COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEWER

SUBJECTS
FIRST YEAR
FIRST SEMESTER
Ethics in Government Management – Doc Garcia
Human Resource and Development – Doc Denaya
Local Government and Administration – Doc Avila
SECOND SEMESTER
Public Fiscal Administration – Doc Avila
Research Methodology – Doc Garcia
Theory and Practice in Public Administration – Doc Denaya
SECOND YEAR
FISRT SEMESTER
Comparative Administration – Doc Alex
Organization and Management – Doc Avila
Public Administration and Public Relations – Doc Denaya
SECOND SEMESTER
Seminar on Thesis Writing – Doc Santos
Advanced Statistics – Doc Ummie

SCHEDULE OF EXAMINATION
FIRST DAY SECOND DAY
☑ Public Administration and Public Relations – Doc
☑ Research Methodology – Doc G
A
☑ Advanced Statistics – Doc Ummie Local Government and Administration
☑ Theory and Practice in Public Administration ☑ Organization and Management – Doc A
☑ Ethics in Government Management – Doc A ☑ Comparative Administration
☑ Human Resource and Development – Doc G ☑ Public Fiscal Administration – Doc A
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Choose only three (3) questions that you wish to answer

1. What is research? Why conducting research is important? What is the relevance of making research in
the government service? Formulate a Research Problem you want to work on and state the reason why
you have chosen that particular topic.

2. What are the roles of survey of related literature and studies, and hypothesis on conducting a
research? Aside from academic requirement, what is the significance of your future study in your
workplace? How your chosen topic indicated in question number 1 may contribute to the development
or improvement in government system within your respective organization?

3. What is the importance of choosing the research method, research designs, and research style in
conducting a research? What are the purpose of the following: sampling techniques, validation of
research instruments, informed consent, and other ethical considerations?

4. What are the similarities and differences of theoretical and conceptual framework? Why the
Statement of the Problem should anchor to particular theory or research study?

