Business Line - Chennai - 15 - 08 - 2022
Business Line - Chennai - 15 - 08 - 2022
Business Line - Chennai - 15 - 08 - 2022
CHENNAI
₹10 • Pages 26 • Volume 29 • Number 226
‘India marching into its golden age’ Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, the Big
In her first Independence Day address, seamless transportation. “For
the vibrancy of growth vis
Bull of Dalal Street, is no more
President Droupadi Murmu says with its ible in our country, credit
must also be given to workers The market maverick
fastestgrowing economy, India is set to
and farmers whose hard was also known for
achieve its material goals in the next 25 years work has made it possible
and entrepreneurs whose his liberal support to
OUR BUREAU we move towards the next business acumen has created various social causes
New Delhi, August 14 milestone in the journey of wealth. What is all the more
On the eve of Independence the nation – the Amrit Kaal, heartening is that the growth PALAK SHAH
Day, newlyelected President the 25 years to the celebra is becoming more inclusive Mumbai, August 14
Droupadi Murmu said India tion of the centenary of our and regional disparities too Rakesh Jhunjhunwala (62),
is entering its golden age on Independence. By 2047, we are reducing,” she said. India’s selfstyled big bull of
the 76th year of Independence will have fully realised the Highlighting the role of the stock markets, passed
bolstered by the fastest grow dreams of our freedom fight schemes such as ‘Pradhan away early on Sunday morn
ing economy in the world ers. We will have given a con President Droupadi Murmu addresses the nation on the eve of the
Mantri Awas Yojana’ and ‘Jal ing. Jhunjhunwala had an
and a physical infrastructure crete shape to the vision of 76th Independence Day, in New Delhi PTI
Jeevan Mission’, she said the estimated net worth of $5.5
supporting the newage di those who, led by Babasaheb aim of these and many other billion (approximately
gital sector and startup eco Bhimrao Ambedkar, drafted which is recovering from the is now moving forward. India similar efforts is to provide ₹45,000 crore), making him
system. the Constitution. We are blow of the Covid19 pan is among the fastest growing basic amenities to all, partic the 36th richest man in In
This century, said the Pres already on course to build an demic and underlined that major economies in the ularly the poor. dia, according to Forbes.
ident, belongs to India which Aatmanirbhar Bharat, an In unlike many other world eco world,” she said. India is es “The keyword for India Born on July 5, 1960, Jhun
will realise the dreams of its dia that would have realised nomies, India is performing timated to grow over 7 per today is compassion: for the jhunwala was the son of an
freedom fighters and found its true potential,” she said. better. cent during the current downtrodden, for the needy incometax officer and Rakesh Jhunjhunwala (19602022) REUTERS
ing fathers in the 100th year of “When the world has been fiscal. and for those on the margins. hailed from the district of
Independence, by 2047. On the economy battling the economic con Some of our national values Jhunjhunu in Rajasthan. A ted ₹260 crore in the new was building an eye hospital
“The lessons learnt in the The President specifically re sequences of the great crisis, Pat for startups have been incorporated in B.Com graduate from Syden budget airline company in Navi Mumbai, which
process will prove useful as flected on the economy India got its act together and Highlighting the roles of our Constitution as the Fun ham College (University of Akasa Airlines. could perform 15,000 eye
startups, the President said damental Duties of the cit Mumbai), he was also a qual Jhunjhunwala had also surgeries free of cost.
their success, especially the izens. I appeal to every citizen ified CA. shown interest in film pro Prime Minister Narendra
growing number of uni to know about their Funda Jhunjhunwala had begun duction and his philan Modi, in his homage to
corns, is a shining example of mental Duties and follow investing with $100 in 1985 thropic portfolio included Jhunjunwala via a tweet,
India’s industrial progress. them in letter and spirit so when the BSE benchmark in nutrition and education. He said, “Rakesh Jhunjhunwala
Latest data shows that the that our nation reaches new dex Sensex was trading just had pledged to give away 25 was indomitable. Full of life,
number of startups in India heights,” she said. at 150. He ran a privately per cent of his wealth to witty and insightful, he
has grown to 72,993 in 2022 owned stock trading firm charity. His most valuable leaves behind an indelible
from 471 in 2016. Also, the called RARE Enterprises. listed holding was watch contribution to the financial
number of unicorns has and jewellery maker Titan, world.”
crossed the 100 mark. Biggest investments part of the Tata conglomer Ratan Tata, Chairman
She credited the govern Some of his biggest invest ate. Emeritus of the Tata Group,
ment and the policymakers ments were Titan, Crisil, He contributed to shelters said: “Rakesh Jhunjhunwala,
for beating the global trend Aurobindo Pharma, Praj In for canceraffected children, who sadly passed away this
and helping the economy dustries, NCC, Aptech Lim Agastya International morning, will always be re
flourish. Highlighting the de ited, Ion Exchange, Fortis Foundation and Arpan, an membered for his acute un
velopment of physical and di Healthcare, Lupin, VIP In entity that helps create derstanding of the stock ex
gital infrastructure, she said dustries, Geojit Financial awareness among children changes of India. He will
that through the Pradhan Services, Rallis India, Jubil about sexual exploitation. also be remembered for his
Mantri GatiShakti Yojana, all ant Life Sciences, etc. Be Jhunjhunwala also sup jovial personality, his kind
the modes of connectivity are sides, he loved to dabble in ported Ashoka University, ness, and his foresighted
A 500metre national flag was taken out in a rally at Sowcarpet in Chennai on Sunday as part of the being integrated across the derivatives, currency and Friends of Tribals Society ness."
Independence Day celebrations RAGU R whole country to enable gold. Recently, he had inves and Olympic Gold Quest. He More reports p2
CM . ...... . .....
YK
CHENNAI
2 NEWS BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
Tributes pour in for From Covid lows, Jhunjhunwala’s stocks have zoomed 2-12x
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala The investor and known associates stocks is evident with the
likes of Titan, Metro
publicly hold 32 stocks with a portfolio Brands, Indian Hotels etc.
market value of nearly ₹32,000 crore Being an everoptimist in
Political leaders, the Indian economy, Jhun
KUMAR SHANKAR ROY rise in individual stock jhunwala’s slant towards
business captains BL Research Bureau price. Apart from these, the financials is also apparent
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, the most significant increases in the form of holdings
pay homage to permabull investor of In in stock price from Covid such as Star Heath Insur
the ace investor dian stock market, may no lows were seen in his other ance, Federal Bank, Canara
longer be around, but he holdings, such as DB Realty Bank, Crisil, Karur Vysya
OUR BUREAU leaves a great lesson for all (12 times), Man Infracon Bank, Edelweiss Financial,
Mumbai, August 14 of us: never give up. During struction (8 times), Anant Geojit Financial, Indiabulls
Rich tributes poured in for the Covid FebruaryMarch Raj (7 times) and Bilcare (4 Housing etc.
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, the Big 2020 crash, when stocks times). So, today, Jhunjhun In the auto sector, he has
Bull of the Indian stock mar were falling like nine pins wala’s 19 stocks are valued positions in Tata Motors
kets, who passed away Sunday and investors were drop at a whopping ₹17,738 and Escorts Kubota while
morning. ping their favourite equit crore, nearly threefold of in just the last five years. ing, Metro has been on a in healthcare, his positions
Jhunjhunwala, who was ies like a hot potato, re March 2020 value. This eas Comparatively, Star Health tearing run. As per the include Dishman Carbo
considered the ‘Indian War cords show the famed ily beats Sensex’s 2.1 times and Metro Brands are re latest shareholding data, gen, Jubilant Pharmanova,
ren Buffet’, was a great be Rakesh Jhunjhunwala was “witty, full of life and insightful”, investor held on to his rise during the same cent IPO listings. While Star Jhunjhunwala’s preference Wockhardt and Fortis
liever in the India growth Prime Minister Narendra Modi said in a tweet PTI stocks. period. Health stock fell since list for consumptionoriented Healthcare.
story and placed his bets in Over two years since, the Do note some of Jhun
the market accordingly. about India’s progress. His investor in India.” Uday Kotak, stocks held by the big bull jhunwala’s holdings have
Stock market investors passing away is saddening. My MD & CEO, Kotak Mahindra have already zoomed seen marginal hikes, while
keenly followed the ace invest condolences to his family and Bank, in a tweet, noted, roughly 212 times, thus some have seen a little
ment guru’s investment admirers. Om Shanti.” “Rakesh Jhunjhunwala: my adding thousands of crores trimming.
moves and views. He was the Home Minister Amit Shah school and college mate. One to his wealth.
toast of the Indian stock tweeted, “Anguished to learn year my junior. Believed stock Latest portfolio scan
markets. about the passing away of India was undervalued. He is Covid rally gains As per the latest available
The bets Jhunjhunwala Rakesh Jhunjhunwalaji. His right. Amazingly sharp in un As per shareholding data shareholding data filed,
placed in the market since the vast experience and under derstanding financial mar for Jhunjhunwala and his Rakesh Jhunjhunwala and
mid80s fetched him top re standing of the stock market kets. We spoke regularly, more associates as of the March known associates now pub
turns, helping him build a net have inspired countless in so during Covid. Will miss you 2020 quarter, the doyen of licly hold 32 stocks with a
worth estimated at around vestors. He will always be re Rakesh!” Dalal Street had exposure portfolio market value of
₹45,000 crore (according to membered for his bullish out Gautam Adani, Chairman, to about 30 stocks. June nearly ₹32,000 crore (see
Forbes), with investments in a look. My deepest condolences Adani Group, tweeted, “Ex 2022 quarter holding data table). A bulk (89 per cent)
host of companies including to his family. Om Shanti tremely saddened by the un for 19 of them are available of this ₹32,000 crore
Aptech, Star Health and Allied Shanti.” timely passing away of the today since not all compan wealth is concentrated in
Insurance Company, Rallis In Civil Aviation Minister most legendary investors that ies may have reported their 10 stocks, namely Titan
dia, VA Tech Wabag, Geojit Fin Jyotiraditya Scindia, in a tweet, India has had. Shri Jhunjhun shareholding data till now. Company, Star Health,
ancial Services, Crisil, Titan, said: “Sh Rakesh Jhunjhun wala inspired an entire gener Metro Brands, Tata Motors,
Federal Bank and Canara wala Ji was not only an astute ation to believe in our equity Prominent holdings Crisil, Fortis Healthcare,
Bank. businessman, but also inves markets with his brilliant The 19 ‘old’ holdings just Federal Bank, Canara Bank,
His faith in the India growth ted patiently in India’s growth views. We will miss him. India after the Covid crash were Indian Hotels Co and NCC.
story was so strong that he in story. He will be remembered will miss him but we will valued at about ₹6,532 The top3 i.e. Titan Com
vested ₹260 crore to pick up for giving India its new airline never forget him. RIP” crore. In that market cor pany (over ₹11,000 crore),
40 per cent stake in Akasa Air, @AkasaAir after more than a Anil Agarwal, Executive rection, many stocks in the Star Health (over ₹7,000
India’s newest airline. decade. My deepest condol Chairman of Vedanta Re pack of 19 corrected 4050 crore) and Metro Brands
ences to his family & loved sources, tweeted, “Breaks my per cent. (over ₹3,000 crore alone
‘Indomitable’ ones.” heart to know that a friend of These included his prom account for 2/3rd of his
Prime Minister Narendra Maharashtra Chief Minister mine, and more widely inent holdings such as Ti known portfolio (where he
Modi, in his homage to Jhun Eknath Shinde tweeted, “Very known as the big bull of our tan Company, Escorts holds 1 per cent or more of
junwala via a tweet, said, saddened to know about the stock market, is no Kubota, Crisil, Rallis India, company’s equity).
“Rakesh Jhunjhunwala was in passing of the veteran in more…Rakesh Jhunjhunwala Fortis Healthcare, Federal
domitable. Full of life, witty vestor Shree Rakesh Jhun will forever be known as the Bank and Jubilant Pharma. Slant towards financials
and insightful, he leaves be Jhunwala. India has lost a man who popularised public In the ensuing period, i.e. In the case of Titan, Jhun
hind an indelible contribu gem, who made a mark not understanding of stock mar over two years later, these jhunwala’s wealth grew in
tion to the financial world. just on the stock market but kets. My prayers go out to his prominent holdings have step with the stock price
He was also very passionate on the minds of almost every family & friends. Om Shanti” grown thanks to a 23 times that has risen 295 per cent
State Bank of India (SBI) has
increased domestic retail
term deposit and domestic
bulk term deposit rates by 15
basis points and 25100
basis points, respectively, in
select maturity buckets in
the wake of its credit growth
outpacing deposit growth.
The new deposit rates are ef
fective from April 13, 2022.
Domestic advances of In
dia’s largest bank rose 13.66
per cent yoy as of Juneend
of 2022 while domestic de
posits grew at a slower pace
at 8.05 per cent yoy. The
public sector bank has
upped interest rates on do
mestic retail term deposits
(below ₹2 crore) on five out
of eight maturity buckets
(tenors). Among all the ten
ors, the highest interest rate
that the bank is offering is
5.65 per cent on 5 years and
up to 10 years tenor.
SBI will introduce do
mestic retail term deposit of
“1000 days” tenor at 6.10 per
cent interest with effect
from August 15, 2022. This
specific tenor deposit will
be open for 75 days. The
bank has increased interest
rates on domestic bulk term
deposits (₹2 crore and
above) on seven out of eight
tenors.
BusinessLine
Disclaimer: Readers are requested to verify
& make appropriate enquiries to satisfy
themselves about the veracity of an
advertisement before responding to any
published in this newspaper. THG
PUBLISHING PVT LTD., the Publisher &
Owner of this newspaper, does not vouch
for the authenticity of any advertisement
or advertiser or for any of the advertiser’s
products and/or services. In no event can
the Owner, Publisher, Printer, Editor,
Director/s, Employees of this
newspaper/company be held
responsible/liable in any manner
whatsoever for any claims and/or damages
for advertisements in this newspaper.
FPIs invest ₹22,452 crore in equities in August
PRESS TRUST OF INDIA This was way higher than a started in October last year. and tightening of monetary
New Delhi, August 14 net investment of nearly Between October 2021 till policy by central
After turning net buyers last ₹5,000 crore by foreign port June 2022, FPIs sold ₹2.46 banks, Shrikant Chouhan,
month, foreign investors folio investors (FPIs) in July, lakh crore in the India equity Head Equity Research (Re
have become aggressive data with depositories markets. tail), Kotak Securities, said.
shoppers of Indian equities showed. Going forward, foreign According to data with de
and have invested ₹22,452 FPIs had turned net buyers fund inflow is expected to im positories, FPIs infused a net
crore in the first two weeks of for the first time in July, after prove in the emerging mar amount of ₹22,452 crore in
August amid softening infla nine straight months of kets on account of fading Indian equities during Au
tion concerns. massive net outflows, which concerns of rising inflation gust 112.
Check Point finds
vulnerabilities in
payment mechanism
in Xiaomi phones
KV KURMANATH
Hyderabad, August 14
Xiaomi’s response
“The cause of the vulnerability
has been identified. The tech
nical team is working closely
with supply chain partners to
eliminate the risk and the fix
ing process has been initi
ated,” the spokesperson told
BusinessLine.
It, however, contended that
the vulnerability has only
been found in a limited num
ber of models.
Experts at Check Point said
the vulnerabilities were found
in Xiaomi’s Trusted Environ
ment, which is responsible for
storing and managing sensit
ive information, such as keys
and passwords.
4 NEWS BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
13 gold mines in Andhra Pradesh, UP may be auctioned this month
Bollywood frets over tepid PRESS TRUST OF INDIA
New Delhi, August 14
bution to the country’s gross
domestic product.
to latest data of the
government.
