NET321 F13 CH 4
NET321 F13 CH 4
Digital Transmission
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
Data
- Digital
- Analog
Signals
- Digital
- Analog
4.2
Line Coding
4.3
Line coding and decoding
4.4
Signal elements versus data elements
4.5
Example
A signal is carrying data in which one data element is
encoded as one signal element (r = 1). If the bit rate is 100
kbps, what is the average value of the baud rate if c is
between 0 and 1?
Solution
We assume that the average value of c is 1/2. The baud rate
is then
4.6
Example
Solution
A signal with L levels actually can carry log2 L bits per
level. If each level corresponds to one signal element and we
assume the average case (c = 1/2), then we have
4.7
Example
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent
faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per second
does the receiver receive if the data rate is 1 kbps? How
many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.
4.8
Effect of lack of synchronization
4.9
Line coding scheme
4.10
Unipolar scheme
4.11
Polar schemes (NRZ-L and NRZ-I)
4.12
Example
Solution
The average signal rate is S = N/2 = 500 kbaud. The
minimum bandwidth for this average baud rate is
Bmin = S = 500 kHz.
Polar schemes (RZ)
4.14
Polar biphase
4.15
Polar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary
4.16
Multilevel: 2B1Q
4.17
Multilevel: 8B6T
4.18
Multi-transition MLT-3 scheme
4.19
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
4.20
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
4.21
Components of PCM encoder
4.22
Three different sampling methods for PCM
4.23
Recovery of a sine wave with different sampling rates.
4.24
Example
4.25
Quantization and encoding of a sampled signal
4.26
Example
Solution
The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to
4000 Hz. So the sampling rate and bit rate are calculated as
follows:
4.27
TRANSMISSION MODES
4.28
Data transmission modes
4.29
Parallel transmission
4.30
Serial transmission
4.31
Asynchronous transmission
4.32
Synchronous transmission
Direction of flow
Frame Frame Frame
4.33