x 2 ) = a −1 tanh −1 ( x / a )
2
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 15
SHG with Depleted Pump II
I 2ω ( L )
2ω ( L ) = ω 0 tanh(κ L ω0 ) ⇒ = tanh 2 (κ L ω0 )
Iω (0)
ηPM,0 (#2.10: efficiency in undepleted limit)
• Conserves energy I 2ω ( L ) 1
( ) Is
undepleted
tanh 2 ηPM,0 ηPM ,0 >>1
→1 Iω 0 approx
exact solution
• Agrees in low-conversion limit
tanh 2 ( )
ηPM,0 → ηPM,0
0.5

• Slow approach to 100% conversion 0

0 1 2 3 4
– e.g. η ≈ 99% for ηPM,0 ≈ 9 ηPM,0 = (κ L ω0 )2
– a challenge, especially for pulses
 EE346 NLO
1/11/21, #2 slide 16
Next

• Lecture 2 developed SHG as simplest example of NL conversion

– critical nature of phasematching illustrated
– impact of nonlinear susceptibility quantified

• Birefringence is commonest way to accomplish phasematching

– use birefringence to compensate for dispersion
– need to understand crystal optics
Harris Ch.2 pp 1-37
Yariv and Yeh 4.1-4.6
Yariv 5.2-5.4

• Return to other conversion processes after crystal optics and

nonlinear susceptibility