Block, JavakulaD Block, Javak
ulaE Block, JavakulaF Block.
this month. But no specific
dates have been given.
Glenmark,
Sun Pharma,
Dr Reddy’s recall
products in the US
PRESS TRUST OF INDIA
New Delhi, August 14
Leading generic drug makers
Glenmark, Sun Pharma, Dr
Reddy’s and Jubilant Cadista
are recalling multiple products
in the US market, the world’s
largest market for medicines,
for various issues.
As per the latest Enforcement
Report by the USFDA, Glenmark
is recalling over 6.5 lakh tubes
of Tacrolimus Ointment, which
is used to treat eczema, due to
“defective container”.
Sun Pharma is recalling 9,552
bottles of epilepsy treatment
drug Divalproex Sodium
delayedrelease tablets due to
“failed dissolution specifica
tions”. Dr Reddy’s Laboratories
is recalling 5,531 cartons of
Lansoprazole delayedrelease
orally disintegrating tablets
due to failed dissolution
specifications.
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 5
6 THINK BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
xyz
India must protect its hard-won freedoms
0 Neither authoritarian arrogance nor fomented hatred must be allowed to undermine the unity of the Indian people
monday, august 15, 2022
A remarkable journey
India’s rise from Independence in 1947 when it
could not produce enough food, to a selfsufficient
economy and stable democracy, has been unique
I
Manmohan Singh
ndependent India’s 75year journey has been Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014
T
grinding, glorious, exasperating, but never one
he world’s largest democracy is
that has belied hope. A running theme of this soon to become the most
period has been the quest for change. There is a populous country on earth.
restless dynamism in India today, twothirds of whose Therefore, the celebration of 75
population lies in the 1564 age bracket. Its energy is in years of Independence brings a special
responsibility to set global standards in the
particular, a product of three decades of liberalisation
protection and the promotion of
— a period when controls on production and exports individual and collective freedoms.
were lifted, and shackles on entrepreneurs broken, to While every Indian will proudly salute
turn India into a marketdriven economy. When the the flag as it flies high, the Tricolour must
British left India, we were seen as a hopelessly impover also remind us of the composite culture
which makes us a uniquely great
ished nation of 347 million ‘snake charmers, magicians democracy in the world. On this historic
and mendicants’, which would struggle to govern its occasion, we must resolve to never let our
people or run an economy credibly enough to feed its freedoms be robbed by authoritarian
As we move ahead towards the next 25 years of independent India, we must focus on enhancing the health, education and skilling of young people PTI
people or provide them with the essentials of life. arrogance or allow fomented hatred to
undermine the unity of the Indian people.
Today, India commands recognition for being the That is the best tribute we can pay to our Jobless growth is not a safe bet for any whose given mandate is to pursue cultural policies in other sectors, especially water
world’s fifth or sixth largest economy (in nominal GDP flag. economy. Unemployment not only does revivalism at the cost of academic integrity. and sanitation.
terms), with a skilled workforce that is in demand the not permit the optimal use of our human India has had a proud scientific tradition Covid19 revealed several weaknesses in
world over, be it in the fields of medicine, economics, A unity that is precious resources but also creates the breeding since ancient times, but that should not our health system. From disease
India emerged from the chokehold of ground for social discord and divisive become the camouflage for pseudoscience surveillance to provision of health care, we
finance or the fastgrowing digital sector. It is a respons
colonial rule to build a nation from a wide politics. that brings discredit to our scientific need to strengthen the capacity of health
ible nuclear power, and a democracy that may not be scatter of Britishruled territories and As we move ahead towards the next 25 community. services. There are marked differences in
perfect but one that has withstood the test of time. princely States. This unity did not magically years of independent India, we must aim to In the comity of nations, India won the capacity and performance of health
Today’s India is less shackled by selfdoubt; it has materialise overnight. It was the freedom optimally utilise the demographic respect for adopting principled positions, systems across different States.
managed global upheavals reasonably well to be the struggle, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and dividend of a young population through opposing colonial rule, leading the It is essential that States invest more in
led by the Indian National Congress, which education, skilling, suitable employment NonAligned Movement when two power health and also that centrally sponsored
fastest growing economy. Indeed, India has displayed united Indians across the land to seek an and support to young entrepreneurs and blocs were seeking global domination, programmes aim to provide greater
governance skills comparable to the best in the world end to foreign rule. innovators. espousing human rights and promoting support to States whose health indicators
in managing shocks such as the 1997 East Asian crisis This movement united Indians across This requires easy mobility across the the cause of peace. Our relations with most are lagging. Providing needed health
and the Great Financial Crisis that broke out a decade multiple identities of language, religion, country for education and employment. of our neighbours were cordial. Even when services to all persons, with adequate
caste, gender and social status. That unity is Communal and linguistic barriers will we had conflicts with some, we tried to financial protection, must be the goal of
later. If India is no Sri Lanka or Pakistan today, it is also precious to India and should not be hinder such mobility and adversely impact build bridges of understanding to enable universal health coverage. We must achieve
because these capabilities have been institutionalised, frittered away through communally growth. Captains of Indian industry must peaceful coexistence. We need to maintain this uniformly across the whole country.
notably in its central bank and other regulators whose divisive, linguistically chauvinist, callously recognise this danger and raise their voice these positions, even as the world
crisismanagement skills have won global recognition. casteist and gender insensitive campaigns for national unity, not remain mute witnesses new conflicts and alliances. For the citizen to ponder over
that will fragment the Indian identity. Such spectators when divisive politics are posing It is essential for us to be regarded as a As a young boy of 14, I experienced both the
Governments have come and gone, but discipline with
ploys may pay temporary political a threat to the economy. reliable and respected friend in most exhilaration of newly gained independence
respect to overseas borrowings has always been main dividends, by setting Indians against countries of the world, but especially in as well as the painful tragedies that marred
tained, as a result of which the percentage of external Indians, but they will create craters on Uphold scientific tradition South Asia. the country’s partition. I hoped that India
debt to GDP has remained stable at 20 per cent or less. India’s path to progress as a great nation. India adopted excellence in science as a We should not let our foreign policy would grow strong as a nation without
The transformation of a country from a food importer We were robbed of our riches by colonial path to progress since the early years of wobble through dependence on ever again having to experience such
rule and began our life after Independence Independence. The national science policy personalised gestures for the camera but discord. Today, I am proud of what India
(producing 50 million tonnes of foodgrain for a popu as a poor developing country. We rose from was forward looking. Great institutions of follow clearheaded initiatives through has achieved and am optimistic about the
lation of 347 million) in the 1950s to a net food exporter that level to become one of the world’s scientific learning and research were wise leadership supported by able future of this great nation.
(producing 300 million tonnes of foodgrain for a popu leading economies, whose growth is established. India’s various institutes of diplomats. However, I am also worried about the
lation of 1.3 billion) lies at the root of India’s confid essential to the stability of the global technology have won world renown, with sectarian slogans and communal slurs that
economy. The policy of economic many of their graduates leading global Wellbeing of the young are vitiating social harmony and dividing
ence. The per capita net availability of foodgrains has liberalisation, initiated in 1991, had a enterprises of repute. India must focus on enhancing the health, the people. Alongside, there is also a
increased from 334 grams/day in 1951 to over 500 g/day galvanising effect on our economic growth. Our space, oceanography and nuclear education and skilling of young persons. weakening of institutions which must
today. The Malthusian trap that stared at us at a time At the same time, poverty reduction and programmes have placed us in a select The recent National Family Health Survey safeguard democratic freedoms, uphold
when we battled wildly fluctuating food output is now the bridging of economic inequalities group of nations whose scientific prowess (NFHS5) reminds us that stunting, norms of good governance and shield
became a cardinal principle of public and technological excellence are undernourishment and anaemia continue electoral politics from the onslaught of
a fading memory, as are images of the ‘shiptomouth’
policy. As we pursue the path of inclusive respectfully acknowledged by the whole to afflict a large percentage of our children money power and coopted state agencies.
existence that stayed with us (imports from the US un economic growth, we should not permit world. It would be unfortunate if our and women in the reproductive age group. It is for the citizens of India to protect and
der the PL480 law) for two decades after Independence only a select few among India’s business scientific institutions, universities and We need to ensure that the preserve the hard won gains of our
— till the Green Revolution dramatically raised output. leaders to reap the benefits of prosperity research bodies are undermined through nutritionspecific programmes deliver, freedom. Let each one of us reflect on that
This is no mean feat, given India’s rapidly rising popula while income gaps keep widening. the induction of suboptimal leadership, even as we advance nutritionsensitive duty as we raise and salute our flag.
tion in the intervening years. It is a happy irony that the
US is now chiding India for curtailing its wheat exports
T
per cent of GDP. India was stuck in a trend rate of he agrarian crisis sweeping the to drought, floods, cyclones and other
country underlines the need to manifestations of climate change. Any
growth of about 3.5 per cent between 1950 and 1980s. address the problems of farmers hunger reduction strategy must address all
The reforms ramped up the average annual growth rate and farming with the same three dimensions.
to 5.9 per cent in the 19902000 decade and sharply to seriousness we showed in the early 1960s. Also, the emphasis must shift from food
7.6 per cent in 20002010. It is lower at about 6 per cent According to most estimates, farming is no security of the aggregate to nutrition
longer remunerative and over 40 per cent of security of the individual. Nutrition security
for the decade ended 2020. Poverty levels have dipped farmers would like to quit if they have an is best defined as physical, economic,
from 45 per cent in 1947 to 2126 per cent now, while option. environmental and social access to a
ways of measuring it have kept changing. Farming is both a way of life and the balanced diet, safe drinking water,
But the high growth years have also been ones of principal livelihood for nearly twothirds of environmental hygiene, primary healthcare
our population. It is clear that we cannot and primary education. This implies a need
rising income inequality. According to the World In progress in improving our per capita for integrated attention to both food and
equality Report 2022, the ratio between the incomes of Norman Borlaug (third from left) selecting strains of highyielding wheat along with SP Kohli,
income or human development indicators nonfood components of nutrition security.
MS Swaminathan and VS Mathur, in New Delhi in 1965. The Green Revolution strategy kept famines
the top 10 per cent and the bottom 50 per cent India is if agriculture continues to stagnate. Every panchayat in our country should
at bay and partly made up for the absence of land reforms by encouraging direct cultivation by large
22. If in the prereform years there was no growth of in ‘Green Revolution’ was the term coined develop its own plan for achieving the goals
landholders THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES
comes to redistribute, now it is evident that the fruits for the process of productivity relevant to its socioeconomic, sociocultural
enhancement. The Green Revolution in the It is too risky for small farmers in these perpetuity without associated ecological and agroecological conditions. The most
of growth are being distributed very unevenly. There is 1960s and 1970s was based on the regions to adopt expensive technologies like harm. The evergreen revolution is based on effective method of overcoming the
no clarity on how a workforce of over 400 million, development and spread of new genetic Bt cotton, since they will be forced to take an appropriate blend of different malnutrition burden is to marry agriculture
which is rising at about five million every year, can be strains of wheat, rice, maize and other crops large loans to meet the cost but have little approaches to sustainable agriculture such with nutrition and health. Farmers could be
gainfully employed. India’s biggest failing in 75 years is characterised by their ability to utilise water, capacity to deal with potential crop failures. as organic farming, green agriculture, trained in restructuring their traditional
sunlight and plant nutrients effectively and Traditional crops like jowar, bajra, pulses ecoagriculture and agriculture based on farming systems by adding the dimension
its inability to universalise health and education. Un convert them into grains. and fodder should be revived and promoted effective microorganisms. of nutrition. This can be done in two steps.
checked privatisation of these sectors has inhibited ac This revolution was confined to areas under the Prime Minister’s package for seed While organic farming excludes the use First, a genetic garden of biofortified
cess to quality services, eroding equality of opportun with assured irrigation in northwest India. replacement. Organic farming and of mineral fertilisers, chemical pesticides plants may be established to introduce
ity. India should have prioritised social spending over However, even here, farming is becoming croplivestock integration should be and genetically modified crops, green farmers to plants which can provide them
unremunerative due to adverse ecological promoted on both ecological and economic agriculture, practised widely in China, is with the needed micronutrients and
planned industrialisation early on, as the ‘East Asian Ti and economic factors, with farmer grounds. But this is not enough. based on the principle of integrated pest proteins, such as orangefleshed sweet
gers’ did before their economies took off. It is high time indebtedness on the rise. The challenge now A key requirement of farmers in such and nutrient management, alongside potato to help mitigate vitamin A deficiency.
that budgetary priorities are reset. is to fight and overcome the fatigue of the dryland areas is the minimum support integrated natural resources conservation Second, members of the community should
Indian democracy is faced today with the liabilities Green Revolution in its heartland. price, as also an efficient farmercentred and enhancement. We need to promote a be trained as community hunger fighters,
that come with rule by a dominant party without a marketing system. Local crops, both grains diversity of sustainable agricultural wellversed with the malnutrition problems
Drylandfocused solutions and pulses, rich in nutrients, should be practices, suited to different agroecological of the area as well as the methods to
credible Opposition, as during the 1970s. As it Our agriculture is a gamble both with the included in the public distribution system. and social environments in both rainfed overcome them.
happened then, there is a risk of the erosion of institu monsoon and the market. Public Our food security system must be based on and irrigated areas. Farmers are crying for lifesaving support
tions now. It is truly unfortunate that the government investment in irrigation has been falling, locally grown, rather than imported crops. We should adopt a “doecology” approach today and not just schemes which may
is not subjected to adequate scrutiny in Parliament. but can hopefully be reversed by the Bharat to ensure that ecologically sustainable fructify a few years later. India’s future lies in
Nirmaan programme. We need to improve A blend of sustainable approaches farming technologies become available. A becoming a strong, vibrant and prosperous
Our lawmakers must take their job seriously as gate productivity in dryfarming areas, which About 15 years ago, I stressed the need for doecology approach involving, for instance, agricultural nation. This can be achieved
keepers of democracy. India may have come a long way, can grow pulses, oilseeds and other developing technology and public policy for mandatory rainwater harvesting and the through synergy between appropriate
but there isn’t much to take for granted. highvalue crops that require less water, but an evergreen revolution designed to adoption of a threeyear rotation in which a technologies and public policies.
many of which we continue to import. improve the productivity of crops in legume is introduced both during kharif Unfortunately, both are in deficit today.
Published by Nirmala Lakshman at Kasturi Buildings, 859 & 860, Anna Salai, Chennai600002 on behalf of THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD., and Printed by Ra Babu Vijay at Plot B6 & B7, CMDA Industrial Complex, Maraimalai Nagar, Chengleput Taluk, Kancheepuram Dist., Pin: 603209. Editor: Raghuvir Srinivasan (Editor responsible for selection of news under the PRB Act). ISSN 0971 7528
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 7
C Rangarajan assets (NPAs) in the banking system became a
Former Governor of RBI concern since 2010.
