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NET321 F13 CH 4

The document discusses digital transmission and covers topics like: - Line coding which converts digital data to digital signals - Examples of line coding schemes like unipolar, polar, and multilevel coding - Analog to digital conversion using pulse code modulation to sample and quantize analog signals - Factors that affect digitization like sampling rate and bits per sample - Parallel and serial transmission modes for sending binary data across links.

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52 views33 pages

NET321 F13 CH 4

The document discusses digital transmission and covers topics like: - Line coding which converts digital data to digital signals - Examples of line coding schemes like unipolar, polar, and multilevel coding - Analog to digital conversion using pulse code modulation to sample and quantize analog signals - Factors that affect digitization like sampling rate and bits per sample - Parallel and serial transmission modes for sending binary data across links.

Uploaded by

kd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Digital Transmission
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

Data
- Digital
- Analog
Signals
- Digital
- Analog

4.2
Line Coding

- The process of converting a sequence of bits to


digital signals.

- At the sender, digital data are encoded into a


digital signal

- at the receiver, the digital data are recreated by


decoding the digital signal.

4.3
Line coding and decoding

4.4
Signal elements versus data elements

4.5
Example
A signal is carrying data in which one data element is
encoded as one signal element (r = 1). If the bit rate is 100
kbps, what is the average value of the baud rate if c is
between 0 and 1?

Solution
We assume that the average value of c is 1/2. The baud rate
is then

4.6
Example

The maximum data rate of a channel is


Nmax = 2 × B × log2 L (defined by the Nyquist formula).
Does this agree with the previous formula for Nmax?

Solution
A signal with L levels actually can carry log2 L bits per
level. If each level corresponds to one signal element and we
assume the average case (c = 1/2), then we have

4.7
Example
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent
faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per second
does the receiver receive if the data rate is 1 kbps? How
many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.

At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of


1,000,000 bps.

4.8
Effect of lack of synchronization

4.9
Line coding scheme

4.10
Unipolar scheme

4.11
Polar schemes (NRZ-L and NRZ-I)

4.12
Example

A system is using NRZ-I to transfer 10-Mbps data. What are


the average signal rate and minimum bandwidth?

Solution
The average signal rate is S = N/2 = 500 kbaud. The
minimum bandwidth for this average baud rate is
Bmin = S = 500 kHz.
Polar schemes (RZ)

4.14
Polar biphase

4.15
Polar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary

4.16
Multilevel: 2B1Q

4.17
Multilevel: 8B6T

4.18
Multi-transition MLT-3 scheme

4.19
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

- to change an analog signal to digital data

4.20
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

The most common technique to change an


analog signal to digital data (digitization)

4.21
Components of PCM encoder

4.22
Three different sampling methods for PCM

4.23
Recovery of a sine wave with different sampling rates.

4.24
Example

Telephone companies digitize voice by assuming a


maximum frequency of 4000 Hz. The sampling rate
therefore is 8000 samples per second.

4.25
Quantization and encoding of a sampled signal

4.26
Example

We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,


assuming 8 bits per sample?

Solution
The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to
4000 Hz. So the sampling rate and bit rate are calculated as
follows:

4.27
TRANSMISSION MODES

The transmission of binary data across a link can


be accomplished in either parallel or serial mode.

4.28
Data transmission modes

4.29
Parallel transmission

4.30
Serial transmission

4.31
Asynchronous transmission

4.32
Synchronous transmission

Direction of flow
Frame Frame Frame

11110111 11111011 11110110 ••• 11110111 11110011

4.33

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