5. Why is the purpose of the reviewed of the related literature and related studies in conducting a
descriptive research? Why there is a need to utilize the related literature and studies in making a cross
reference of the results of the study?
ADVANCED STATISTICS
 THEORY AND PRACTICE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
MEANING - Public Administration is the detailed systematic application of law. Every particular
application of law is an act of administration. Public Administration consists of all those operations
having for their purpose the enforcement of fulfillment of public policy as declared by the competent
authority.
SCOPE – First Category: Public Administration studies the problems like organization, management of
personnel, methods and procedure, materials and supply, public finance and administrative
accountability. Second Category: Public Administration includes the totality of government activity,
encompassing exercise of enlightened variety and technique of organization and management whereby
order and social purpose are given to the effort of vast numbers.
FACTORS THAT PUSHED FOR GOVERNANCE (CARINO, 2000)
1. Quest for growth and development 2. Environmental movement
3. Globalization 4. Consolidating peace 
VALUES
1. Decentralization 2. Participation 3. Responsiveness 4. Accountability
ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
1. Accountability 2. Predictability 3. Participation 4. Transparency
CLASSICAL THEORY
WOODROW WILSON – Father of Public Administration; “The Study of Administration”; Politics –
Administration Dichotomy
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR – Scientific Management Theory aka Taylorism (Time and Motion);
“Principles of Scientific Management”
HENRI FAYOL – 14 Principles
LUTHER GULICK – “Papers on the Science of Administration”; 10 Principles of Administration;
POSDCORB; Concept of Basis of Administration
LYNDALL URWICK – Principles of Management
JAMES D MOONY & ALAN C. RAILEY – 4 Basic Principles of Administration
NEOCLASSICAL THEORY
ELEMENTS – Individual, Work Groups, Participative Management
ELTON MAYO – Father of NeoClassical Theory
HUMAN RELATIONS THEORY – viewed human beings not as machine models but as individuals with
differing psychological motivations, and with distinct and dynamic behavior affecting performances.
HAWTHORNE THEORY – Study of behavior of people in work situation
ABRAHAM MASLOW – Hierarchy of Needs (Basic Needs [Biological & Physiological, and Safety],
Psychological Needs [Love & Belonging], and Self Fulfillment Needs [Self Actualization])
FREDERICK HERZBERG – Two Factor Theory: Job Dissatisfaction (Hygiene Factors) and Job
Satisfaction (Motivation Factors)
DOUGLAS McGREGOR – Theory X (Assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike
responsibility, and must be coerced to perform), and Theory Y (Assumption that employees like
work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction).
CHRIS ARYGRIS – Immaturity and Maturity Continuum
RENSIS LIKERT – 4 Management System Theory
BUREACRATIC THEORY
KARL MARX – Social Classes; Capitalism; “Bureaucracy is, no doubt, an efficient instrument of
administration but it is the most powerful instrument of administration that tortures and exploits
working class”
 JOHN STUART MILL – Utilitarianism (doctrine or family of normative ethical theories that prescribe
actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals, and that the greatest
happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct.); theorized that
successful monarchies were essentially bureaucracies; Bureaucracy as a distinct form of government
WOODROW WILLSON – argued that a bureaucracy should be run like a business (promoted ideas
like merit-based promotions, professionalization, and a non-political system)
MAX WEBER – Defines bureaucracy as a highly structured, formalized, and an impersonal
organization; Recommended bureaucracy as the best way for large organizations to maintain order
and maximize efficiency; Argued that bureaucracy’s hierarchal structure and consistent processes
represented the ideal way to organize all human activity
MAX WEBER’S BUREAUCRATIC FORM – 6 MAJOR PRINCIPLES
1. A formal hierarchical structure 2. Rules-based Management 
3. Functional Specialty organization 4. Up-focused or In-focused Mission
5. Impersonal (Equality) 6. Employment-based on Technical Qualifications
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY  
1. Specialization of labor 2. A formal set of rules and regulations
3. Well-defined hierarchy w/in the organization 4. Impersonality in the application of rules
MODERN/CURRENT THEORY
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION – refers to developing countries
FRED RIGGS AND EDWARD WEIDNER – Power blocs (First World and Second World); it is the
process of guiding an organization toward the achievement of progressive political, economic and
social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one manner or the other.
Management Innovation (DA was aimed at helping countries that are undergoing reconstruction
and social transformation)
NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
GEORGE FREDERICKSON’S Toward A New Public Administration – Social Equity to the classic
definition of PuAd
PuAd should not be neutral. Proponents: (1) Client-oriented administration, (2) Non-bureaucratic
structures, (3) Participatory decision-making, (4) Decentralized Administration, (5) Advocate-
administrators.
Public Administrators’ challenge in their capacity to accept CHANGE.
Reinventing Government: (1) Serve citizens, not customers; (2) Seek public interest; (3) Value
citizenship over entrepreneurship; (4) Think strategically, act democratically; (5) Recognize that
accountability is not simple; (6) Serve rather than steer; and (7) Value people, not just productivity.
Reengineer Organizations – offers an approach for improving performance, effectiveness, and
efficiency of organizations regardless of the sector in which they operate.
PuAd as Governance – It involves the institutionalization of a system through which citizens,
institutions, organizations, and groups in a society articulate their rights, and mediate their
differences in pursuit of collective good; GOOD GOVERNANCE = SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;
Good Governance is the most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development;
Key Dimensions: (1) Accountability, (2) Participation, (3) Predictability, (4) Transparency.
 ETHICS AND GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT
TIP: LAST SEM EXAM
1. MORAL DILEMMA
It is a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral
imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another. Sometimes it’s called
ethical paradoxes.
TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS
A. EPISTEMIC CONFLICTS – This involves conflicts between 2 (or more) moral requirements, and
the agent does not know which of the conflicting requirements takes precedence in the situation.
B. ONTOLOGICAL CONFLICTS – This involves conflicts between 2 (or more) moral requirements,
and neither is overridden.
THREE LEVELS OF DILEMMA
A. INDIVIDUAL
B. ORGANIZATIONAL
C. SYSTEMATIC/STRUCTURAL – ongoing research for satisfactory system
MORAL PHILOSOPHY – an attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of the nature of
morality, and what it requires of us, “how we ought to live, and why”
REASON – a faculty that is used by man in dealing with issues
MORAL REASONING – a process by which one thinks about the moral dilemma
2. ETHICS
This is moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of activity. This also
involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. This
refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do,
usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. It is the
standard that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain.
This is the process of questioning, discovering, and defending our values, principles, and purpose.
Values tell us what’s good, principles tell us what’s right, and purpose is your reason for being
(gives life to values and principles). It is about finding out who we are, and staying true to that in
the face of temptations, challenges, and uncertainty.
Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice constitute the four principles of ethics.
3. INTEGRITY
This is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles, following it at all times no
atter who’s watching. It is being morally upright – the state of being whole and undivided.
It is the practice of being honest, and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to
strong moral and ethical principles and values. In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and
truthfulness or accuracy of one’s actions. It is a firm adherence to a code of especially moral or
artistic values.
4. LAW
This is the law of human; and action prescribed by authority.
The law is based on principles and regulations established in a community by some authority, and
applicable to its people. It is structured rules utilized to govern all.
Violation of laws may bring a loss or reduction in freedom and possessions.
 HUMAN RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT
Choose only three (3) questions that you wish to answer

1. What are the fundamental roles of CSC in managing the human resource in the government service?
How do the CSC intervene in the affairs of the personnel administrators in providing discipline and
implementation of disciplinary action towards the government employees?

2. What are the human resource management practices in your respective agency which effectively
motivate the employees to perform their duties and assigned tasks? What are the incentives and
rewards that should be given to all government agencies in order to increase the level of motivation of
the employees, particularly the rank-and-file employees, casual, and contractual?

3. What are the similarities and differences of human resource management and personnel
management? What are the common issues and concerns that you observed in your respective
organization with regards to personnel management or human resource management?

4. As a human resource manager in your respective offices, which human resource management
practices are you going to prioritize: productivity and efficiency of workers’ satisfaction? Why? What
human resource or human behavior theory are you going to adopt? Cite the theory and explain why you
have chosen the given theory?