M
onetary policy remains an Inflation targeting
important tool of economic policy, In the evolution of monetary policy, a major
both in developed and developing change came in 2016 when the RBI Act was
economies. As the institutional amended. The new monetary policy framework
environment, both domestic and global, requires RBI to maintain consumer price
changes, the tasks of monetary policy also inflation at 4 per cent with a margin of plus or
change. The monetary and financial system is far minus2 per cent. It is, in a sense, flexible inflation
more complex today than in the past. Financial targeting, which fits well with the needs of our
intermediation has reached a high level of country. It is the right blend of the objectives of
sophistication, which has itself become a source price stability and economic growth.
of concern. However, several aspects of the mandate
The menu of financial products has expanded remain fuzzy and can be open to multiple
enormously. The need for a central bank in India interpretations. For example, how long can the
was debated for long. Finally, the Reserve Bank of RBI stay beyond the comfort zone without
India was set up as a central monetary authority undercutting the spirit of the mandate?
in 1935. Like all central banks in developing How much importance should the RBI attach
economies, the RBI has been playing both a to the mid value of 4 per cent? Which is more
developmental and a regulatory role. In its relevant and central — stability at 4 per cent or
developmental role, the RBI focussed on creating RBI Governors past and present (LR): Manmohan Singh, YV Reddy, Raghuram Rajan and Shaktikanta Das; Below: RBI Deputy Governor DR Mehta (left) with being in the comfort zone? Interpretations may
an appropriate financial infrastructure in the GH Singhania, Assocham President, at a meeting in New Delhi on September 13, 1994 FILE PHOTO vary according to circumstances. But the spirit of
country. the arrangement is that, over a period of time,
average annual growth rate of a little over 5 per Price stability and growth have always with these situations had provoked conflicts the system needs to be close to 4 per cent. We
Trends in monetary policy cent, the growth path was uneven. The average remained the major objectives of monetary between the RBI and government. must recognise that 4 per cent inflation itself is
The evolution of India’s monetary policy reflects inflation rate was close to 7 per cent. The annual policy. The uncertainty has been over which takes well above what developed economies consider
the changing concerns over the last seven M3 growth rate was 17 per cent. precedence and under what circumstance. Financial stability appropriate. This has implications for the
decades. In the first three decades after The Chakravarty Committee, which was Post1997, the RBI specifically talked of a multiple Financial stability had emerged as an important exchange rate. As we move ahead, the RBI and
Independence, the primary concern of the appointed to look into the working of the indicator approach. But the issues connected objective of monetary policy. The RBI, in this government must recognise the important role
government was to get plans implemented. All monetary system, submitted its report in 1985; it with multiple objectives remained as before. regard, had to play a dual role — monetary policy each plays in the governance of the economy. It is
policy instruments, including monetary policy, emphasised the need for regulation of money authority; and regulator of banking and in the best interest of the government to cede
were tuned towards that goal. Allocation of supply, and wanted money supply growth to be Exchange rate management nonbanking systems. While India escaped the certain areas to the central bank, allowing it to
credit consistent with plan priorities became a consistent with real growth and an acceptable Post1996, the RBI had to contend with certain impact of the 2008 global financial crisis because act according to its best judgement. It is
major concern. level of inflation. new problems because of the change not only in of the restrictions, long in place, on foreign necessary to move away from a scenario of ‘fiscal
In terms of monetary policy, planners talked of It also emphasised the need for close the monetary policy environment but also the investment by banks, the rise in nonperforming dominance’.
noninflationary deficit financing. For example, coordination between monetary policy and fiscal exchange rate regime. In February 1993, India
the First Plan document said: “Judicious credit policy, because money supply growth was driven moved to a marketdetermined exchange rate
creation somewhat in anticipation of the by reserve money and the most important factor regime, with intervention by the RBI when
increase in production and availability of determining the creation of reserve money was needed. Between 1996 and today, India had to
genuine savings has also a part to play.” the RBI credit to government. deal with at least three major global exchange
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s letter to the Even though the government accepted the market disturbances.
RBI Governor Rama Rau, while accepting his recommendations in principle, the latter part of The first was the East Asian Crisis, the second
resignation, was clear. It indicated that the 1980s still saw a higher fiscal deficit and the 200809 global financial crisis and the
government was the dominant partner and the higher money supply growth. All these landed us subsequent taper tantrums in 2013, and, finally,
role of Reserve Bank was to abide by the larger in the crisis of 1991. the current situation.
concerns of the government. So long as inflation The early 1990s saw, as a part of the The RBI managed all these situations with
was moderate, this approach did not matter. liberalisation programme, farreaching changes commendable skill. But one broad lesson is that
During the 1950s, the average annual inflation in in the central bank’s functioning. With adhoc it is no longer possible to deal with an external
the wholesale price was only 1.8 per cent. In the treasury bills no longer issued, the automatic situation without acting on the domestic
1960s, it was 6.2 per cent. But in the 1970s, monetisation of fiscal deficit ended. market. Protecting the exchange value of the
inflation touched unacceptable levels, turning By moving to a marketdetermined rate of rupee also demands action on the domestic
doubledigit, and the growth of money supply interest, government securities became money market. Another lesson is that we cannot
had to be reined in. The 1980s saw a continuous marketable and enabled the emergence of ignore what is happening to the real effective
exchange between the RBI and Ministry of openmarket operations as an instrument of exchange rate. Inflation differentials ultimately
Finance on the control of inflation, and the need credit control. The dismantling of the determine the exchange rate.
to contain fiscal deficit and, more particularly, its administered structure of interest rate helped Excessive capital inflows and outflows have a
monetisation. Though this period recorded an the rate of interest to emerge as a policy tool. monetary bearing, and the means of dealing
O
n October 22, 1906, the gates of Amuktamalyada by Srinivas Sistla) include S Anantharamakrishnan and TV
Arbuthnot & Co, First Line Beach, The arrival of the Europeans only served to Sundram Iyengar. Then in 1935, the country
Madras, carried an announcement highlight the importance of native got its own financial governing body — the
to the effect that the company, financiers. In the initial years, when the Reserve Bank of India. On its board was a
which had extensive banking operations, various East India Companies were trading healthy mix of Indians and Europeans —
had ceased business. It was in effect entities, they suffered long periods of cash times were changing.
declaring insolvency and with that it crunches and depended heavily on the local Independence brought about many
brought to ruin a large number of investors, bankers. changes, including the nationalisation of the
starting with the Governor of Madras, Sir These men often combined together as Imperial Bank in 1952, and changing its
Arthur Lawley. consortiums to lend money, to be repaid name to State Bank of India. And it had to
The investigations and trials that followed with interest as and when the ships laden change its ways – to suit a new polity with
are not relevant here. But it did lead Indians with goods arrived. Gradually they became new aims. But the fundamental tenets of
into considering whether Britishrun banks the confidantes of the Europeans. banking have remained unchanged over the
were what they made themselves out to be. centuries.
If so, why should Indians not start their own Funding British might
banks? Among the first to so come up was As Sudeep Chakravarti depicts so vividly in
the aptlynamed Indian Bank, with noted his Plassey, Robert Clive could have never
lawyer V Krishnaswami Iyer as its prime
(Left) The headquarters of Arbuthnot and Co at Chennai’s Rajaji Salai. (Right) Indian Bank was formed in 1907
met with success, had it not been for the POCKET RAVIKANTH
mover. But the bulk of the funding came banking firm of the Jagat Seths. Similarly,
from those who had been in the business of by a group of nationalist businessmen when Arbuthnot collapsed in 1906. A high rise that replaced the one of the key reasons that Delhi eventually
money for centuries — a mix of Gujarathi Arbuthnot HQ THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES fell in 1858, a year into the First War of
Seths, Tamil Nagarathars and Telugu Arya Independence, was the tacit support the
Vaisyas. Banking was not new to us. Romila necessary, argues Thapar, that the flow of They compare and contrast British got from the Hindu financiers of
Thapar, in the Penguin History of Early India, income was kept up to finance various And offer no less than what they are given Chandni Chowk.
writes of Buddhist monasteries having been activities in the temple and so money was The Chola economy flourished on trade In Chennai, the Nagarathars, the Arya
wealthy enough to lend money for village lent on interest, ranging from 12 to 15 per and conquest and the funds from one went Vysyas, the Gujaratis and the Marwaris are
assemblies and similar bodies. Thereafter, cent per annum. to finance the other. By the 12th century, from commemorated forever in the area known as
when the temples came to be built they Sometime later it would appear that the Periya Puranam, we find money lending and Sowcarpet. This was from where the
carried forward this tradition. It was temples, rather than managing their money, banking was firmly established. The story of Sahukars or money lenders assisted the
preferred to pass them on to village Thirugnanasambandar in this monumental Company’s trade.
moneylenders who accepted their funds as work has reference to a merchant of Vaippur And when the Company and later the
investment. who loaned money. British moved into Burma and the Far East,
More or less coeval with this time frame is the Nagarathars were with them, financing
Overseas trade in Sangam Age the life of Pattinathar, the saint venerated by the taming of the forest and expansion of
Sangam poetry, though silent on banking, the Nagarathar community. Central to the agriculture. As Sir Harcourt Butler
very clearly depicts the presence of business tale is the episode of financing a long sea acknowledged, had it not been for the
communities, especially in port cities. voyage to far off lands to earn money by Chettiars, British expansion in the Far East
International trade was through barter and trade. Gradually, financiers came to hold the may have never happened.
it was here the future banker, then a purse strings of the economy, and all major That brought the community much
middleman, was crucial in establishing a fair decisions such as war or projects for public prosperity and they turned to creating
exchange between goods. The Pattinapalai welfare were taken only in consultation with modern banks and industries.
(verses 206212) speaks of the attributes of the bankers.
the business community: In the 16th century work Amuktamalyada, Indian’s own banks
N Krithivasan, GM of Southern Railway, withdrawing Like the sun at noon the story of Andal, King Krishnadeva Raya The Indian Overseas Bank was promoted by
cash at the new ATM facility of Indian Bank at the Their stance is balanced describes the business community of the Sir MCt Muthiah Chettiar family in 1937.
Central Railway Station in Chennai in October 2002 Fearing loss of reputation Madurai thus: But this did not mean that British banks
FILE PHOTO They speak and act with caution In that city, all the businessmen, without any were on the wane. They catered to their
8 BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
M
uch as it might strain of the Indian National Congress, The New York Times described Mao’s
belief today, a socialistic Subhas Chandra Bose, wrote a letter China and Nehru’s India as
economy was a popular addressed to “my dear Jawaharlal”, “Communist dictatorship versus
idea when India won asking Nehru to chair a National democratic freedom”.
Independence. Central planning and Planning Committee. Planning was The Oxford economist Thomas
FiveYear Plans were once integral to now a part of the global zeitgeist: in Balogh noted: “India’s Experiment” —
the story of India. In the ideological the words of one critic, it had combining plans and Parliament —
battle between state and market, the become the “grand panacea of the “may become crucial for the future of
former began with a distinct age”. the free world”.
advantage because the market had Most modernists in the Indian The Planning Commission got off
been tarnished in the public mind by nationalist movement looked to it to a rocky start. Within months of its
capitalism’s association with British with hope — even Rabindranath birth, Finance Minister John Matthai
colonialism. It is why on the eve of Tagore was a believer (though Gandhi resigned, complaining that the body
August 15, 1947, most political parties, remained a skeptic). was effectively a “superCabinet”.
left to right, had their own spins on Despite the controversy, Nehru
socialism and a planned economy. Global ramifications quickly smoothened ruffled feathers
The earliest proponent of planning Soon after India became a republic in and the era of the FiveYear Plans was
was the eminent Mysorean engineer 1950, the Planning Commission was underway.
While the Planning Commission
was finding its legs in New Delhi, a The fourth meeting of the standing committee of the National Development Council was held in New Delhi on January 6, 1956, to discuss
rival power had begun rising in the draft memorandum of the second FiveYear Plan THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES
Calcutta, with momentous
consequences for the path the Indian the 1950s, there were some critics leading economists. By the time the LicensePermit Raj
economy would take. that strained against the Professor’s It is telling, for example, that had taken firm hold, much of the
Trained as a physicist at Presidency prescriptions. Unhappy about the though they would later turn critics, power that was once the Planning
College in Calcutta and Cambridge coup plotted from Calcutta, Planning in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Commission’s preserve was now
University, PC Mahalanobis had Commission insiders tried to reclaim Jagdish Bhagwati, Manmohan Singh ensconced elsewhere.
turned his attention to statistics. lost ground. and Amartya Sen all broadly agreed
He founded the Indian Statistical Mahalanobis complained bitterly on India’s growth strategy. A symbolic rupture
Institute in 1931, and over the course of whispers swirling behind his back As a critic rued, it was a path that Still, the FiveYear Plans and the
of the next two decades, “the and of a silent campaign to sabotage reflected even the “dominant Planning Commission limped well
Professor” (as he was popularly his vision for the economy. opinion of development economists into the era of market reforms and
known) became one of India’s most More vociferous, and out in the in the West.” economic liberalisation. But
celebrated scientists, making open, were critics such as the While the earliest FiveYear Plans Narendra Modi’s victory in 2014 was a
globally pioneering contributions to Gandhiansocialist ‘Acharya’ JB boasted some successes — spurring clarifying moment, a symbolic
the science of statistics. Kripalani, and the liberal C industrial investment, breaking away rupture.
As the “presiding genius” on the Rajagopalachari. ‘Rajaji’, who would from the malaise of the colonial Surely this vestige of Nehruvian
subject in India — as Prime Minister found the explicitly antisocialist period — by the late 1960s, the mood India would not survive. Surprising
Nehru put it — he was intimately Swatantra Party, wrote to Nehru darkened. no one, the abolition of the Planning
involved in establishing the Central about his frustration with the The collective toll of droughts, Commission was announced in
Statistical Organisation and National hegemony planning enjoyed: “I fear a wars with China and Pakistan, Modi’s first address from Red Fort on
Sample Survey, and bringing India its church is growing round the God of combined with shortcomings Independence Day. Likening the body
first two digital computers. Planning.” inherent to the Plans, led to repeated to an old, dilapidated house, he
Just as planners in Delhi were Yet planning remained the master economic crises. declared that it could not be repaired
looking to amass data necessary to narrative because while there were The Planning Commission’s or salvaged — it needed gutting.
plan the economy, the Professor and sharp disagreements over details, reputation suffered a body blow, and And in its place would emerge a
his institute were ready to step in to socialism and planning were with Nehru no longer alive to shiny new NITI Aayog (National
handle the problem of big data. umbrella ideologies under which cushion the impact, it never quite Institution for the Transformation of
It was this conjuncture that most political parties huddled in the recovered its prestige. India).
nudged open the door to the early decades after Independence. From then onwards, the attrition Modi, whose popularity matches
Union Finance Minister TT Krishnamachari (centre), and ViceChairman, Planning Planning Commission; and the Even among development of its influence was steady, with every that of Nehru’s, had ensured that the
Commission, Asoka Mehta, hold discussion with the Chief Minister of Mysore, S Professor did not need a second economists, the strategy of economic crisis ending with the canvas was wiped clean so that he
Nijalingappa, and representatives of the State Government in Bengaluru on August 28, invitation. statedirected industrialisation had Finance Ministry gaining at the could stamp his own imprint on
1965, on the State’s fourth FiveYear Plan THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES As the FiveYear Plans’ stock rose in the support of most of the country’s Planning Commission’s expense. Indian history.
“S
acrifice one meal at least a week!”. uncertainty”. Cabinet asked Patil to negotiate only a brief
This was Prime Minister Lal Bahadur When food production fell to a fiveyear low of extension of the deal, but the minister exceeded
Shastri’s plea to Indians in 1964 62 million tonnes (mt) in 195758, concerns were the briefing, leading to his ouster from the
when India was at war with Pakistan. raised over the progress of Indian agriculture. Cabinet. Indian agriculture sector’s struggle
It was one of the various struggles the country In 1959, a visiting team of US agriculture after Independence was also due to the farm
had to undergo in meeting food demand for its experts urged then Prime Minister Jawarharlal sector being neglected in favour of industries.
burgeoning population. It is another story that Nehru to restore the primary to agriculture in Imports of foodgrains affected agriculture as
today we grow surplus foodgrains. the Second FiveYear Plan instead of industry. farmers were deprived of any incentive to
India’s struggle to meet the increasing Before that, India signed a longterm Public produce more.
population’s demand can be dated back to 1937 Law (PL) 480 agreement to get food aid under A few in the government believed that it was
when Burma (now Myanmar) was separated government agricultural trade development cheaper to import foodgrains than to
from British India. The problem got accentuated assistance, with the US in 1954. The agreement incentivise domestic agricultural production. As
when India lost West Punjab and East Pakistan was signed a few more times before the US a result, wheat prices dropped sharply until
during the Partition. Burma was a crucial region ended it in the late 1960s as Lal Bahadur Shastri 1963, preventing any private investment in
for growing pulses, East Pakistan was a rice bowl, and then Indira Gandhi were not willing to wheatgrowing regions, which held promise in
and West Punjab, which had a wellnetworked make policy changes, especially to allow the 1950s. During 196165, foodgrain production
canal system, was a wheat granary. privatisation of the industrial sector, in return growth halved from nearly three per cent in
A key event took place in 1943 that extended for food aid. 195560 as India depended on rainfed
India’s food shortage until the early 1950s. In Food aid under PL480 not only drew flak, but agriculture.
