Most common MERN Stack Interview

Questions with Answers

In this Document we have Covered:

1- MongoDB Interview Questions And Answers

2- Express Interview Questions And Answers
3- React js Interview Questions And Answers
4- Node js Interview Questions And Answers

1- Mongo DB Interview Questions And Answers

1- What are Indexes in MongoDB?

Indexes support the efficient execution of queries in MongoDB. Without indexes,

MongoDB must perform a collection scan, i.e. scan every document in a
collection, to select those documents that match the query statement. If an
appropriate index exists for a query, MongoDB can use the index to limit the
number of documents it must inspect.
Indexes are special data structures that store a small portion of the collection's
data set in an easy-to-traverse form. The index stores the value of a specific
field or set of fields, ordered by the value of the field. The ordering of the index
entries supports efficient equality matches and range-based query operations. In
addition, MongoDB can return sorted results by using the ordering in the index.

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2- How many indexes does MongoDB create by default for a new
collection?

By default, MongoDB creates a unique index on the _id field during the creation
of a collection. The _id index prevents clients from inserting two documents with
the same value for the _id field.

3- What is "Namespace" in MongoDB?

MongoDB stores BSON (Binary Interchange and Structure Object Notation)

objects in the collection. The concatenation of the collection name and database
name is called a namespace

4- What is Replication in MongoDB?

Replication exists primarily to offer data redundancy and high availability. It

maintain the durability of data by keeping multiple copies or replicas of that data
on physically isolated servers. Replication allows to increase data availability by
creating multiple copies of data across servers. This is especially useful if a
server crashes or hardware failure.
With MongoDB, replication is achieved through a Replica Set. Writer operations
are sent to the primary server (node), which applies the operations across
secondary servers, replicating the data. If the primary server fails (through a
crash or system failure), one of the secondary servers takes over and becomes
the new primary node via election. If that server comes back online, it becomes
a secondary once it fully recovers, aiding the new primary node.

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5- How can you achieve primary key - foreign key relationships in
MongoDB?

The primary key-foreign key relationship can be achieved by embedding one

document inside another. As an example, a department document can have its
employee document(s).

6- When should we embed one document within another in MongoDB?

You should consider embedding documents for:

● contains relationships between entities

● One-to-many relationships
● Performance reasons

7- Explain the limitations of MongoDB Transactions?

MongoDB transactions can exist only for relatively short time periods. By default,
a transaction must span no more than one minute of clock time. This limitation
results from the underlying MongoDB implementation. MongoDB uses MVCC,
but unlike databases such as Oracle, the “older” versions of data are kept only in
memory.
● You cannot create or drop a collection inside a transaction.
● Transactions cannot make writes to a capped collection
● Transactions take plenty of time to execute and somehow they
can slow the performance of the database.
● Transaction size is limited to 16MB requiring one to split any that
tends to exceed this size into smaller transactions.
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 ● Subjecting a large number of documents to a transaction may
exert excessive pressure on the WiredTiger engine and since it
relies on the snapshot capability, there will be a retention of large
unflushed operations in memory. This renders some
performance costs on the database.

8- Is there an "upsert" option in the MongoDB insert command?

The db.collection.insert() provides no upsert possibility. Instead, mongo insert

inserts a new document into a collection. Upsert is only possible using
db.collection.update() and db.collection.save().

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 2- Express Interview Questions And Answers

1- What is Scaffolding in Express.js?

Scaffolding is creating the skeleton structure of the application

There are 2 ways to do this, by using:

1. Express Application Generator

2. Yeoman

2- How to enable debugging in the express app?

In different Operating Systems, we have the following commands:

On Linux:

DEBUG=express:*
node app.js

On Windows:

set DEBUG=express:*
node app.js

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3- Serving static files in Express.js?

app.use(express.static('public'))
app.use('/static', express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));

4- Database integration in express.js?