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conducting internal recruitment and external
recruitment? If you are the head of agency, what is your priority in hiring and selection of employees to
fill in the vacant positions: internal or external recruitment? Why?
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
TIP: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND IT, AND FOI
PUBLIC RELATIONS (PR) is the set of techniques and strategies related to managing how information
about an individual or company is disseminated to the public, and especially the media. Public Relations
is one of the most effective ways to build on marketing strategies and create a solid reputation. Public
Relations is responsible for managing communication between your organization and the general public,
with the objective of building, managing, and maintaining your business’s positive image. They work
towards the management of internal and external communications to enable the smooth functioning of
the organization, along with the analysis and understanding of the opinion of your target audience
about your organization.
3 PHASES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT
1. Publicity Phase – Practitioners were primarily concerned with creating awareness and building
recognition for the individual or organization employing public relations.
2. Explanatory Phase – primarily a one-way process even though feedback is sometimes sought;
providing relevant information to key audiences; and using circuit theories of communication
and/or general systems theories of management to explain interactions
3. Mutual Satisfaction Phase – encourages organizations and their publics to compromise and make
complementary adjustments to one another so both benefit from their relationship.
PHILIPPINE ANVIL AWARDS – Like the Public Relations Society of America, the PRSP hosts annual Anvil
Awards, an awards ceremony that recognizes outstanding programs, projects and PR techniques. The
ceremony, according to Culbertson and Chen, is known as the “Oscars of Public Relations.” According to
Culbertson and Chen, PR is a concept from the West that has been transplanted to Asia. But Philippine
PR has drawn its sustenance from its own soil. Philippine PR practitioners have been faithful to their
culture, making PR in the Philippines relevant to Filipinos — especially when the government is involved.
Culbertson and Chen say that Philippine PR is self-propelled, dynamic and professional.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical
devices, infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of
electronic data. Typically, IT is used in the context of business operations, as opposed to technology
used for personal or entertainment purposes. The commercial use of IT encompasses both computer
technology and telecommunications.
IMPORTANCE: It's been said that data is what powers industries worldwide. That may be hyperbole,
but few businesses -- large or small -- can remain competitive without the ability to collect data and
turn it into useful information. IT provides the means to develop, process, analyze, exchange, store
and secure information.
IT ON PUAD: In order to perform its tasks, public administration requires efficient information
technology that brings together different and interlinked areas. Its fast and reliable operation is
provided by a central information and communication network through which a large quantity of
suitably protected data flows. In order to simplify and digitalize the work between the authorities,
various joint IT solutions or services have been developed that are also available to citizens and the
companies. The digitalization of public administration services is an important task of the Ministry of
Public Administration. It contributes to greater accessibility and better information and efficiency for
citizens, companies and other entities. We study Public Administration and IT for four important
reasons: (1) how it impacts trust in government, (2) the sheer money spent on IT, (3) the lack of
performance of existing systems, and (4) the increased demands on public managers.
 THEORIES OF IT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
1. Technological Determinism – This implies that when anew technology appears, it creates change,
and will be adopted by Public Administration.
2. Reinforcement Theory – This argues that administrators implement IT if it supports their view of
the organizational change.
3. Sociotechnical Theory – This argues that organizations are made up of people in the social system
that use tools, techniques, and knowledge to shape the organizational change.

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION – The right to information is reserved to the people by the supreme law of
the land. It is enshrined in Section 7, Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Executive Order No.
02 or the Executive Order on Freedom of Information (FOI) aims to promote an open government by
increasing the transparency of the executive branch and its agencies. It strengthens the right to
information as enshrined by the constitution. FOI allows Filipino citizens to request any information
about government transactions and operations, provided that it shall not put into jeopardy privacy and
matters of national security. The FOI mechanism for the Executive Branch is enabled through Executive
Order No. 2, series of 2016. This is a clear recognition of the people's right to information which covers
all subjects and issues of public concern. With this enactment, the exercise of the right is strengthened.
The duty of government agencies to disclose information of public concern is clearly mandatory. The
people's right to be afforded access to public records cannot be discretionary on the part of the
government agency concerned. The government agency having custody of the data and records,
however, has the duty to protect its integrity. The agency should also make sure that compliance with
the request will not disrupt the operations of the agency; that rendition of quality service is maintained.
There are limitations set under the law and jurisprudence to this effect. The Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA), as the central statistical authority of the Philippine government on primary data
collection, is mandated under Republic Act No. 10625 to maintain the confidentiality of the individual
data furnished by a respondent to statistical inquiries, surveys and censuses. In connection with the PA's
responsibility to administer civil registration functions, birth records can only be disclosed to the
document owners and authorized persons pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 603 and the different
administrative issuances pertaining to the implementation of our civil registry laws.
Freedom of Information (FOI) legislation is intended to provide individuals and groups with access to
information held by federal and state ministers, departments and other government agencies including
public libraries and archives. This information may be general material held by the agency relating to its
work or specific material about decisions which have been made including how those decisions were
made. Individuals may also apply for access to information held about them. Access to some material
held by government agencies is made exempt from the legislation. These are usually documents that
have been deemed confidential to protect public or private interests. 
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
TIP: ORG DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTIONS OF MGT AND ABOUT STAR PRODUCERS KEY STRATEGIES
ORG AND MGMT – Focuses on: (1) how individuals and groups interact within organizations, and (2)
how firms interact with one another and with consumers, employees, communities, and institutions.
These 2 terms are inseparable – one cannot exist without the other in any meaningful way.
ADMINISTRATION – Managing the organization which includes managing staff, paying bills and taxes,
and planning budgets and other financial matters. This is concerned with maintaining the systems in
place to support the goals. This also considers higher rank/position in instructing people.
ORGANIZATION – Formal group of people with a shared aim/goal; this has a specific purpose, and has
limits and cannot stretch beyond what it was created for; Functions are HRM, strategic planning,
organizational theory, organizational ecology. Organization can only exist with management, whereas
orgs can exist without administration.
MANAGEMENT – Managing people in an organizational structure; Act of organizing, controlling, or
arranging things in a particular way for best efficiency; Functions are decision-making activities,
leadership skills, personnel management, managerial; this refers to the process. This is more geared
towards the goals and objectives. POLC (Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling)
MANAGEMENT LEVELS – (1) Top Level (defining the objectives and formulating policies; Board of
Directors and Chief Executives); (2) Middle Level (identifying the departmental objectives and guiding
the lower level towards the achievement of these objectives; Departmental heads and managers); and
(3) Lower Level (Carrying out the operations and their supervisors; Supervisors and foremen) (*4)
Workers.
ROLES OF MANAGER – Informational, Decisional, and Interpersonal
MANAGEMENT SKILLS – People Mgmt Skills, Communication Skills, Technical Skills, Conceptual Skills,
Leadership Skills, Problem Skills, Time Mgmt Skills, Directing and Oversight, Domain Knowledge, and
Diagnostic, Analytical, and Decision-Making Skills.
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
1. PLANNING – This is the primary function of management. This is the process of deciding the
objectives to be achieved and selecting the ways and means of achieving the pre-decided
objectives. This involves deciding beforehand
NATURE: Managerial function, Goal oriented, Pervasive, Continuous Process, Intellectual
Process, Futuristic, Decision-making
TYPES: Strategic (foundation of an organization; this dictates the important decisions made
within an organization; usually with a scope of 3-10 yrs; also includes the org’s goals, vision,
mission, and values), Tactical (supportive of strategic plan – tactics will be used in order to
execute strategic plan; short-term plan), Operational (usually created for a specific event that
occur once), and Contingency (created for when the unexpected occurs or a major change needs
to be made in order to continue towards the goal).
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS: Forecasting, Contingency Planning, Scenario Planning, Benchmarking,
Participatory Planning
APPLICATION OF TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS: SWOT Analysis, RACI Diagram, Stakeholder Matrix,
Cause and Effect Diagram (aka Fishbone Diagram), Risk Map (aka Summary Risk Profile),
Decision Tree, Radar Chart (aka Spider Chart)
DECISION-MAKING: Define the Problem > Gather information and collect data > Develop and
weigh the options > Choose best possible option > Plan and execute > Take follow up action
DECISION-MAKING STYLES: Psychological (decisions derived from the needs, desires,
preferences, and/or values of the decision-maker), Cognitive (involves iterative cycles and
 constant assessment of the reactions and impacts of the decision), Normative (derived based on
the ability to communicate and share logic, using firm premises, and conclusions to drive
behavior)
TYPES OF DECISIONS: Avoiding, Problem Solving, Problem Seeking
RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING – a multi-step process for making choices between alternatives.
This favors logic, objectivity, and analysis over subjectivity and insight.