1943, Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered some critics pointed out that the wheat sent to
foodgrains meant for eastern parts of the India was “fit enough only for pigs”. It was Advent of agricultural science
country to be diverted to the British troops termed as a great insult that was to linger for C Subramaniam, who became the Food and
engaged in World War II. It resulted in a long in people’s memory. Despite repeated Agriculture Minister in Shastri’s Cabinet, wrote
manmade famine in Bengal and the deaths of pleas, the US gave only “a small quantity of rice” in Green Revolution that he favoured the
millions of people. to India. introduction of science and technology in
farming. He also called agricultural scientists for
a “frank and free discussion” on the status of
agricultural science. “I had to listen to a tale of
woe,” he wrote.
Subramaniam came up with twopoint Madras Chief Minister M Bhaktavatsalam (left) inspecting the first consignment of emergency allotment of
formula. One, to provide price incentives to American wheat at Madras harbour on February 19, 1966. The wheat was part of 1.5 million tonnes of food
farmers, and two, to go in for science and grain allotted by the US to alleviate India's food scarcity THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES
technology application. The price incentives
proposal was opposed by Finance Minister TT Subramaniam charted a recovery part for Indian Subramaniam argued that it would be more
Krishnamachari and the Planning Commission. agriculture to emerge stronger. Ralph Cummins important to be selfsufficient in food
The argument was price incentives would result of the Rockefeller Foundation brought to his production than to import foodgrains. India
in high subsidies and new technology would notice how highyielding wheat seeds from needed a huge quantity of fertilisers, estimated
lead to fertiliser imports. But he won Shastri’s Mexico had been supplied to IARI and they have to cost $250 million then. It needed foreign
confidence and got a panel to make been found to be more productive. financial aid and India managed to get it from
recommendations favouring his formula. Subramaniam also got to know that similar rice then US President Lydon B Johnson. The rest is
When Indira Gandhi became the prime varieties had been developed. history.
minister, she not only backed Subramaniam The Minister then took up the issue with
fully but made him a member of the Planning agricultural scientists among who the younger Nature’s bounty
Commission that helped redraft the Fourth Plan lot was optimistic that Indian farmers would In the 1968 rabi harvest, India produced 16.5 mt
with higher financial allocation for agriculture. adopt new technologies and new varieties. of wheat, over 30 per cent more than the highest
The Indian Agriculture Research Institute The Government decided to go ahead, but before that. In two years’ time, wheat
(IARI) was set up giving priority to agricultural opponents pointed out that a huge amount of production was double the average output
research among other reforms he carried out. foreign exchange would be spent on importing during 196065. The Green Revolution had got
Foodgrain purchases increased till 1967 but fertilisers. going.
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 9
I
n the early 1990s, on a trip to Japan, the On the one hand, hypercompetition messed
then Minister for Telecommunications, up the industry financials as operators started
Sukh Ram, saw his Japanese chauffeur undercutting each other on pricing; on the
carrying a mobile phone in his pocket. On other hand, the allocation of new licences in
his return, when he told a public audience 2008 was found to be a fraud, now known as
that one day they will all have a mobile phone the 2G scam. The Supreme Court cancelled all
in their pockets, his opinion was met with the new licences, which brought the industry
skepticism as mobile phones sounded like a to a stand still. Lakhs of people lost jobs and
farfetched idea for an Indian consumer base, billions of dollars invested in setting up new
which was largely agrarian with no means to telecom networks were writtenoff. With the
afford to pay for the service at ₹16 a minute, in remaining operators fighting to stay afloat,
addition to buying expensive mobile handsets. there were hardly any new investments made
Twenty seven years later, as India celebrates its on the network rollouts, because of which
75th Independence Day, the mobile telephony consumers were faced with patchy networks
revolution has had a profound impact on the with frequent call drops. At the same time,
emergence of the country as a global digital operators in other countries had already
powerhouse. moved beyond voice calls to data service using
4G technology.
How it began
It all started on July 31, 1995, with the firstever Entry of Jio
mobile phone call between erstwhile Sukh However, a massive impetus came in 2016
Ram, and the then Chief Minister of West when Reliance Jio launched its 4G services
Bengal, Jyoti Basu. Even though there was a lot through a mega panIndia network, offering
of excitement at the launch of mobile free voice calls and cheap broadband services
The recent 5G spectrum auction marks
telephony, the skeptics were initially proven on mobile phones. Not wanting to be left
right. The service was so expensive that only behind, incumbent operators dug into their another turning point for India’s
the rich could afford it. As a result, the reserves and invested in buying 4G spectrum. telecom market. In addition to
operators who had bid huge sums of money to The affordability factor ensured that 4G improving mobile broadband, 5G
acquire mobile telephony licences, started services were taken up not only in urban technology will enable the delivery of
defaulting on payments. The dream of centres but also in rural areas. Data critical services such as telesurgery and
providing mobile telephones to every citizen consumption skyrocketed from 1.25GB per the Internet of Things over a mobile
had almost crashlanded, had it not been for user per month in 2016 to 15GB now. Telecom network with unprecedented efficiency,
the reforms announced by the Centre in 1999 networks have become the centre of our in addition to opening the floodgates
under the New Telecom Policy, where telecom digital future. The global crisis due to the for innovative applications that require
operators were allowed to pay an annual Covid virus has only reemphasised the a massive amount of highspeed
licence fee, instead of upfront payments. importance of the Internet and bandwidth
This set the foundation for the proliferation communication networks. Millions have been
of mobile telephones in the country. With able to buy essential commodities, do
easier regulatory conditions, as many as 10 financial transactions and work from home, only because of online platforms.
The recent 5G spectrum auction marks
A giant inflatable mobile phone model (Motorola) on display at the Communications India 1995 Exhibition at another turning point for India’s telecom
Pragati Maidan in New Delhi on December 7, 1995 THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES market. In addition to improving mobile
broadband, 5G technology will enable the
delivery of critical services such as telesurgery
private companies entered the market, taking Monsoon Hungama tariff plan launched by and the Internet of Things over a mobile
the services beyond the four metros. But by Reliance brought down tariffs for voice calls network with unprecedented efficiency, in
2003, the operators put together had managed down to just 40 paise a minute. This forced addition to opening the floodgates for
to reach only 10 million users, as tariffs for incumbent players, including Airtel, to drop innovative applications that require a massive
voice calls were still high at ₹2 a minute. tariffs. Between 2003 and 2008, nearly 300 The original telecom czars of India: (from left) Dilip amount of highspeed bandwidth. There is no
million new users were added. A number of Modi, CEO, Modi Telecom group; Sunil Mittal, doubt that the fifthgeneration wireless
The disurptors foreign players, including Singapore Telecom, Chairman and Group MD, Bharti Enterprises; Rajan technology will bring massive improvements
Then came the controversial launch of Hutchinson and AT&T, came in as joint venture Nanda, Chairman, Escotel Communications; Vinay in consumer broadband services and
CDMAbased mobile services by Reliance partners to existing players. Seeing the Rai, Koshika Telecom; BK Modi, Chairman, Spice industrial applications, with the potential to
Infocomm. Even though Reliance’s entry massive demand for telecom services, as many Communications; Ravi Ruia and Prashant Ruia, Essar drastically alter societies through its impact
started a brutal legal war in the industry, the as 40 companies lined up to take new cellular group; Sanjeev Aga, CEO, Birla Tata AT&T on economic and social structures.
W
hen the first satellite dish came coupled with the abundant pool of technical $100 billion from exports by 2030.
trundling on a bullockcart in talent available at low cost, powered the initial Newer growth opportunities around deep
1985, to be installed at the offices success of the Indian IT industry. technologies like cloud, artificial intelligence, IoT,
of the newly established Indian Driven by forces of globalisation in the late machine learning, cybersecurity and robotics
operations of Texas Instruments in Bengaluru, 1990s, the likes of GE, Citibank, Amex, British could transform the next decade into a techade.
only few would have bet that it would be the Airways and others set up either captives or With a thriving technology startup landscape,
heralding of a revolution in India’s economic started working with local IT service providers India could witness the rise of its own nextgen
growth story. leading to the creation of the Indian IT SaaS players, hyperscalers and specialised, niche
The satellite dish not only helped the outsourcing industry. technology enterprises which would help propel
multinational company have a roundtheclock Indian IT towards a trilliondollar opportunity.
communication link with its US headquarters, Ahead of the curve As India aspires to be a $5trillion economy and
but also showcased the potential of what could The nimble Indian infotech companies never beyond, the IT industry can play a key role in
be done remotely using the then nascent but looked back, seizing opportunities for growth, ensuring that the country is able to realise its
growing communication technologies. though expectedly there have been periods of An inside view of the HCL Infosystems factory in Puducherry BIJOY GHOSH
dream of being an economic super power even as
While India being ahead of the main Western severe challenges and downturns. In the just it generates highpaying whitecollar
markets like the US, Canada and European concluded FY22, the Indian IT sector, according to employment, thus helping retain some of the
markets by about 1012 hours on the clock was the National Association of Software and Services Companies (Nasscom), generated a total revenue During the recent Covid19, when vast swathes best talent in the country.
of $227 billion, including $178 billion of exports. of even traditional industries were forced to
More importantly, the IT services and Business digitise, as the physical movement of people and
Process Management (BPM) industry have goods became a challenge, Indian IT again rose to POCKET RAVIKANTH
created five million, highpaying, whitecollar the challenge. Even as their workforce was
jobs. Not only has it ensured scattered and did jobs remotely, the
broadbased growth, the sector sector ensured that the global
also has been a beacon of While India being economy kept moving and did not
inclusion and diversity. Of the five ahead of the main grind to a halt. Which is why FY22
million people employed, nearly was the best year for Indian IT in
Western markets like
two million are women, making it more than a decade where it grew
one of the most progressive the US, Canada and by 15.5 per cent and added more
sectors in ensuring equal European markets by than half a million jobs.
opportunity for employment, about 1012 hours on Just for perspective at the turn of
irrespective of gender, caste, the clock was initially millennia, Indian IT exports were a
region or religion. seen as a handicap, mere $8.5 billion against $178
Indian IT companies adapted to the local IT industry billion last year. IT exports from
changes in the fastevolving converted that into India accounted for 51 per cent
technology landscapes. While the an advantage by share of all services exports from
Y2K work at the turn of the ‘follow the sun’ the country. While comparisons
millennia provided Indian IT a model might not be apt, for another view
foot into the door of international on the depth of Indian IT’s prowess,
markets, things were not always the country earned more from
easy. The immediate aftermath of the dotcom exporting IT services than say, Saudi Arabia did by
bust in the early 2000s as well as the global exporting oil.
economic meltdown post2008, for a couple of
years, slowed but could not stop the growth of Shift and the road ahead
Indian infotech enterprises. What has changed over the recent past is that
Also, the Indian IT industry has managed to from being mere order takers of global
turn every adversity into opportunity. After the companies, Indian IT players have started
2008 worldwide economic slowdown, Indian IT becoming consultants and partners who work
companies provided such compelling value that with enterprises to help shape the technological
Infosys Team: (From left) S Gopalakrishnan, Joint Managing Director; NR Narayana Murthy, Chairman & CEO; even more work shifted to them, as global shift. Also, while initially, global players came
Nandan Nilekani, MD & COO; and Mohandas Pai, CFO, at the Infosys Centre near Bengaluru FILE PHOTO companies looked to cut costs. here for the cost, they have stayed on for the
10 BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
The amber after the Green Revolution: Agri agenda for Amrit Kaal
It is critical to raise farm productivity of grain crops and release that land to cultivate more fruits, vegetables and other high-value crops to raise farmer incomes
Ushering in Green Revolution procurement guaranteed.
Around this time, elsewhere in the world, agri This not only helped in attaining
scientist Norman Borlaug developed selfsufficiency in food grain production, but
highyielding wheat seeds through a pioneering also laid an institutional architecture for the
technique called ‘shuttle breeding’. Soon the subsequent growth and development of
method was applied to rice and maize. The agriculture, pulling millions of farmers out of
resultant crops had shorter and sturdier stems poverty. On the other hand, government
making them more resilient to stress; higher procurement of these grains supported the
grain to straw ratio thereby improving net public distribution of food, thereby taking care
S Shivakumar productivity. They could grow faster, enabling of the basic needs of the lowincome consumers.
Group Head, Agri, IT and Sustainability, ITC Ltd more crops to be planted annually; and
responded well to irrigation and fertilisers. As a Adverse impacts
U
ndeniably, securing selfsufficiency in result, a dramatic rise in food grain production Too good to be true? Then, after a couple of
food grains is one of the most glorious was achieved. decades, two types of unintended adverse
achievements of independent India. India did an outstanding job of bringing impacts came to the fore.
Green Revolution was at the core of Green Revolution into the country through a Firstly, the farmers who stayed away from the
this, by raising farm yields substantially, making wellconducted orchestra of purposebuilt Green Revolution became poorer compared to
up for the loss of sizeable wheatgrowing acreage institutions and innovative policy instruments. those who participated. To an extent this is
in the west and large tracts of riceproducing The network under National Agricultural understandable, but that these farmers were too
areas in the east, due to partition. Research System worked on adaptation of the resourcepoor to join in the first instance meant
Actually, by mid 1960s, before the Green improved seeds for local conditions, while a that the resultant economic disparity became
Revolution, India had to literally survive mammoth extension infrastructure was unacceptably wider. The urgent need for raising
“fromshiptomouth”, as there wasn’t enough established to disseminate technologies to the food production required government to direct
food in the country until the next ship showed farmers, irrigation capacities were created to its support to wellendowed areas – whether
up. There was a growing imbalance between the make precious water available, fertiliser and water or soil – to get quicker results. Even within
rising demand from increasing population and other inputs were subsidised and made these regions, because the new technologies The contribution of laboratories to the Green Revolution: The picture shows samples of newly developed
nearstagnant production interrupted by affordable, outreach of formal credit was were resourceintensive, the betteroff farmers, highyielding varieties of cereals and pulses being tested for their nutritive value at the Nutrition Research
intermittent droughts. expanded, output prices were assured and who could access irrigation and other inputs Laboratory at Hyderabad THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES
more easily, were the ones who really benefited. other highvalue crops to raise farmer incomes
Secondly, rather ironically, those who by aligning with emerging consumer demand.
participated ended up becoming even more This needs to be done without harming the soil
vulnerable due to the environmental side effects. and using less water, and in ways that are
Soil nutrients depleted due to high yielding resilient to climate change. The only caveat is
varieties, with repetition of the crop cycles that we need to solve all of them together, using
adding to the problem; burning of agricultural systems thinking. In other words, we should not
residue to catch the planting time for the next subordinate any of these goals to any other, as
crop released greenhouse gases – often polluting done in the Green Revolution era.
faroff cities too; soil organic matter dropped To do that, we need to reimagine the
with crop residues not getting returned to the orchestra. Yesterday’s institutions and policy
soil; excessive usage of fertilisers and pesticides instruments have outlived their utility and need
led to an unacceptable level of heavy metals in to be repurposed. For example, free water and
the soil, irrigation support to waterintensive power don’t go hand in hand with more crop per
rice and wheat crops naturally decreased water drop, unless they are creatively restructured to
availability and increased soil salinity. serve all the four objectives. Corporates need to
If you are trained in solving problems using anchor the value chains to make them demand
the “SAPADAPPA” framework of HBS responsive. Otherwise, postharvest food losses
casemethod, this was a classic case of will mount. Farmer collectives will have to be at
SituationalAnalysis, ProblemAnalysis, the centre of any delivery mechanism, to get
DecisionAnalysis done exceedingly well, but them a fair share of consumer price. Digital
completely ignoring the technologies need to be harnessed to personalise
PotentialProblemAnalysis. solutions to individual farmers on a panIndia
scale.