Express.js supports many RDBMS & NoSQL databases like

● MongoDB
● MySQL
● Oracle
● PostgreSQL
● SQL Server
● SQLite
#Example: Install MongoDB

>>npm install MongoDB

var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient

MongoClient.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017/test_db', function (err, db) {

if (err) throw err

db.collection('mammals').find().toArray(function (err, result) {

if (err) throw err

console.log(result)
})
})

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5- Error handling in Express.js?

var express = require('express'),

app = express();

app.use(function (err, req, res, next) {

console.error(err.stack) // error first callback
res.status(500).send('Something went wrong!')
})

6- How dynamic routing works in express.js?

When someone passes parameters in URL (i.e. Parametrized URL), this routing
phenomenon is called dynamic routing.

var express = require('express'),

app = express();

app.get('/article/:id', function(req , res){

res.render('article' + req.params.id);
})

In the above example: id is a parameter, which can be different for different

requests.

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7- What is routing and how routing works in Express.js?

Routing refers to determining how an application responds to a request.

Route Syntax:

app.METHOD(PATH, HANDLER);

Where:

● the app is an instance of express.

● METHOD is an HTTP request method (get, post, put, etc.).
● PATH is a path/endpoint on the server.
● HANDLER is a function executed when the route is matched.
#Example: A route with path / and get method.

app.get('/', function (req, res) {

res.send('Express.js Interview Questions')
})

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 3- React js Interview Questions And Answers
1- What is React?

React is an open-source front-end JavaScript library that is used for building

user interfaces, especially for single-page applications. It is used for handling the
view layer for web and mobile apps. React was created by Jordan Walke, a
software engineer working for Facebook. React was first deployed on
Facebook's News Feed in 2011 and on Instagram in 2012.

2- What are the major features of React?

The major features of React are:

● It uses VirtualDOM instead of RealDOM considering that

RealDOM manipulations are expensive.
● Supports server-side rendering.
● Follows Unidirectional data flow or data binding.
● Uses reusable/composable UI components to develop the view.

3. When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

If the component needs state or lifecycle methods then use class component
otherwise use function component. However, from React 16.8 with the addition
of Hooks, you could use state , lifecycle methods, and other features that were
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only available in class component right in your function component. *So, it is
always recommended to use Function components, unless you need a React
functionality whose Function component equivalent is not present yet, like Error
Boundaries *

4- What are Pure Components?

React.PureComponent is exactly the same as React.Component except that it

handles the shouldComponentUpdate() method for you. When props or state
changes, PureComponent will do a shallow comparison on both props and state.
Component on the other hand won't compare current props and state to next out
of the box. Thus, the component will re-render by default whenever
shouldComponentUpdate is called.

5- What are props in React?

Props are inputs to components. They are single values or objects containing a
set of values that are passed to components on creation using a naming
convention similar to HTML-tag attributes. They are data passed down from a
parent component to a child component.

The primary purpose of props in React is to provide following component

functionality:
i. Pass custom data to your component.
ii. Trigger state changes.
iii. Use via this.props.reactProp inside component's render() method.

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 For example, let us create an element with reactProp property:
<Element reactProp={'1'} />

This reactProp (or whatever you came up with) name then becomes a property
attached to React's native props object which originally already exists on all
components created using React library.

props.reactProp

6- What is the difference between state and props?

Both props and state are plain JavaScript objects. While both of them hold
information that influences the output of render, they are different in their
functionality with respect to components. Props get passed to the component
similar to function parameters whereas state is managed within the component
similar to variables declared within a function.

7- What is the purpose of the callback function as an argument of

setState()?

The callback function is invoked when setState is finished and the component
gets rendered. Since setState() is asynchronous the callback function is used for
any post action.

Note: It is recommended to use the lifecycle method rather than this callback
function.

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setState({ name: 'John' }, () => console.log('The name has updated and component
re-rendered'))

8- What are synthetic events in React?