2. ORGANIZING
CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURE OF AN ORG: Association of People, Common Goal, Allocation of
Work, Coordination, Social Composition, Hierarchy of Authority, Environment
ORG BARRIERS: Rules and Policies, Hierarchical Positions, Org Facilities, Complex Org Structure
TYPES OF ORG STRUCTURES: (1) Hierarchical Organizational Structure, (2) Functional
Organizational Structure, (3) Horizontal or Flat Organizational Structure, (4) Divisional
Organizational Structure (5) Matrix Organizational Structure, (6) Team-based Organizational
Structure, (7) Network Organizational Structure
THEORIES: Classical theory (Org is considered as a machine and human beings as different
component/parts of that machine), Scientific Mgmt. Theory (focuses on improving the efficiency
of each individual in the org), Administrative Theory (departmentalization; focuses on how the
mgmt. of org is structured and how well the individuals therein are organized to accomplish the
tasks given to them), Bureaucratic Theory (focuses on developing hierarchical system in the org,
and defining clear procedures, methods, rules, and orgs to carry out business operations and
transactions), Neo-Classical Theory (an org is a social system, and an org’s performance purely
depends on the workers and gets affected by human causes. The neoclassical theory affirms that
a person is motivated by various reasons and desires to fulfil specific requirements), Modern
Theory (this suggests that an org is a system that changes with the change in its environment,
both internal and external).
DELEGATION – is a mgmt. function that acts as a process of assigning managerial authority and
responsibility to managers and employees lower in the hierarchy
ELEMENTS OF DELEGATION: Authority, Responsibility, Accountability

3. STAFFING
STAFFING - is the Human Resource function of identifying, attracting, hiring and retaining people
with the necessary qualifications to fill the responsibilities. It involves manuring the
organizational structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal and development of
personnel to fill the roles designed into the structure. It is filling and keeping filled, positions in
the organizational structure. This is done by identifying work-force requirements, inventorying
the people available, recruiting, selecting, placing, promotion, appraising, planning the careers,
compensating, training, developing existing staff or new recruits, so that they can accomplish
their tasks effectively and efficiently.
CONSIDER THE FF: Educational Background, Experience, Training, Ability, Talent, Specialization
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT is the strategic approach to the employment, development
and wellbeing of the people working in an organization.
STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING consist of developing a systematic, comprehensive
strategy for: (1) Understanding current employee needs; and (b) Predicting future employee
needs.
STAFFING PROCESS: (1) Estimating the Manpower Requirements; (2) Recruitment; (3) Selection;
(4) Placement and Orientation; (5) Training and Development; (6) Performance Appraisal; (7)
Promotion and Career Planning; (8) Compensation
 COMPENSATION refers to monetary payment given to an individual in exchange for their
services. In the workplace, compensation is what is earned by employees. It includes salary or
wages in addition to commission and any incentives or perks that come with the given
employee's position.
PARTS OF COMOENSATION: (1) Wages and Salaries, (2) Incentives, and (3) Benefits
STRATEGIC PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SPMS) is a mechanism that links employee
performance with organizational performance to enhance the performance orientation of the
compensation system. It ensures that the employee achieves the objectives set by the
organization and the organization, on the other hand, achieves the objectives that it has set as
its strategic plan.