Raising yield with less damage to soil I close by proudly sharing that ITCMAARS
As we approach Amrit Kaal, it is critical to raise (ITC’s Metamarket for Advanced Agriculture and
The network under National Agricultural Research System worked on adaptation of the improved seeds for local conditions, while a mammoth extension farm productivity of grain crops and release that Rural Services) has taken the first step in this
infrastructure was established to disseminate technologies to the farmers GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCK land to cultivate more fruits and vegetables and journey towards Amrit Kaal.
I
n the preIndependence period, India’s economy’. This was subsequently converted In some strategically critical sectors, actual
biggest, most successful and into law in 1951 and the reinforced by the manufacturing would be undertaken in the
pathbreaking manufacturing capacities second Industrial Policy Resolution in 1956. private sector but under close government
were almost exclusively in the private One of the arguments in support of regulation and monitoring. This is already
sector. Private entrepreneurs of Ahmedabad, expanding ‘public sector manufacturing’ becoming the norm.
Mumbai (then Bombay) Jamshedpur and capacities in the fifties and sixties was that Nuclear submarines, aircraft, heavy capital
Kolkata (then Calcutta) successfully took on private entrepreneurs did not have the equipment, specialised steel etc. are all being
the British industry. This was despite the technological capabilities or the financial manufactured in the private sector under
overt and brazen tariff and other forms of heft to undertake large scale manufacturing. overall government supervision. This will
protection afforded by the colonial This argument was perhaps wrong then and bring the same level of efficiency,
government to the industry from the is completely untenable now. I don’t think it productivity and technological progress in
‘mother country’. This spawned the can be plausibly argued that public sector these sectors as has been achieved by India’s
wellknown nationalist literature on enterprises have been at the forefront of private entrepreneurs across various sectors
Lancashire versus Bombay that argued that bringing cutting edge technology to India. in India and in other countries as well.
Britain had systematically and in a sustained On the other hand, there are several For all these reasons, we have to make a
manner worked to curb the growth of the examples where the presence of public paradigm shift. Performance of line
private manufacturing capacity in India. In sector monopolies has stunted technology ministries should be evaluated on the basis
preIndependence India, railways, growth and prevented the import of of their policy response for facilitating the
steamships, civil aviation, electric generation frontline technologies by the private firms. growth of private enterprise.
and supply, insurance and banks were all In financial terms, it is the public sector, A general view of electric van on display by BHEL’s P&D Unit at Hyderabad. (Circa 1982) THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES
Each line ministry would have to justify
owned, run and reasonably well managed by squeezed as it is by the government’s overall the continued presence of PSEs in the
the private sector. fiscal constraint, worsened by the losses specific sector. This will finally reverse the
One would have imagined that after generated by PSEs, that is either perpetually been borne out in actual experience. Defence False dichotomy socialist legacy enshrined in the industrial
Independence, this globally competitive short of required investible resources or shy manufacturing, which had been a public Members of the nexus working in support of policy resolutions of 1948 and 1956.
Indian private sector would be given a boost of investing them for various inexplicable sector monopoly for decades, could not the PSEs try and project private That legacy is surely well past its expiry
by the Government of Independent India. reasons. reduce our import dependence for strategic entrepreneurs as working solely for profit date.
However, the Industrial Policy Resolution of The argument about public sector serving equipment. As long ago as 1988, when I was maximisation and not necessarily serving
April 1948, introduced less than a year after the country’s strategic interests has also not working in the Bureau of Industrial Costs the national interests. PSEs, on the other
and Prices, we conducted a study that hand, are assumed by default, as serving the POCKET RAVIKANTH
showed that the cost of manufacturing national interest. This false dichotomy has
Shaktiman trucks in public sector factories two negative outcomes.
was 150200 per cent higher than in private One, it generates significant mistrust
companies. The present government should, between the government and private sector.
therefore, be complimented for opening up This prevents the government and private
defence production to private enterprise. It entrepreneurs working together as coalition
is time also to privatise the ordnance partners in the pursuit of national interest.
factories for achieving Atmanirbharta and Without such cooperation and collaboration
global competitiveness. National interest will between the government and private sector,
be better served and certainly not it will remain virtually impossible to expand
compromised if such a reform was India’s share in global manufacturing.
implemented. Two, managing PSEs and monitoring their
performance diverts the attention of senior
Unhealthy nexus officials and even political leadership from
There is a much more fundamental and the principal mandate of the government
structural reason for which the tenets of the which must be to provide globally
1948 and 1956 industrial policy resolutions comparable infrastructure and ecosystem for
have to be rewritten. PSEs, which constitute private enterprise to flourish and expand
the backbone of ‘State capitalism’, often lead their share in global markets. Government
to the formation of an unhealthy nexus that attention should be largely, if not entirely,
seeks to serve private interests rather than focused on policy formulation and
pursue efficiency and profitability. This is addressing market failures where and when
visible at all levels of government and across they occur.
all sectors of the economy in which PSEs are Line ministries, in charge of PSEs, end up
active. The continuous and ongoing devoting excessive time and resources to the
resistance to disinvestment and privatisation running of the PSEs rather than their
The first crawler tractor assembled by BEML at its Kolar factory was commissioned on April 26, 1967, by BR despite clear directions from the top principal mandate of putting in place a
Bhagat, MoS in the Ministry of Defence, seen sitting in the middle. S Nijalingappa, Chief minister of Karnataka political leadership, is testimony to the conducive policy environment for the
(standing to the right of Bhagat) presided over the function THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES existence of such a nexus. growth of private investment and
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 11
12 BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
In 1875, a group of
T
he 75th anniversary of instrumentality to mobilise the savings of modernisation for
Independence is as good an small investors. Unit Scheme64 (US64), Online Trading and
occasion as any other to study the originally an investment vehicle for small Trade Support System
evolution of the securities market investors, came to grief with larger entities (OTISS) THE HINDU PHOTO
in India, and to take stock of where it is at investing in those units, in order to take ARCHIVES
present. Trading in securities has had a rich advantage of tax benefits. Mutual funds that
history in the country. The Bombay Stock came up subsequently, have, over the years,
Exchange (BSE), which is world’s 10th oldest remained the preferred investment vehicle
stock exchange, and the oldest in Asia, was for a large number of retail investors.
established in 1875. Over a period of time, It is also useful to look at how regulations
India had 23 stock exchanges, have evolved. In 1956, the Securities
headquartered in different parts of the Contract (Regulation) Act (SCRA) was passed
country. These exchanges, understandably, for the purpose of preventing undesirable
did not have a panIndia presence. transactions in securities by regulating the
The questionable practices in some of the business of dealing therein. Interestingly,
Regional Stock Exchanges (RSEs), as also in options were also prohibited, and this
the BSE, led to the setting up of the National prohibition was removed only in 1995.
Stock Exchange (NSE) in 1992. The BSE was
owned by brokers, who were also active in Formation of SEBI
trading. This conflict was subsequently In 1988, the Securities and Exchange Board
addressed by demutualisation, which of India (SEBI) was constituted as a
separated the ownership function from the nonstatutory body. Four years later, the
trading function.
PanIndia exchange
The NSE was conceived as a
recognition that SEBI needed statutory
powers led to its being reborn as a statutory
organisation. The proposed unification of
four enactments dealing with securities
Stock market: From banyan tree to the cloud
technologybased panIndia exchange, with should iron out inconsistencies and usher
anonymous trading and faster settlement in a coherent approach. The Indian market stands tall as one of the success stories of postIndependence era. But challenges remain...
processes. Since the ownership of the NSE For many years, the average Indian
was largely with public sector financial investor did not have an adequate appetite stock exchange in India and in Asia. expand nationwide until 1997. This twoyear delay
institutions, there was no conflict with for equities. Indian institutions being few in was a destinychanger for BSE, as the NSE forged
trading. There are presently seven active number, and not having resources Regional stock exchanges ahead during this period to become the largest
stock exchanges in the country. The matching those of foreign institutions, In the period between 1890 and 1947, many other stock exchange in the country. Once the ‘badla’
requirements of liquidity have necessitated remained minor participants in the market. regional stock exchanges came in to being in system of forward trading ended in 20002001, NSE
that functional exchanges need to have a The overwhelming presence of foreign Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Madras, Indore, Punjab, further entrenched its position as brokers on its
panIndia presence. Earlier, with the institutional investors contributed to Uttar Pradesh, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Delhi. Other trading platform were more comfortable with
misguided objective of keeping the RSEs volatility, since they could leave very quickly regional exchanges such as Cochin, Kanpur, Pune, equity futures and options which replaced badla.
afloat, it was mandated that anyone raising on seeing the possibility of better returns in Lokeshwarri SK Ludhiana, Guwahati, Mangalore, Patna, Jaipur, Thus, almost all the derivative volumes shifted to
funds in the equity market, would have to other jurisdictions. It is only in recent times Bhubaneswar, Rajkot, Vadodara and Coimbatore NSE.
I
list on one RSE, in addition to listing on one that two positive developments have taken ndians do not lack trading acumen. Evidence were recognised in the 1980s. Given the panIndian operations of BSE and NSE
or both of the panIndia exchanges. place. Firstly, Indian institutions have of marketplaces or ‘mandis’ for trading The Bombay Stock Exchange was the largest since 1990s, regional stock exchanges became
become a kind of countervailing power in commodities which attracted traders from then, catering to the most prosperous region in the redundant and witnessed a flight of investors to
Demat the securities markets. Secondly, even distant lands is available in manuscripts country. But exchanges in other cities such as larger exchanges. SEBI finally rolled out an exit
The modernisation of the securities market though the number leaves a lot to be written thousands of years ago. It’s therefore not Calcutta, Madras, Coimbatore, Cochin and so on plan for RSEs in 2012, bringing their reign to an
also saw the advent of dematerialisation, desired, more retail investors have come in. surprising that the country currently has a vibrant also did brisk business. end.
where physical share certificates were With India being the fastest growing and thriving stock market ecosystem, boasting of These regional exchanges were necessary NSE has ruled supreme in the Indian stock
replaced by accounts with one of the two economy, it is reasonable to believe that the the bestinclass trading technology and regulatory because communication technology had not market for more than two decades now,
depositories, namely NSDL and CDSL. The securities market will also keep pace. The framework with a large foreign investor progressed a 100 years ago, and these exchanges accounting for 100 per cent of equity derivative
perennial problems of loss of certificates, continuing dialogue between SEBI and the participation. were mandated to cater to companies and volumes and almost 80 per cent of cash trading
fraudulent transactions through forgery, investors should help iron out the wrinkles. The journey, however, was not smooth and there investors in specific regions. volumes. The third player, the Metropolitan Stock
and the like, became a part of history, with Strict regulation, and placing the investor have been many crests and troughs. The many Trading process was also quite rudimentary Exchange, has hardly made a dent in NSE’s market
the process of dematerialisation. Alongside centre stage is the recipe for continued scams that rocked markets – from the ‘badla’ scam then. Indian stock exchanges conducted their share. The team of professionals running NSE have
this development, the settlement process success. to the Harshad Mehta scam, to the more recent businesses in large halls where representatives of done a good job of increasing transparency, user
colocation scam – have threatened to erode the brokers would congregate for a couple of hours to experience and ensuring protection of smaller
credibility of stock investing ecosystem. But buy and sell stocks on behalf of their clients. investors. Though the recent colocation scam
market participants and the regulator have learnt Settled deals were noted on slips of papers and raises doubts over governance at the exchange, it
from past mistakes to improve the rules and noted on the exchange blackboard. Runners can not obliterate the fact that NSE has played a
trading processes to build a sound market would be used to carry client orders from the very critical role in the growth of Indian stock
ecosystem. broker’s office to the exchange ring. This system market since 1993.
evolved into ringbased trading with open outcry
The beginning system which continued until the beginning of What next for Indian exchanges
The foundation for a formal market for trading online trading in the 1990s. Stock markets have benefited greatly during the
stocks in India was laid by the passing of the Covid19 pandemic as a new set of young investors
Companies Act, 1850. The American Civil War and NSE, the disruptor began trading in stock markets; but equity
the shortage of cotton that followed played a part, The beginning of the end of regional stock penetration at under 8 per cent continues to
too. During the war, the mills in Lancashire had to exchanges was marked by the launch of the remain low in the country. It’s also a matter of
source their raw materials from other countries National Stock Exchange’s electronic screenbased concern that activity in the stock market is
and they turned to cotton from Surat, whose price trading platform for equity and wholesale debt concentrated in the derivative segment and that,
soared sharply between 1861 and 1865. This resulted market in 199394. NSE was given permission to set too, in just a handful of index futures and options.
in a sharp increase in the wealth of many cotton up trading terminals in all parts of India, eating There is clearly room for improving investor
traders. into the market share of all regional exchanges. awareness about the benefits of equity investing
In 1875, a group of brokers, that had been NSE slashed the cost of membership and for longterm portfolio growth and expanding the
informally trading under banyan trees and other aggressively acquired subbrokers, who were also reach of stock markets. Greater demand will lead to
locations across Mumbai, formed the Native Share fulltime traders, all over India. more companies tapping the market to raise
SEBI Chairman GN Bajpai at the launch of webbased electronic data information filing and retrieval and Stockbroker’s Association, which later went on Though the BSE, too, began online trading in May money. Broadbasing the trading activity is also
in Mumbai on July 5, 2002 FILE PHOTO to become the Bombay Stock Exchange; the oldest 1995, the Centre did not give it permission to called for.
1 Malik Ghulam Muhammad was the first
Finance Minister of Pakistan and later served this iconic product, which is still produced in
War? Jadeja, a Maharaja of Jamnagar remembered for
looking after young Polish children during the
and the entry of Pepsi in the 90s
9. Royal Enfield Bullet
as its Governor General from 1951 to 1956. What 2022?
19 Which company with a worldrenowned
product, originally owned by a kingdom, Second World War? 10. Vicco, ViccoVajradanti toothpaste and Vicco
happened to the commercial enterprise he had
started in Ludhiana with another entrepreneur? 10 Which Indian brand, well known for its
early adoption of television advertising
was started by KV Pendharkar as 1952 as the first
and then the Government of Karnataka was
originally set up in 1916 to make use of the 27 Which company was originally known as
Foodiebay in 2010 before the founding
Ayurvedic cream
11. MTR Food, from Mavalli Tiffin Room
12. Bikanervala
2 What was Indian Airlines’ employee Harpal
Singh the first to get on December 4, 1983? large scale manufacturer of ayurvedic products?
natural raw material which was not being
exported due to the First World War?
team voted for a new name that sounded like a
vegetable, but with a zing?