SyntheticEvent is a cross-browser wrapper around the browser's native event. Its

API is the same as the browser's native event, including stopPropagation() and
preventDefault(), except the events work identically across all browsers.

9- What is the use of refs?

The ref is used to return a reference to the element. They should be avoided in
most cases, however, they can be useful when you need direct access to the
DOM element or an instance of a component.

10- What is Virtual DOM?

The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory representation of the Real DOM. The
representation of a UI is kept in memory and synced with the "real" DOM. It's a
step that happens between the render function being called and the displaying of
elements on the screen. This entire process is called reconciliation.

11- What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?

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The Shadow DOM is a browser technology designed primarily for scoping
variables and CSS in web components. The Virtual DOM is a concept
implemented by libraries in JavaScript on top of browser APIs.

12- What is React Fiber?

Fiber is the new reconciliation engine or reimplementation of the core algorithm

in React v16. The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like
animation, layout, gestures, ability to pause, abort, or reuse work and assign
priority to different types of updates; and new concurrency primitives.

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 4- Node js Interview Questions And Answers

1- What is Node.js? Where can you use it?

Node.js is server-side scripting based on Google’s V8 JavaScript engine. It is

used to build scalable programs, especially web applications that are
computationally simple but are frequently accessed.
You can use Node.js in developing I/O intensive web applications like video
streaming sites. You can also use it for developing: Real-time web applications,
Network applications, General-purpose applications, and Distributed systems.

2- Which types of applications were developed using Node js?

You can develop Real-time web applications, Network applications, Distributed

Systems, and General-purpose applications using Node js.

3- What is the difference between Node.js vs Ajax?

The difference between Node.js and Ajax is that Ajax (short for Asynchronous
Javascript and XML) is a client-side technology, often used for updating the
contents of the page without refreshing it. While,Node.js is Server Side
Javascript, used for developing server software. Node.js does not execute in the
browser but by the server.

4- What are the functionalities of NPM in Node.js?

NPM (Node Package Manager) provides two functionalities:

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An online repository for Node.js packages
Command-line utility for installing packages, version management and
dependency management of Node.js packages

5- In which Language Node Js is written?

Node js is written in C, C++,JavaScript.It uses Google’s open-source V8

Javascript Engine to convert Javascript code to C++. (node js interview
questions and answers pdf)

6- Why should you use Node.js?

Scalable network programs can be developed easily by Node.js and if you like to
know why we should use Node, js then due to the below-listed advantages it is
usually used by the organizations:
- Great concurrency is yielded by Node.js
- Every feature of Node.js is asynchronous
- It is never blocked
- It is quite faster
- A unified programming language and data type is offered by this

7- Explain various streams of Node.js?

In Node.js stream allow users to read data from the source and o write data to a
destination in a continuous process.
They are just an object and the following four types of streams are there in
Node.js they are:

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 ● To provide read operation
● To provide a write operation
● To provide both read and write operation
● A duplex stream form that can perform computations as per available
data.

8- What is npm? What is the main functionality of npm?

npm stands for Node Package Manager. Following are the two main
functionalities of npm:
Online repositories for node.js packages/modules which are searchable on
search.nodejs.org
Command-line utility to install packages, do version management and
dependency management of Node.js packages.

9- Which Is The First Argument Usually Passed To A Node.Js Callback

Handler?

Node.js core modules follow a standard signature for their callback handlers and
usually the first argument is an optional error object. And if there is no error, then
the argument defaults to null or undefined.

10- What is the difference between AngularJS and Node.js?

Angular.JS is a web application development framework while Node.js is a

runtime system.

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Reference:
https://github.com/learning-zone/mongodb-interview-questions
https://www.fullstacktutorials.com/interviews/top-10-express-js-interview-questions-answers-30.html
https://github.com/sudheerj/reactjs-interview-questions
https://github.com/learning-zone/nodejs-interview-questions

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