4. LEADING
LEADING is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.
HYGIENE FACTORS – Company Policies, Supervision, Relationships, Work Conditions,
Remuneration, Salary, Security
MOTIVATING FACTORS – Achievement, Recognition, Work, Responsibility, Job Advancement,
Growth
SELF DETERMINATION THEORY – “It will be faster if I do it myself”
MOTIVATION CYCLE – Small Success > Some Motivation > More Success > More Motivation
THE GREAT MAN THEORY OF LEADERSHIP – “Excellent leaders are born, not developed”
THE TRAIT THEORY OF LEADERSHIP – “Certain natural qualities tend to create good leaders”
CHANGE MANAGEMENT – is the process, tools, and techniques to manage the people-side of
business change to achieve the required business outcome, and to realize that business change
effectively within the social infrastructure of the workplace.

5. CONTROLLING
CONTROLLING is ensuring that activities in an org are performed as per the plans. It also ensures
that an org’s resources are being used effectively and efficiently for the achievement of the
predetermined goals. It also improves planning in the next cycle. It is a process which measures
and directs the actual performance against the planned objectives of the org.
STEPS OF CONTROLL PROCESS: (1) Establishing standards and methods for measuring
performance; (2) Measuring the performance; (3) Determining whether performance matches
the standard; and (4) Taking corrective action.
CONTROL METHODS: (1) Non-Quantitative Methods of Control – used by managers I performing
managerial functions; this leads to control of overall performance of an org, (2) Quantitative
Control Techniques – based on specific data and quantitative methods to measure and correct
the quantity and quality of output, and (3) Using Budgets and Budgetary Control – an estimate
of income or expenses for a specific tie period, and the particular estimates it contains become
the standards against which future performances will be measured and evaluated.
BASIC TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM: (1) Output Control – focuses on measurable results within
the org, (2) Behavioral Control – focuses on controlling the actions that ultimately lead to
results, and (3) Clan Control – informal; focuses on shared traditions, expectations, values, and
norms to lead people to work toward the good of their org.
ACCOUNTING CONTROLS: (1) Detective Controls – These controls are the controls in place to
detect any discrepancy and deviation from the policies in place. It also serves the purpose of the
integrity check. Detective Controls are applied irregularly and are more of an audit nature to
identify errors or discrepancies; (2) Preventive Controls – The controls are applied daily within
the organization to stop the errors or discrepancies for happening in the first place. We can say
 these are the rules which everyone within the organization has to abide by in their day-to-day
job; and (3) Corrective Controls – These are the controls that come to rescue when preventive
and detective both the controls have failed to avoid an error.
MARKETING CONTROL is used by small business owners to monitor and evaluate their current
marketing strategies to identify needed adjustments, and set guidelines for the future to
achieve goals.
TYPES OF MARKETING CONTROL: (1) Annual Plan Control, (2) Profitability Control, (3) Efficiency
Control, and (4) Strategic Control
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT is a critical and science-based process that helps organizations build
their capacity to change and achieve greater effectiveness by developing, improving, and reinforcing
strategies, structures, and processes. OD focuses on building the organization’s ability to assess its
current functioning and tweak it to achieve its goals. It is, therefore, a continuous process, whereas
change processes are often temporarily. The ultimate goal of organizational development is to increase
the organization’s competitiveness in order to create a business that wins in the marketplace. This can
be done through increasing profits, margins, market share, morale, cultural values, or other sources of
competitive advantage.
PROCESS: (1) Entering and Contracting, (2) Diagnostics, (3) Data Collection and Analyzing, (4)
Feedback, (5) Designing Interventions, (6) Leading and Managing Change, and (7) Evaluation and
Institutionalization of Change.
GOALS: (1) Ongoing Improvement, (2) Better or Increased Communication, (3) Employee
Development, (4) Product and Service Improvement, and (5) Increased Profit
INTERVENTIONS: (1) Individual – Individual interventions relate to individual responsibility,
habits, vision, improvement, or workflow. Individual interventions may take the form of
coaching or mentoring. Often, individual interventions are offered to new employees or
employees who are changing roles in a company. Other times, they’re used with employees who
present performance issues or whose attitudes negatively impact team morale; (2) Group –
Group interventions relate to a core team or branch, but not the entire staff. Group
interventions may be necessary because one part of a company is changing how it develops a
product, for example. These interventions may take the form of professional development,
coaching, or training conferences. Group interventions may involve restructuring a department
and communicating new job responsibilities to the relevant employees; and (3) Organization –
Organizational interventions involve an entire organization or business. They may be necessary
if a company is rolling out new strategies, visions, or protocols that affect every employee. In
some cases, organizational intervention may involve boosting morale to create a stronger
shared vision. Organizational interventions are often done through a third party, such as an
outside trainer or expert. These interventions are often specific to an organization or a type of
problem. As such, different types of organizational development interventions require different
implementation strategies.