13. Bira 91
14. Modi Telstra, with their Mobilenet network
3 The vehicle factory in Jabalpur has
manufactured many vehicles for the armed 11 Started as a tiffin room in 1924 by
Yagnanarayana Maiya, which brand
ventured into the instant food business after the
20 Which company, started in a garage in
Girgaun, Mumbai by Champaklal 28 Which brand was launched in 2012 by
Falguni Nayar, a batchmate of Harsha
15. Old Monk Rum
16. Boroline, produced by GS Pharmaceuticals
forces. But it is best remembered for which Choksey, Chimanlal Choksi, Suryakant Dani and Bhogle from IIM Ahmedabad, and derives its 17. Arvind Mills, originally set up by three
iconic vehicle, produced for 30 years between Food Control Act of 1975? Arvind Vakil in 1942 became the leading Indian name from a Sanskrit word meaning an actress brothers Kasturbhai, Narottambhai and
1969 and 1999?
12 Which ₹1,300crore brand with almost a
hundred restaurants around the country
company in its category by 1967 and is currently
the third largest in its category worldwide?
or ‘one in the spotlight?’ Chimanbha
4 29
What first started in 1961 in collaboration Which brand, started in 1994 was named 18. L&T, originally Larsen and Toubro from their
started as a sweet and namkeen shop named
21
with a Japanese firm and produced classics The Amul girl, with her polka dotted dress by Xerxes Desai combining the first two respective surnames
with names like Janata, Sona, Pilot, Kanchan and Lalji in Rajasthan, then changed its name to the and blue hair is ubiquitous in Amul letters of the group he worked for with the name 19. Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited, the
Vijay? city in which it was originally based? Butter advertising. Yet she was created to rival a for a gold coin or necklace in Sanskrit? makers of Mysore Sandal Soap
6 Growmore Research And Assets Management
Ltd is a public incorporated on April 24, 1987. mobiletomobile conversation in India. Which
company was the service provider?
country and abroad? Answers
1. Mahindra and Muhammad renamed itself
25. AH Wheeler and Company, the bookshops
found in railway stations around the country
For what reason did it capture national financial
headlines in a few years?
15 Which product was launched in India in
the 1960s by Ved Rattan Mohan, with its
23 The flagship company of which Indian
group derives its name from an old,
miserly and often libidinous character in Italian
Mahindra and Mahindra as Kailash Mahindra
continued in the business
26. Digjam Suitings, from Digvijay and Jamnagar
27. Zomato, founded by Deepinder Goyal
28. Nykaa
7 Pishori Lal Lamba arrived from Lahore in
New Delhi in 1940, and set up a handcranked logo and name inspired by the Benedictine
priests and the liquids they brewed?
‘commedia dell’arte’?
2. The first ever Maruti 800 car. He was the first
named picked in a lucky draw among customers
29. Tanishq
30. Hero Cycles, started by the Munjal brothers
contraption for making a product which was
very popular with the American GIs stationed
there at the time. Which Indian brand did he 16 Most often seen in dark green packaging,
which product, originally launched in
24 Funskool (India) Ltd. is an Indian toy
manufacturing company, founded in 1987
with headquarters in Chennai. Which iconic
3. The Jonga, manufactured under license from
Nissan, Jonga is an acronym for Jabalpur
Ordnance and Guncarriage Assembly
joy bhattacharjya is a quiz master;
t@joybhattacharj
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 13
T
he best way to begin a major ICC title.
dispassionate The IPL has grown into
assessment of free gargantuan proportions and is on
India’s sporting odyssey the verge of challenging and
across 75 years is by turning our consuming the international
backs on today. At least from the calendar.
promos around the 2022
Commonwealth Games, featuring What should India@100 be like?
much flagwaving, rapid cuts of If 75 brought us here, where
random athletes doing sporty should the next 25 years take
things, supported by a lingering us? To start with, Indian cricket
montage of Sports Minister should be distributing its gravy
Anurag Thakur striding around far more evenly than just
purposefully hither and thither at the top of the table, full of its
before delivering his piece to the most famous men. Maybe,
camera. The promos contain too India@75 is the fork in the road of
many contradictory narratives — our sporting development
the Empirecreated elsewhere. It could be time to
Commonwealth identity, the break away from the
Asiad '82 women's 100 metre race: On the far right (No.488) is PT Usha, who finished second to add to India's silver
statism of our sport — and only medalprocurement mania and
medal tally at the Games held in New Delhi on November 27, 1982 THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES
end up blurring objectivity. push to give millions of Indian
Navigating through Indian children greater access to sport
sport across the last 75 years does calendar of events across most 16 years between Olympic medals are trying to prevent their athletes and competition in a safe and
not only involve invoking a sports has dwindled rather than — from hockey’s gold in 1980 to from signing up with private healthy environment.
cavalcade of champions. Our increased across 75 years. To this Leander Paes’ bronze in 1996. The bodies. The government, still the In any case, the blindfold of the Neeraj Chopra reacts as he competes in the final of the men’s javelin throw
sport is located in our political, day, Indian athletes, in the large falling away of Indian hockey, largest funding pool for sports, 70s and 80s is off around our event at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo on August 7, 2021. Chopra
economic and social histories as bulk of sporting disciplines, have football, and in the last two created its own funding and Olympic sport and the uberelite became the first to win Athletics Gold for India ever PTI/FILE
well as the evolution of sport fewer opportunities for sustained, decades, tennis, the failure of training programme for elite athlete is far better served in the
worldwide. The India sporting seasonal competition than their athletics to find a star after PT athletes — the Target Olympic new millennium than the public sector job. The star athlete, Indian flag and the national
nation grew alongside the slow compatriots overseas, and the Usha or cash in on Anju Bobby Podium Scheme (TOPS) in 2014. predecessors. Olympic champion now richer than in the past, also anthem in Taangh and its
transformation from the Khelo India scheme was meant to George’s world championship As epochal as Bindra’s gold was Bindra says when it comes to cash signs up as cheerleader. interpretation in contemporary
amateurism of the postwar era plug the shortfall. Wherever medal, are fundamentally failures for Indian Olympic sport (it would awards, no athletes in the world Even in these best of times for India. Her father and the rest of
into professionalism in the last organised grassroots of governance. The return and the take four days short of 13 years for are better rewarded than Indians. sports fans, there comes a the 1948 team, she reminded us,
two decades of the 20th Century. programmes and an annual rise of badminton was driven not India’s second gold from Neeraj What remains to be upped is serendipitous counter to the had grown up as subjects under
Right at the start though, India calendar exists across districts, by institutional support from its Chopra), 2008 was to also mark a governance, the use of advanced rahrah endless flagwaving colonial rule. To see the flag going
played a significant part in States and nation, that sport does ruling body, but individual efforts tectonic shift in Indian and world sports science and prioritising jingoism that suffuses our sport up in London 1948, above the
creating a postcolonial, panAsian not require its athletes spending from the game’s greats itself. cricket. performanceenabling today. Released late last year, a Union Jack “wasn’t jingoism, it
athletic solidarity, hosting the most months of the year in The Indian athlete, however, is The launch of the world’s first environments. “That’s still a work documentary called Taangh was sombre, it was a love”. Like the
firstever Asian Games. Starting training camps away from home. not easily crushed. T20 franchise competition, the in progress,” he laughs. (Punjabi for longing), featured, anthem, “I do feel we need to
from 11 nations, 489 athletes, 57 In India, that forms a miniscule Indian Premier League, had What has also emerged is the among many things, the story of reclaim these symbols in the way
medal events in six sports in 1951, percentage. The tide turns with the shaken and stirred global cricket fusing of sporting performance the refugee players from Lahore we understand them… to say no,
the Asian Games have grown into Cricket’s economic millennium and its economy for ever. into every stream of on the hockey team that won free the flag belongs to all of us. I
the secondlargest, multisport opportunism should have offered At the turn of the century, the Seventy five years have given hypernationalism. Those who India’s first Olympic gold in wanted to show it the way it
event in the world after the lessons for other disciplines to ambitious found support and Indian sport much to celebrate give cash always call in for greater London 1948. meant to them in 1948.”
Olympics. grow and seek sustainability and realtime investment. The path to and mull over. Like the old returns. The Indian sportstar After a screening in Bengaluru, For all the promise of a better
For the rest, however, as a young independence. Instead, cricket’s sporting success, it was obvious, business houses once supported must become social media director Bani Singh, daughter of sporting tomorrow, our past
country with myriad obstacles success was only responded to was not linked to divine Olympic, new industrial leaders supporter of state policy. Statism double Olympic gold medallist reminds India@75 of much that
and priorities, Indian sport was with resentment. The results intervention or magic genes, but like JSW and Reliance are today is more deeply entrenched Nandy Singh, was asked about the was precious that should not be
left on the backburner. Its began to show. In 1990, India methodical planning, timely investing vast chunks of in Indian sport than even the use of the 1948 footage of the forgotten.
funding was limited, mostly finished 11th on the medals tally at expert intervention and the
dependent and driven by royal the Beijing Asian Games, its first persistence to secure government
patronage, like from Patiala or time outside the top 10, with a funding. The first decade of the 21st
business houses like the Tatas and lone gold in kabaddi. It took India Century was to also mark the
later the Mahindras and peopled creation of entity, unique only to
by preIndependence Indian sport, proof of
administrators from the urban administrative indolence. Private
gentry. bodies turned up as
After a couple of decades of intermediaries between the
success in team sport — standout aspirational athlete and officious
Olympic hockey domination and gatekeepers and/or government
sustained competitiveness in red tape to ensure funding,
continental football — Indian training and competition plans
sport zigged and zagged as if came through quickly. From the
blindfolded, out of step with a early 2000s, Olympic Gold Quest
changing world from the (2001), Mittal Champions Trust
mid1970s onwards. Here, we refer (2003, nowdefunct), Go Sports
only to Olympic sport. In Foundation (2008, the first to
nonOlympic disciplines, Indians support para sports), Lakshya
made their mark in cue sports, Sports (2009) Anglian Medal Hunt
tennis and badminton. (2012) and JSW Sport (2013)
Elsewhere, through a fortuitous appeared on the scene and their
series of circumstances, triggered impact has shown results.
by India’s 1983 World Cup victory, In Beijing 2008, rifle shooter
Indian cricket became the team Abhinav Bindra won India’s first
sport that broke away from the individual Olympic gold, along
pack, charting its own with bronzes in boxing and
evolutionary course far different wrestling, India’s multimedal
from that of its slowmoving Olympics after Helsinki 1952. The
cousins. The growing popularity attention and praise drawn by
of the 50over game, followed by June 1983: Kapil Dev lifts the Cricket these private sporting bodies was
the arrival of satellite television World Cup after India beat West to sting other stakeholders. Some
and the opening up of the Indian Indies at Lords GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCK federations like wrestling today,
markets in the 1990s became
cricket’s perfect storm. If 1983 was
Year Zero, by 2000, cricket had
spread through the Indian
hinterland, its presence
dominating both mind space and
markets, all other competition left
behind.
State support
What kept other Indian sports
alive through these sevenodd
decades, regardless of
international results, was the
support from the state. First, by
tying in sporting performance
with public sector employment –
in the railways, airlines, banks,
petroleum companies, military
and paramilitary. This was
livelihood, not leisure, and it drew
and continues to draw thousands.
The government also funded,
through our taxes, the federations
in charge of running something
close to 33 ‘priority’ sports. The
majority of those, with powerful,
politicallyconnected leadership,
rode the gravy train for decades,
many to this day refusing to adopt
international sports governance
practices.
The staging of the 1982 Asian
Games and the 2010
Commonwealth Games helped
create new infrastructure and
build a panIndia network of
training centres, more than 100
across five categories through the
Sports Authority of India. The
centres still draw in and remain
suppliers of the majority of our
talent pool, a sustained pathway
14 BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
The perfect
platform to
power ahead
S eventy five years is a short time in a nation’s life.
Especially when you talk of one whose culture and
civilisation dates back thousands of years.
Yet, the celebration of India @75 is special. Not because of
the number but the incredible journey of India in the 75
years since Independence when it was born as an amalgam
of princely states and presidencies. The country was short
on food at the dawn of freedom , it had no industry to speak
of, it was plagued by poverty and disease but it was not
short on the one commodity that mattered — hope. And
then, of course, ambition.
We can quibble with our founding fathers over many
issues, serious and silly, with the benefit of hindsight. But
we owe them the foundations of India that we now know.
The institutions that were created in the first few decades of
Independence across education, health, transport and
industry, the seeding of scientific temper in the people
through exploits in space technology and atomic energy,
and the journey to selfsufficiency in food ... it’s a long list
really.
But somewhere along the road, the country lost its way.
Until it ran into a crisis in 1991. That was a defining
moment. A moment for tough decisions. And the
powersthatbe then did not shy away. Shackles on the
industry were broken, entrepreneurial talent was
unleashed and a wave of liberalisation swept through the
nation. And we know the rest of the story.
ILLUSTRATION: SATHEESH VELLINEZHI
In this special Independence Day edition, we have
attempted to tell the story of India’s amazing independent
journey. We have articles from industry leaders on business,
economy, markets, politics and sport. I hope you enjoy
reading them as much as we did putting themtogether.
Happy Independence Day!
Editor
II BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 III
With soft power, India From the era of Licence Raj, we have driven a long way
can lead the world With the importance and the role of private sector recognised, the future for manufacturing sector appears bright
From a business perspective, enterprises did not generate very competitive.
internal surpluses that could fund
India’s influence has strengthened expansion and modernisation of Ease of doing business
capacity, or investments in R&D to While the years after 1991 had a
improve technology. huge impact on the growth of the
car industry, the same cannot be
Hiccups of early days said about all manufacturing in
Shiv Shivakumar
Undertakings largely focussed on India. Despite the ending of the
Group Executive President, Corporate
RC Bhargava trying to meet production targets licensing system, and the removal
Strategy & Business Development,
Chairman of Maruti Suzuki and to become model employers, of restrictions on foreign
but little attention was paid to investment, manufacturing growth
T
Aditya Birla Group
he first government of quality assurance, increasing in the country still remained low.
I
independent India productivity, and reducing costs. Doing business in India remained
ndia today celebrates 75 phenomenal years. Few gave the
correctly decided that Labour in an undertaking did not difficult due to inadequate reforms.
newborn nation any chance in 1947, with many arguing
industrialising India was think that it had any responsibility The political climate was not very
it would implode because nothing could unite this
required to eradicate poverty and for improving the performance of welcoming for private sector
country of stark contrasts and seemingly irreconcilable
build a strong, selfreliant socialist their company and relations with manufacturing, and the
diversity. The baggage of 584 princely states, illiteracy, lack of
nation. The strategy was to achieve managements were adversarial. As Dominating presence In 1990, over 2,16,000 cars were sold in the country, of bureaucracy retained their earlier
industry, and absence of governance foretold a recipe for
this objective through the public years passed, public undertakings which Maruti accounted for 55 per cent THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES suspicion and distrust of
disaster.
sector enterprises, instead of the were generally unable to create a industrialists and their profit
But India has progressed on many fronts. From a business
private sector. Prior to selfsustaining ecosystem for difficult, largely due to laws and management, where workers and making mindset.
management perspective, my six takeaways are:
independence, the private sector growth, the quality and quantity of regulations, and India was not seen management worked as partners. It was only the new government
had made progress, but its ability output were frequently less than as a country offering conditions for Quality and cost became buzz in 2014 that started the process of
Mass market
to grow further was controlled by the demand, and technology and competitive manufacturing. words. For the first time, the focus making it easy to do business in
In the last six months, South Indian movies with catchy
the licensing system, as well as the productivity were below global Governments did little to make shifted to customer satisfaction. India with wide ranging changes in
songs, punchy dialogues, snappy mannerisms and
monopolies law. The industrial standards. changes. Realising the critical role of bought laws, taxation systems, and other
largerthanlife heroes have captured the imagination of the
policy framework was designed to The private sector did not fare out parts, MUL broke with reforms. The importance and the
country. They have swayed the public with songs like Oo Oo
ensure that there was no much better either. The absence of Gamechanging approach traditional practices and worked role of private sector has been
Antava, C’mon baby, let’s go on the Bullet, and Ra Ra Rakamma.
competition either in the public or competition and growth The first change happened in 1981. with vendors to create a robust recognised, and the process of
While southern films have swept the country, Bollywood
private sectors. opportunities meant that there was Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL) was supply chain. As a result, MUL gradually winding down the
filmmakers have lost the plot. They are trying to be slick and
There were delays in completion no incentive to improve quality, established by the government to became a company that had high mammoth and unproductive
ape Hollywood or go niche, much like some MNCs in
of many projects, and in their productivity or reduce costs. manufacture cars by entering into productivity and quality, and it public sector has started. Foreign
emerging markets. The lesson for all companies is that you
reaching full capacity utilisation. Products became obsolete a joint venture with a technology dominated the car market. Its cars manufacturers are increasingly
will not be a scale player without a mass approach.
The performance of the public compared to what was being partner. Suzuki Motor Co. of Japan changed the look on the roads and coming to India and the
undertakings was not evaluated produced elsewhere. Supply chains and the government formed this the driving habits of citizens. More Production Linked Incentive
Branded market
according to the criteria normally were weak and unreliable. joint venture. MUL had to comply women started to drive. In 1990, scheme is a big attraction.
India started as an unbranded, unorganised market in 1947.
applied to business undertakings. Management relations with labour with all the laws and rules over 2,16,000 cars were sold in the The future for manufacturing is
Over the years we developed an unorganised branded market
Thus, profits and return on capital were adversarial and often led to applicable to the public sector but country, of which MUL sold over 55 bright after 75 years of
with retail brands. India is home to the largest retail footprint
employed did not have targets for strikes, layoffs and even violence. it was able to introduce a highly per cent. The world saw that Independence, thanks to the
in the world — we have an outlet for every 150 people. Brands
undertakings. Hence, most Manufacturing in India was very productive culture of manufacturing in India could be government’s attitude and policies.
played an important role in being a quality marker, plus a
reason for retail to buy from manufacturers.
Nowhere in the world does one see advertising for pipes,
cement, electric bulbs, adhesives, and electric wires. The
Indian mass market is brandconscious but more
valueconscious. Indian entrepreneurs continue to perceive
branding as a route to enhance profitability and exit
commodity trading.
Manufacturing selfreliance
In 1947, the bicycle was the largest selling durable in India.
Today, India is the manufacturing hub for the twowheeler
market, the small car market, generic drugs and vaccines; it is
home to one of the largest local cement markets. India has,
over 75 years, developed import substitution as a goal and
significantly upped quality to match global standards in
every industry. Today, an impressive 30 per cent of India’s GDP
is manufacturingled.
More local than global
Winners in India have been brands/ companies that have
understood India, its habits and taste. This is most obvious in
the foods sector, where multinational brands have made little
headway. Amul is the largest brand in all FMCG! The category
with the maximum innovation in Mumbai city is the simple
khakhra, which has about 100 variants serving every
community’s taste profile, and even a mobile pack for the
lady’s purse. Blindly replicating Western/Asian products or
brand or messaging has failed in most cases.
Rich digital infrastructure
In the last 15 years, the mobile infrastructure has been the
backbone of the digital ecosystem in India. Everything in
India is mobile first, not PC first or tablet first. India is the
second largest startup country because of the rich digital
infrastructure and this, I predict, will only multiply. India will
be a vibrant digital system in the future because of the
‘trishul’ or trident of Aadhaar, UPI, and, recently, ONDC (open
network for digital commerce). This combination doesn’t
exist elsewhere in the world, and this is ‘consumer delight’ at
its best on the identity trust, easy payments, and
competitiveness platforms.
Management thinkers
India has produced some of the best global management
thinkers in the last 50 years — the late CK Prahalad, Ram
Charan, Nitin Nohria, Sumantra Ghoshal, the late Bala
Balachander, Shrikant Dater and Vijay Govindarajan, to name
a few. One can see a lot of their Indian roots in their concepts
like ‘bottom of the pyramid’ and ‘rotation in a business
model’. Each of them has consulted and coached Indian
enterprises and Indian leaders over the years to drive global
best practice in cost, quality, differentiation, and capability as
the foundation of competitiveness.
India has come a long way and it will go a long way over the
next 25 years. India has vitality, oodles of energy, and an
attitude to make things happen. These are all good
ingredients in the management space.
India can lead and the world will follow if India persists
with its soft power. Management influence is more about soft
power.
POCKET RAVIKANTH
IV BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
The Indian entrepreneurship engine and the fuel that powers it
Backed by government initiatives and support, the Indian entrepreneurship story is making waves globally thanks to the country’s talent pool and culture of innovation
understand how the Indian startup are going to succeed. Education value chain to succeed globally and
ecosystem has evolved. Like most provides one with a safety net so one develop products that require
economies and cultures, can always go back to the drawing highend manufacturing. Because
entrepreneurship has been an integral board or the job market if one’s India’s talent pool is much more
part of the country for centuries. business plans do not materialise. skilled and educated, it provides a
India’s current entrepreneurial A lot of Indian business models are huge opportunity. Secondly, focusing
ecosystem is a result of three waves of also emerging from studying global on products that are inherently Indian
entrepreneurial activity with distinct trends and observing what happens in such as yoga, tea and Ayurveda. A lot of
Harsh Mariwala focus areas – information technology other countries. For example, I went to global trends are emerging in these
Founder and Chairman of Marico (IT), consumerism and innovation. The New York about five or six years back areas – especially after the pandemic
success of Indian IT businesses over the and I made it a point to see what new where there has been an increased
A
s India enters its 75th year of years has empowered the country’s products or services were being focus on wellness. However, I do not
Independence, it is time to middle class. As the economy developed. One of them was AllBirds – a envisage these businesses getting as
acknowledge the liberalised, incomes grew and more company developing footwear from big as IT and pharma.
contribution the country has capital was available. This resulted in natural materials. A few months later, I
made to the global entrepreneurial increased consumption and the advent saw a similar company in India doing Looking ahead
ecosystem. of smartphones ensured that the the same thing. When I started my business, I quickly
From an emerging market, we have Internet was easily accessible, causing Therefore, when a business model is found out that the learning curve is
consolidated our position as one of the models around ecommerce, based on a similar concept established much steeper. However, as your
fastestgrowing markets for emerging specialised retail and hyperdelivery abroad, the key factor is to be a first business grows so does your role. From
tech companies. The Indian startup networks to become popular. mover here. doing things yourself, you must be
ecosystem is the third largest in the Looking back at India’s history of willing to get things done or delegate
world today with over 100 unicorns So, what is it that has changed? developing entrepreneurs, only two work.
(valuations of $1 billion or more) Over the last two decades, India industries have truly gone global–IT I find that today many entrepreneurs
emerging in the last decade. In 2022 evolved from being an IT services and and pharma. For up and coming Indian are not able to do that. My mantra has
alone, 42 technologyled startups have business process outsourcing hub to businesses to scale new heights always been that you recruit talent that
joined the coveted unicorn club. becoming a significant R&D centre for Going hitech The next wave of unicorns is going to be much more diverse and will focus globally, we must leverage something is better than you.
What is noteworthy is that these multinationals, with new business on cuttingedge technologies like robotics NAGARA GOPAL we are good at. As our country celebrates its 75th
startups span across sectors and models being created almost daily. I For example, Bangladesh has done Independence Day, my wish is for
industries ranging from fintech to agri believe the next wave of unicorns is In my mind, education has played a working capital, but now we have better in garment production for entrepreneurs to be liberated from the
tech to health tech and many more, going to be much more diverse and very important role in driving the nonbanking financial companies factors such as cheaper cost of labour. fear of failure.
attracting global investors and venture will focus on cuttingedge technologies growth of most businesses. It has (NBFCs), angel funders, private equity India’s strength is a pool of highly I think we need to celebrate and
capital. Backed by government like robotics. The talent landscape has enabled the leveraging of digital and and venture capitalists. I strongly educated individuals. learn from failures and empower our
initiatives and support, the Indian also changed dramatically. As recently various other technologies, playing a believe that if you have a good We need to move away from youth. I am keen on experimentation,
entrepreneurship story is making as eight or 10 years ago, most of our very important role in creating a business, potential prospect, or project, positioning ourselves as a place that removing the fear of failure and
waves globally, too. entrepreneurs emerged from business vibrant business environment. The it will not be difficult to raise money. only provides cheap labour–countries prototyping, rather than doing things
families. Today, that is not the case and emergence of new avenues of funding The willingness to fail has also like Bangladesh and Vietnam are on a very big scale. Value addition with
An integral part of the country many of our young entrepreneurs are has also changed the landscape. Earlier, increased substantially, which is a very already doing that. profitability, and not valuation, must
However, it is important to reflect and not from business backgrounds. we only had banks that provided good sign because not all businesses I believe that we need to move up the be the guiding light for entrepreneurs.
How do we make every Indian fly by our 100th Independence day?
Our bilaterals and open sky policies have to be rethought boldly so that major airports can become mega transportation hubs
Capt Gopinath
Founder of Air Deccan
W
e need to think and
dream big. And dreams,
to be realised, must be
combined with speedy
execution accompanied by deep
reforms. If China — which was just three
and a half decades ago rated a poor
country, in standards of living, per
capita income, GDP and other
parameters — can today be ahead of
Europe, and within hair’s breadth of
overtaking the US, militarily and
economically, why not India?
Let us trace our own recent trajectory
with a particular focus on aviation.
Around four decades ago, we had two
television channels, Doordarshan One
and Doordarshan Two. There was a
popular R.K. Laxman cartoon in those
days. On channel one you had Indira
Gandhi, and when you got bored and
switched to the other channel, you had Changing skies The reforms that opened up the aviation sector in 1991 and ended the licence raj and monopoly of Indian Airlines and Air India changed the sector when a slew of private sector airlines were given the licence to fly NAGARA GOPAL
Sanjay Gandhi! We had only two car
companies which made the the world for innovation and low costs have become ‘the sick man of India’. Brazil 119 million tickets , population 215 Naresh Goyal was a humble travel agent customs and other duties and tortuous
Ambassador and Fiat Premier Padmini; and struggling airline companies Thanks to choking regulations, tough million; Malaysia with a population of who cobbled together some funds and rules to bring in parts and repair and
two motorcycle and two scooter The reforms that opened up the entry barriers for new entrants, high 33 million and 63 million tickets; built a world class airline. Capital will overhaul, and reexport back or use it on
companies, Enfield India and Ideal Jawa, aviation sector in 1991, and ended the fuel prices abetted by sky high taxes, Indonesia 116 million tickets population eventually find the entrepreneurs who our aircraft is a deterrent and all
and Bajaj and Lambretta; one telephone licence raj and monopoly of Indian inefficient public sector airports paving 280 million, China 660 million tickets have revolutionary ideas, as the river airlines send their aircraft for major
company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd; Airlines and Air India changed the way for monopoly private sector 1.3 billion people; India with 1.25 billion courses it way to the sea. As we have MRO to Dubai, Singapore or Lufthansa
and one airline, Indian Airlines and a sector when a slew of private sector airports that are extortionist in the people has sold less than 140 million seen, a mighty war chest need not Technic, where many Indian technicians
bunch of crumbling public sector airlines were given the licence to fly; but absence of robust competition between domestic tickets. Even Ethiopia sold 5 guarantee success of a game changing are employed. Similarly, charter
airports. only two, Jet Airways and Sahara airports, and in the absence of long million tickets, with its 120 million venture. The ‘Start Up’ campaign, is a business has remained stagnant. It’s the
Thanks to the farsighted reforms survived, resulting in cartelisation. term visionary strategic policy which is people and Egypt 100 million people laudable initiative by PM Narendra breeding ground for pilots and
ushered in by P.V. Narasimha Rao, ably Again when the low cost airlines took subject to frequent knee jerk changes, had and 4.6 million passengers. Modi but it is largely the driving force in engineers who feed the airlines. And the
executed by Manmohan Singh, and wings in 2003, it broke the cost and the not just for airlines but for the gamut of hitech companies disrupting many irony, we have around 4,000 pilots and
carried forward during the Rajiv Gandhi caste barrier to flying by penetrating the various sectors of aviation, growth New vibrant India conventional businesses. It must spread thousands of technicians unemployed.
and Atal Bihari Vajpayee era, and deep into the rural hinterland. There of aviation has again slumped. In 2002, after I founded the helicopter to other areas. Aviation is integral to Meanwhile, we have to import foreign
subsequent governments, we have now was an implosion of demand that Our bilaterals, and open sky policies company in 1995, a new vibrant India equitable economic growth to be pilots and engineers pushing up costs.
in excess of 500 television channels, enabled the common people to fly, and have to be rethought boldly and which had unleashed the consumer globally competitive and to harness And finally our Air Craft Act and rules go
more than 20 automobile and 15 along with it, the liberalisation of imaginatively so that Delhi , Bombay, aspirations in the wake of the explosion large swathes of India struggling with back to 1934 and 1927 when helicopters
twowheeler manufacturers, an various other sectors propelled India Bangalore, Chennai and Calcutta of the reforms of Chinese economy. poverty and unemployment. Passenger and jet engines were not invented.
explosion of the cellphone sector into a vibrant, emerging economic airports can become mega Explosion of TV channels that spurred airlines and air cargo subsume Frequent modifications are issued
though now in danger of becoming a power and a leader among developing transportation hubs like Dubai and the demand through ads unshackled geography and knit remote areas but under the above overarching
duopoly, a plethora of pharmaceutical economies. Singapore. Emirates operates 118 the entrepreneurial ‘animal spirits’ long together that are alienated and drive mother act, rules not keeping up with
companies; a pioneer and world leader Airbuses, 380 super jumbos the largest dormant in India. While on way to the investments deep into the bowels of the modern technology in aerospace,
in vaccine production, and a mighty Aviation’s recurring sickness of any airline in the world. Dubai Hub US for an aviation conference in 2002, at country and give them access to increasing costs to the industry
nation in software and financial Sadly, while all the sectors have grown has enabled that. India is strategically Luton airport one of the five markets and boost tourism which is the ultimately affect the passengers growth.
services, which is the envy of the rest of by leaps and bounds, Indian aviation located to link West, Middle East to Asia international airports serving London largest employment generator in the The regulators are not popular in any
and Far East. We should shed our Metropolitan area, I saw an unorganised sector. country.
inhibitions and diffidence in our advertisement that screamed it flew 13 With mega airports controlling air But our DGCA cadre needs to be
thinking while framing policies. million passengers per annum. It hit me and ground space it’s well nigh modernised, well staffed, motivated and
The number of Indians who buy air like lightening. All the 40 airports in impossible to connect rural small incentivised. Just as the Atomic Energy
tickets in a year is 140 million, which is India flew as much then. On a flight of regional towns from large metros Commission and ISRO is headed by
2019 figures before Covid ravaged the South West Airlines in Phoenix in stunting regional connectivity despise scientists, the DGCA must be an helmed
economy. They are not 140 million Midwest US, a heavily tattooed burly the commendable UDAN initiative. And by aviation professional from among
different individuals as it seems. That man is shorts and bunions sat next to where slots are available with difficulty their ranks instead of the ubiquitous
number comprises frequent flyers of 35 me with his family at the back. I learnt costs are prohibitive. IAS bureaucrat who may have been
to 40 million who form bulk of the he was a carpenter visiting Grand heading an animal husbandry
ticket buyers. It translates to less than 4 Canyon. That was my moment of Reforms needed department earlier. All these need
per cent of the population who can epiphany. I did not have to be a rocket Our air cargo growth is languishing and comprehensive overhauling and deep
afford air travel, placing India in terms scientist or seek McKinsey’s validation. I is almost zero. Hong Kong airport alone reforms.
of per capita consumption of air tickets decided India was ready and launched a handles more cargo than all our 100 Despite the setbacks and deterrents
alongside some poorer African low cost airline on a prayer and a wing airports put together. there’s a silver lining. Whatever India
countries. Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia and hope and optimism, the invisible Aircargo integrated with road, rail may not possess, it has an inexhaustible
and China are way ahead of India. fuel of any economy. and ports is the blood vessel of a market and largely untapped potential.