STAR PRODUCERS
KEY STRATEGIES
 COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATION
FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY GOVT
1. DE JURE / DE FACTO
DE JURE (Govt of law) is an organized govt of a state which has the general support of the people.
DE FACTO (Govt of fact) is a govt which actually exercises power or control but without legal title.
2. UNITARY /CONFEDERATE / FEDERAL
UNITARY is a centralized govt. It is a govt in which all powers held by the govt belong to a single,
central agency.
CONFEDERATE is an alliance of independent states. A central organ – the confederate govt – has
the power to handle only those matters that the member states have assigned to it (usually
defense and foreign commerce).
FEDERAL is the one which the powers of govt are divided between a central govt and several local
govts. Division of power is on geographical basis. Levels of govt act directly on people thru their
own sets of laws, officials, and agencies.
3. PRESIDENTIAL / PARLIAMENTARY
PRESIDENTIAL – 3 branches of govt are separate and co-equal
PARLIAMENTARY – Legislative and Executive branch are held by the parliament
4. MONARCHY / REPUBLIC
MONARCHY is ruled by the monarch, and succession is hereditary.
REPUBLIC is run by the public, sovereignty emanates from the people, and officials are elected.
5. CIVILIAN / MILITARY
CIVILIAN – head of govt is civilian
MILITARY – head of govt is military officer
BRANCHES OF GOVT
LEGISLATIVE – Enact or creates laws
EXECUTIVE – Implement laws
JUDICIARY – Interpret laws
BASED ON RULE OF LAW
DESPOTIC – Ruler has unlimited power
AUTHORITARIAN/FASCISM – Ruler has high amount of power but regulated by law
CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY – Rulers perform their function in strict compliance to law
ANARCHY – The absence of govt and the rule of law
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATION
NORMATIVE TO EMPRICAL – more focused on context than norm
IDIOGRAPHIC TO NOMOTHETIC – more focused on generalization
NON-ECOLOGY TO ECOLOGY – with the reference of social, political, and cultural context
In studying Comparative Administration, we understand the administrative structure and their
functioning in different settings and associations or countries, and what it does and why it works.
This study focuses on: (1) administrative structure; (2) bureaucracy patters of administration; (3)
decentralization of administration; (4) civil service system; and (5) recruitment of govt employees.
MODELS OF COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATION
1. BUREAUCRACY MODEL
MAX WEBER - “Bureaucracy is, no doubt, an efficient instrument of administration but it is the most
powerful instrument of administration that tortures and exploits working class”
Priciples: (1) Task Specialization, (2) Authority Hierarchy, (3) Formal Selection, (4) Formal Rules and
Regulations, (5) Impersonal, (6) Career Orientation
2. ECOLOGICALMODEL (ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY)
FRED W. RIGGS – The Ecology of Public Administration: gave light to the relationship and
interaction of an administration with its external surroundings
Agraria-Transita-Industria Model and Fused-Prismatic-Diffracted Model

3. ANTHONY DAWN MODEL (THE MEDIAN VOTER THEOREM)

Rational Choice Theory – helps understand economic and social behavior. Its basic premise is that
decisions made by individual will collectively produce aggregate social behavior. This theory
assumes that all people try to actively maximize their advantage in any situation and therefore
consistently try to minimize their losses.
4. INFORMATION-ENERGY MODEL
White and Cottrell – tried to understand the cultural and social evolution of societies as a result of
their energy and knowledge resources in 1940s-1950s.
This is based on a synthesis of concepts of General System Theory of: (1) Communication and
Cybernetics, and (2) Energy and Energy Conversion
This purports to explain changes in bureaucratic development for developing nations in terms of
changes in ecological variables
Variables: (1) Energy, (2) Information, and (3) Energy Conversion
5. DEVELOPMENT MODEL
EDWARD WEINER - This refers to the process of guiding an organization towards the achievement
of progressive political, economic, and social objectives
 PUBLIC FISCAL ADMINISTRATION
TIP: 2022 PBBM SONA: CASH-BASED BUDGETING AND RIGHT-SIZING
KEY POINTS:
o In terms of the economy, we will implement a sound fiscal management. Tax administration reforms
will be in place to increase revenue collection. Expenditure priorities will be realigned, and spending
efficiency will be improved to immediately address the economic scarring arising from the effects of
COVID-19, and also to prepare for future shocks.
o Productivity-enhancing investments will be promoted. Our country must become an investment
destination, capitalizing on the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises or the CREATE
Law and the economic liberalization laws such as the Public Service Act and the Foreign Investments
Act.
o Ecozones will be fully supported to bring in strategic industries such as those engaged in high-tech
manufacturing, health and medical care, and all emerging technologies. This is also seen to facilitate
economic growth outside of Metro Manila.
o Our tax system will be adjusted in order to catch up with the rapid developments of the digital
economy, including the imposition of value-added tax on digital service providers. The initial revenue
impact will be around Php 11.7 billion in 2023 alone.  Tax compliance procedures will be simplified to
promote ease of paying taxes. We will pursue measures to determine possible undervaluation and/or
trade misinvoicing of imported goods.
o Through information and communications technology, the Bureau of Customs will promote
streamlined processes. Disbursements for 2022 to 2023 will be maintained at above 20 percent of
gross domestic product or Php 4.955 trillion and Php 5.086 trillion, respectively, to ensure continuous
implementation of priority programs. Disbursement will further increase over the medium-term from
Php 5.402 trillion or 20.7 percent of our GDP in 2024 to Php 7.712 trillion or 20.6 percent of GDP in
2028.
o The Medium-Term Fiscal Strategy of this administration seeks to attain short-term macro-fiscal
stability while remaining supportive of the country’s economic recovery and to promote medium-term
fiscal sustainability. Furthermore, and more importantly, fiscal policy aims to bring together the
National Government’s resources so that these are mobilized and utilized in order to gain the
maximum benefit and the high multiplier effects for our economy. Measurable medium-term
macroeconomic and fiscal objectives include the following headline numbers. These are based on
forecasts that are consistent with the guiding principles of coherence of strategies, policy discipline
and fiscal sustainability.
- 6.5 to 7.5% real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in 2022; 6.5 to 8% real GDP growth
annually between 2023 to 2028
- 9% or single-digit poverty rate by 2028
- 3% National Government deficit to GDP ratio by 2028
- Less than 60% National Government debt-to-GDP ratio by 2025
- At least 4,256 USD income (GNI) per capita and the attainment of upper middle- income status
by 2024
o The aforementioned headline goals summarize the objectives of this Medium-Term Fiscal Strategy
(MTFF), once adopted, the MTFF will become an anchor for the annual spending and financing plan of
the National Government and Congress when preparing the annual budget and undertaking related
appropriation activities. It is therefore a forward-looking document that extends beyond the
traditional three-year horizon to reach six (6) years, coinciding with the six-year coverage of the
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023 to 2028. The MTFF also promotes transparency and credible
 commitment to pursue the indicated socio-macroeconomic goals that optimize the government
budget.
o Medium-term growth targets and the assumptions regarding key macroeconomic variables underpin
the medium-term fiscal plan.  The recent past and the COVID-19 pandemic has beset the
macroeconomic environment with challenges and a series of external shocks.  Inflation has
accelerated in recent months due largely to significant increases in international prices of oil and other
key commodities. Still, the economic growth momentum remains firm as demonstrated by the strong
2022 first quarter GDP growth at 8.3 percent.  However, the recovery process from the impact of the
pandemic is still on-going amid elevated uncertainty in the international economic environment.
Revisions in the macro-economic assumptions incorporate these challenges and most recent
economic developments, leading to upward adjustments in the following:
- Inflation rate for 2022 to 2023;
- Foreign exchange rate for 2023 to 2025; and
- Goods and services imports growth for 2022
o The economy is expected to grow by 6.5 to 7.5 percent this year as we continue to reopen the
economy while considering the recent external developments.
o The average inflation for 2022 is projected to range from 4.5 to 5.5 percent, following the uptick in
fuel and food prices as a result of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and the disrupted supply chains.
It is slightly adjusted to 2.5 to 4.5 percent in 2023, and is seen to return to the target range of   2.0 to
4.0 percent by 2024 until 2028.
o Exports of goods are expected to grow by 7 percent in 2022, and 6 percent from 2023 to 2028. On the
other hand, imports of goods are projected to grow by 18 percent in 2022, 6 percent in 2023, and 8
percent from 2024 to 2028.
o One of the main drivers of our push for growth and employment will be in the agricultural sector.
o Upang masuportahan ang mga mamimili para mapanatili ang kanilang purchasing power o
kapangyarihan sa pagbili, isinapinal ng Department of Agriculture ang planong taasan ang produksyon
sa susunod na panahon ng pagtatanim o planting season, sa pamamagitan ng tulong pinansiyal at
teknikal. Para sa pang-matagalang solusyon:  itataas natin ang produksyon ng mga kalakal at
produktong pang-agrikultura.  At para magawa ito, pagtitibayin natin ang tinatawag na value chain na
nagsisimula sa mga magsasaka hanggang sa mga  namimili. Maging ang post-production at processing
ay susuportahan ng pamahalaan.
o Ang agrarian reform program ay dapat magpatuloy. To assist this, I intend to issue an executive order
to impose a one-year moratorium on the payment of land amortization and interest payments. A
moratorium will give the farmers the ability to channel their resources in developing their farms,
maximizing their capacity to produce, and propel the growth of our economy. 
o Congress must also pass a law that will emancipate the agrarian reform beneficiaries from the agrarian
reform debt burden, thereby amending Section 26 of Republic Act 6657. IN THIS LAW, THE LOANS OF
AGRARIAN REFORM BENEFICIARIES WITH UNPAID AMORTIZATION AND INTEREST SHALL BE
CONDONED. Executive Order No. 75, Series of 2019 requires that all government agencies, bureaus,
departments and instrumentalities to turn over agricultural lands to qualified agrarian reform
beneficiaries.
o Tourism is not only an important economic development tool but the abundance of opportunities that
the sector creates in terms of regular employment and even job creation at the grassroots level is
undeniable. To boost our tourism industry, we will first and foremost make basic developments such
as road improvements for easier access to tourism spots. We will also upgrade our airports and create
more international airports to help decongest the bottleneck in the Manila Airport.
o Beyond the issues that the pandemic has brought, the need for a stronger health care system is self-
evident. We must bring medical services to the people and not wait for them to come to our hospitals
and health care centers.  Inuutusan ko naman ang Philippine Competition Commission na pantay-
pantay dapat at walang kartel sa hanay ng mga pharmaceutical companies.  Dahil kapag bukas ang
merkado, bababa ang presyo ng gamot para mapakinabangan ng ating mga mamamayan.
o Necessarily, infrastructure development will remain a very high priority in our drive for growth and
employment. Infrastructure development spending will be sustained at 5% to 6% of GDP. This
Administration is committed to finish building the current portfolio of investments
o At present, our demand for energy far exceeds our reliable supply.  We must increase the level of
energy production.  We must build new power plants.
o Tinatawagan ko rin ang Department of Foreign Affairs na makipagtulungan sa Department of Migrant
Workers na tiyakin ang lahat ng mga diplomatic post ay tutulong na agarang maibalik sa trabaho ang
mga ating mga Overseas Filipino workers na nawalan ng hanapbuhay nitong nakalipas na ilang taon.
Kaya natin, at gagawin natin, ang makipag-negosasyon na mabigyan ang ating mga kababayan doon ng
tamang pasahod, at mapangalagaan ang kanilang karapatan at kapakanan.
o As I am here today addressing the legislature, allow me now to  propose legislation that we would like
you to pass in support of these programs:
1. National Government Rightsizing Program (NGRP) – A reform mechanism that seeks to enhance
the government’s institutional capacity to perform its mandate and provide better services, while
ensuring optimal and efficient use of resources. Compared to previous government reorganization
efforts, the NGRP will entail a comprehensive strategic review of the functions, operations,
organization, systems and processes of the different agencies, and massive and transformational
initiatives in agencies concerned, such as mergers, consolidation, splitting, transfer, and even the
abolition of some offices. The rightsizing efforts will also involve the conduct of a comprehensive
strategic review of functions, programs and projects that will cut across various agencies. 
2. Budget Modernization Bill – This seeks to institutionalize the Cash-based Budgeting System
(CBS) under Executive Order No. 91, Series 2019 to strengthen fiscal discipline in the allocation
and use of budget resources by ensuring that every peso budgeted by the government would lead
to the actual delivery of programs and projects.  The full implementation of the CBS is timely and
vital as the government executes response and recovery plans post- pandemic. 
3. Tax Package 3: Valuation Reform Bill – This bill provides for the : (a) establishment of real
property values and valuation standards across the country; and (b) the development of Real
Property Information System that provides for the database of all real property transactions and
declarations in the country.
4. Passive Income and Financial Intermediary Taxation Act (PIFITA) – This seeks to reform the
taxation of capital income and financial services by redesigning the financial sector taxation into
simpler, fairer, more efficient and a revenue neutral tax system. It also represents to adopt a
regionally competitive tax system. 
5. E-Government Act – provides for the establishment of the E-Government Master Plan which
shall cover all e-government services and processes. 
6. Internet Transaction Act or E-Commerce Law – aims to establish an effective regulation of
commercial activities through the internet or electronic means to ensure that consumer rights and
data privacy are protected, innovation is encouraged, fair advertising practices and competition
are promoted, online transactions are secured, intellectual property rights are protected, and
product standards and safety are observed. 
7. Government Financial Institutions Unified Initiatives to Distressed Enterprises for Economic
Recovery (GUIDE) – This seeks to provide financial assistance to distressed enterprises critical to
economic recovery through programs and initiatives to be implemented by the Land Bank of the
Philippines, the Development Bank of the Philippines and the Philippine Guarantee Corporation  
for purposes  of addressing liquidity or solvency problems of MSMEs and strategically important
industries, to encourage their continued operations and maintain employment. 
8. The Establishment of a Medical Reserve Corps – Establishes a Medical Reserve Corp (MRC)
under the Health and Emergency Management Bureau (HEMB) of the DOH.
9. National Disease Prevention Management Authority
10. Creation of the Virology Institute of the Philippines – an attached agency of the DOST
11.Department of Water Resources – strategic framework for national water management,
policymaking and planning. 
12. Unified System of Separation, Retirement and Pension –
This grants a monthly disability pension, in lieu of disability benefits provided under existing laws,
for military and uniformed personnel (MUPs) retired by reasons of disability.
13. E-Governance Act – It promotes use of internet, intranet and other ICT to provide
opportunities for citizens. 
14. National Land Use Act – This will provide for a rational and holistic management and
development of our country's land and water resources; hold owners accountable for making
these lands productive and sustainable; strengthen the LGU to manage ecological balance within
its jurisdiction. It also provides for Land Use and Physical Planning/Framework as a mechanism in
determining policies and principles to implement this legislative measure. 
15. National Defense Act – This seeks to amend the antiquated National Defense Act of 1935 to
provide for a change in the military structure of the Armed Forces of the Philippines that is more
responsive to current and future  non-conventional security threats to the country’s territorial
integrity and national sovereignty.
16. Mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and National Service Training Program
(NSTP) – This seeks to reinstitute the ROTC program as a mandatory component of senior high
school programs (Grades 11 and 12) in all public and private tertiary-level educational institutions.
The aim is to motivate, train, organize and mobilize the students for national defense
preparedness, including disaster preparedness and capacity building for risk-related situations.
17. Enactment of an Enabling Law for the Natural Gas Industry – This seeks to foster the
development of the Midstream Natural Gas Industry in a bid to strengthen Philippine energy
security by diversifying the country’s primary sources of energy and promoting the role of natural
gas as a complementary fuel to variable renewable energy.
18. Amendments to the Electric Power Industry Reform Act or EPIRA (Rep. Act No. 9136) – This
aims to improve the implementation of the law’s provisions and enhance its effectiveness to
address high cost of electricity, alleged market collusion, and insufficient power supply.   The bill
seeks to restructure the Energy Regulation Commission (ERC) to foster accountability and improve
the commission’s government system that would ensure consumer protection and in enhancing
the competitive operation of the electricity market. 
19. Amendments to the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Law – This seeks to improve the
implementation of the Public Private Partnership (PPP) Program and to be able to direct the
desired outputs and outcomes in line with the strategic development targets of the country. 
Specifically, the amendments seek to: (a) Address the ambiguities in the existing law; (b) Address
the bottlenecks and challenges affecting the implementation of the PPP Program; and (c) Foster a
more competitive and enabling environment for PPPs.