Hard numbers across the world for It was a crazy idea but the growing economy. It is critical to That gives hope.
preCovid year 2019 tells a different atmosphere was conducive under the understand that for passenger airlines Only one question has to be asked by
story. Ireland, not the biggest of NDA government led by Vajpayee. to grow you need reforms in all areas of policy makers. What should the
economies, had sold of 28 million Entrepreneurs break the status quo, aviation air cargo, airports, aviation government do to make common
domestic air tickets with a population smash cartels and create new markets. fuel taxes State and Central (which are Indians fly? How do we take the present
of 5 million, Europe ( EU 27)1146 million So was it with Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and the highest in world, which go up to 50 4 per cent who are flying to 50 per cent
tickets, 447 million; US 927 million Narayan Murthy then who founded per cent,) the MRO ( Maintenance, in the next two decades.
tickets, population 325 million. Let’s Infosys with ten thousand rupees and Repair and Overhaul) is utterly in That will show the roadmap to the
An HAL stall at the Aero India 2021 in Bengaluru BHAGYA PRAKASH K leave the most developed economies. so is it today with BYJU’S or PayTm. dismal state. The labyrinth of taxes, future we all aspire.
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 V
Indian Railways: On track for changes that are in tune with the times
In other sectors, we have benefited from liberalisation and the resultant competition and efficiency. Why should that not happen in railways too?
competition and efficiency. Why should
that not happen for railways too? Why
can’t we have railway stations
comparable to stations in the rest of the
world? Why can’t the railway stations be
like airports? We will soon have such
modern stations in Habibganj (Bhopal),
Gandhinagar and Bijwasan (Delhi). At
Bibek Debroy some point, Nagpur, Gwalior, Amritsar,
Chairman of PMEAC Sabarmati, Shivajinagar, Surat,
Baiyyappanahalli, Gandhinagar (in
R
ailways aren’t only about Jaipur), Kanpur, Thakurli, Anand Vihar
passengers, they are also about (Delhi) and Chandigarh will follow.
freight. The Indian railway
system is one of the largest in Much needed changes
the world. Depending on how you define But we must remember, change doesn’t
a “train”, there are more than 13,000 happen overnight. The legacy of several
passenger trains every day and almost decades cannot be overcome at the
8,500 freight trains, and these trains stroke of a pen. Change is always
traverse almost 7,500 stations. In some incremental and, there is a timeline.
other major railway systems in the Indeed, there is a template for change.
world, railways are primarily used for There is a National Rail Plan, that will
freight. That’s not true of India, partly serve as a vision document for 2030.
because of the way railways have evolved Earlier, there was the Debroy Committee
historically. Report in which we focused on five
Notwithstanding the growth of civil major strands — (A) Decentralisation of
aviation and road transport, railways decisionmaking; (B) HR changes, to
remain the lifeline for many passengers; break down silos; (C) A regulator, to
many of whom travel unreserved. (The ensure fair competition between private
percentage depends on whether one is players and the public sector entity
counting the local trains or not.) Because (which will continue to run trains); (D)
of this passenger focus, we often look at Modernisation of accounts; and (E)
what’s happening to railways with that Private entry.
passenger lens. In other sectors, as Indian Railways (IR) is divided into
consumers, we have benefited from zones and divisions. Unnoticed to many
liberalisation and the resultant of us who use that lens as passengers,
An inside view of Tejas Express, India's first 'private' train by IRCTC PTI
VI BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
T
he story of 75 years of India's years, cooperatives will breakaway from generation. It is by providing more
independence can't be traditional agriculture or credits to sources and not by controlling prices.
complete without a chapter on newer areas of food deliveries, taxies, The whole world is amazed to see
its dairy cooperatives. After contractual labourers, security, what India has achieved in cooperating
sevenandahalf decades, as we stand mechanic, maidservants and many dairying and how is it still affordable to
today, we see India as a rising global more service and manufacturing pass on 80 per cent of the revenues
force to reckon with, and the cooperative sectors. They too can succeed, provided earned to the producers. Later this year,
dairy sector has much to claim credit for. they have the leadership and India is holding International Dairy
On 15th August 1947, as India gained professional expertise, an eye for Federation (IDF)'s World Dairy Summit,
independence, her shoulders were marketing and technology. which coincides with celebration of
burdened with poverty, malnutrition, Going forward, India's policy makers India's 75 years of independence.
growing population and The Amul Trinity:Tribhuvan Patel, the fouder of Kiara distict Cooperatives Milk Producers’ Unit flanked by Varghese Kurien (L) who became need to take into account few aspects to The world wants to come and see, how
unemployment. Milk deficiency was one the Chairman of Amul and HM Dalaya, the inventor of the first spraydryer of buffalo milk in the world THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES sustain the growth momentum in differently are we able to collect smaller
of the several characteristics that cooperative milk production. Today, we quantities of 23 litres from small milk
described India as a poor nation. But produce it, but also aggregate, add value the multinationals. This was one of the The Operation Flood made India an contribute about 22 per cent of the producers? How are we able to sell, every
over the years, with concerted efforts on and market it themselves under their initial commercial breakthroughs exception in the whole of Asia. Many world milk production; in the next 10 day, about 50 million litres of milk in
dairy development, we saw dairying own brand, and own the entire riding on the technological innovation other Asian peers were also in the same years we will reach 330 million tonnes of plastic pouches? How a litre of milk in
emerge as a strong fallback option for supplychain of and efficiencies, and translated into boat with deficient milk output. milk, which will be about 31 per cent of India is sold to a consumer at about 50
the rural economy by providing not just “cow/buffalotoconsumers” so as to profitability for the dairy and its milk Ironically, their condition remained the world milk production. In the next cents and the producer gets 40 cents of
the livelihoods, but also creating wealth bring efficiencies, affordability and producers. It became a selfsustaining more or less the same or has worsened few years, India is set to become a dairy it, whereas in rest of the developed
for millions of farmers over the maintain profitability. This holds true model. today, but India is shining bright with to the world. In order to achieve this world, he gets only 1/3rd? They are in
following decades. The growth story of for Amul even today. milk revolution. The threetier structure goal, we need to have consistent policies, search of answers to these questions.
Amul, and that of India's dairy sector Operation Flood of cooperatives was the key improved efficiencies, and accelerated India has found the answers in 75 years!
aptly corresponds to the growth story of The Kurian era Time had come for Amul to spread differentiator. From 20 million tonnes in
India at 75. The cooperative was formed, but wings. In 196566, Prime Minister Lal 1970s to 200 million tonnes of milk
something was missing — professional Bahadur Shastri visited Amul and asked production now — with tentimes
Early years of revolution input and the approach to run a Dr Kurien to spread this dairy growth in milk output — India has come
In the initial years of independence, successful business enterprise. In 1949, cooperative model to other parts of the a long way in these 75 years. Credit goes
India struggled hard with increased Dr Varghese Kurien was broughtin and country. India needed many more to the methodical planning and
population and stagnating milk his contribution brought the Amuls. Dr Kurien believed if this can be execution by Dr Kurien.
production, which was at around 1720 remarkable results that we see today. done in Gujarat, it can happen anywhere Dr Kurien believed in the cooperative
million tonnes annually. Although, the seed was sown by the in India. To make it happen, the National model because it takes care of both
The British policies had complicated farmer leader Tribhuvandas Patel, it was Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was stakeholders (small growers) and small
India's local milk businesses with nurtured by a professional like Dr formed with a defined role — develop consumers. India is a country of lower
policies supporting private sector or Kurien, who made it a large banyan tree. dairy organisations on Amul model and middle class, and it is not justified to
middlemanoriented business The leaders of that time wouldn't have ensure livelihood at villages. keep good quality dairy products
structures that emboldened private thought what Amul could do, what Dr Dr Kurien roped in professionals like accessible only to the elite. There is no
monopolies such as Polson, who Kurien could do, or what India could do Dr Michael Halse, an FAO expert who mincing of words in saying that it is only
exploited small milk producers. The for the world in dairy space. At 75 years, taught at the Indian Institute of because of the cooperative sector, there
political leaders and farmer we see the strength of cooperatives as a Management, Ahmedabad, to design the is affordability in dairy products.
representatives felt the need for a business model for economic operation flood programme. A Cooperatives have become a
revolution and thus, the idea of development of 'Bharat' in India. blueprint was prepared and benchmark, which the private sector
cooperative dairying was born in 1946 For Amul, a major turning point came implemented in multiple phases. The tries to match with.
under the guidance of Sardar when Dr Kurien and his colleague, Shri results were out for everyone to see. Another turning point came in 1991, at
Vallabhbhai Patel and cooperative leader HM Dhalaya developed milk powder From the mid 1970s to 1996, India's milk the time of economic liberalisation,
Tribhuvandas Patel, who formed Amul. from buffalo milk in the early 1950s. This production eventually rose, and by mid which encouraged the private sector
The basic business idea behind this was was followed by cheese and baby food 1990s, we not just became selfsufficient and broughtin competition. Even
cooperation. If farmers want good price production from buffalo milk. Such use in milk, but also became the world's though, the dairy cooperatives did not At 75 years, we see the strength of cooperatives as a business model for economic
for their produce, they should not just of technology gave Amul an edge over largest milk producer. benefit directly, the competition development of 'Bharat' in India REUTERS
Indian agriculture: Give genetic tech a chance Leveraging tech to empower farmers
With pests and climate change eating into farm output, there is clamour among Agritech startups have begun to identify and solve multiple,
growers and manufacturers alike to tap genetic technology for enhanced yield chronic pain points that have been dogging Indian agriculture
horticulture farmers achieve higher productivity,
bales to remain operational, despite the consumption halved, and seed and textile improved yield quality, and increased profitability. As for
largest acreage under cotton cultivation. industries flourished. Within a decade of automation, TartanSense is developing robots for
The world cotton countries nearly wrote off the release of the new technology, it was smallholder farms, which reduce chemical usage by 45
the perilous quality and quantity of Indian adopted by 7.7 million farmers and Bt per cent, increase weeding efficiency by seven times, and
cotton. But then, there was an agrimiracle cotton was grown on 95 per cent of the significantly reduce expenditure and drudgery.
based on genetic technology in 2002 when total cotton area — an outstanding A more recent development in the agri space is the
the Vajpayeeled government allowed the achievement in the history of technology buzz of startup activity in white spaces, part of the value
use of the first insectresistant Bt cotton, uptake and absorption despite the Mark Kahn chains hitherto untouched by innovations. For example,
CD Mayee/ Bhagirath Choudhary launching a new era of genebased genetic resistance from different groups averse to Managing Partner, Omnivore farmers have always struggled with making informed
South Asia Biotechnology Centre, Jodhpur revolution. genetic technologies. Empirical evidence decisions when it comes to investing in tractors. Tractor
F
suggests that Bt cotton could expand rom a handful of mavericks taking on complex Junction’s marketplace is a welcome respite from the
“A
merica produces 30 quintals The rise of Indian cotton cotton geography, as cultivation expanded challenges in 2011, today India has over 1,000 prevalent information opacity. Similarly, ReshaMandi is
of soyabean per acre and it is In India, cotton accounts for a mere 6.7 per from 7 million hectares to 12 million agritech startups, all striving to iron out spearheading a digital transformation in the
not above four quintals in our cent of the total cultivated area, that too in hectares, production jumped from 1314 inefficiencies in agricultural value chains. The unorganised sericulture sector. Despite India being the
country! What is the benefit just 10 of the 29 States. Yet, it grabs a big million bales to 3536 million bales, and profile of entrepreneurs driving agritech innovations world’s secondlargest producer of raw silk, unscientific
of agricultural universities? Union Minister chunk of media coverage, parliamentary farmer’s profitability doubled. has also changed over the years. We are increasingly methods of farming, improper storage facilities,
Nitin Gadkari wondered in his address to Despite substantial gains in production seeing cofounders with elite engineering/MBA inadequate market linkages, and poor access to credit
agriculture professionals at the Dr CD over the last 20 years, the yield remained pedigrees and prior experience with unicorn startups are a few of the challenges that inhibit the potential
Mayee Agriculture Expert Award ceremony stuck around 550 kg lint per hectare. There joining the swelling ranks of agritech entrepreneurs. profitability of the industry. ReshaMandi’s AI and IoTled
held in Nagpur on July 15. Gadkari’s query is a clamour for furthering the cotton Families no longer balk at the idea of their digital ecosystem is streamlining the silk supply chain
points to the precarious situation of genetic technology as nothing has been IIT/IIMeducated child marching off to work with the and seamlessly connecting farm to retail.
millions of farmers who face low soyabean commercialised since 2006 to tackle the bottom billion in Bharat. This new wave of agritech
yield and crop losses year after year, emerging problems of weeds, pests and startups has begun to identify and solve multiple, Agritech funding
particularly in the Vidarbha region of climate change. Farmers vow to challenge chronic pain points in Indian agriculture. As of 2022, India has the third largest startup ecosystem
Maharashtra and neighbouring Madhya the status quo and are surreptitiously Information asymmetry in rural India has always been globally and ranks third after US and China in agritech
Pradesh, the ‘soy bowl of India’. All efforts growing nextgeneration one such pain point. Around 2016, rising rural funding. However, agrifood life sciences (AFLS) as a
to improve soyabean yield have proved herbicidetolerant and PBWresistant smartphone penetration, ubiquitous 4G connectivity, category is yet to experience the same vibrancy in talent
unsuccessful, with the country’s cotton traits, as they demand access to and the plummeting cost of and funding. AFLS refers to
productivity at a low onethird of the advance genetic technology in cotton. mobile data provided the four broad categories:
global average. Like in the case of wheat, backbone for full stack agricultural biotechnology,
rice and cotton, can genetic technology Hope returns for genetic tech digital agritech platforms to novel farming systems,
make a difference to the life of soyabean For the first time since the introduction of scale massively. These bioenergy and biomaterials,
farmers and help India reduce the growing Bt cotton, the ginners, yarn manufacturers platforms found and innovative foods.
import burden of 5 million tonnes of and textile industrialists, and more so the costeffective ways to help Globally, $6 billion was
soyabean oil and about 1.5 million tonnes edible oil and feed manufactures have farmers improve their invested in AFLS startups in
of soyabean cake. raised their voice in favour of genetic yields, lower their operating 2020, while their Indian
Some of the new hybrid varieties of Byadagi technology to increase cotton, edible oil costs, and ensure that their peers, raised slightly over $10
Genetic tech: An agri miracle Chilli from the research laboratories of the and oil meal cake production, and improve produce gets the right million. It is especially
The Green Revolution was the turning Dharwad based Sarpan Agri Horticulture raw material supply to processing industry. market value. baffling given India’s
point in the country’s stagnating food Research Centre THE HINDU Reduced production due to pest and DeHaat is a prominent vulnerability to climate
production. India has achieved a climate alterations, and the enhanced example here, with its change, as innovations in
miraculous increase in food production debates, and discussions on wideranging prices of raw material have brought to fore fullstack offering across AFLS can be the most
from 50 million tonnes in the early decades issues such as GM technology, seed price, the need to resolve the longstanding issues inputs, advisory, market effective weapons in our
of Independence to 317 million tonnes pest outbreaks, MSP, trade, exportimport of genetic technologies. linkages, and fintech. arsenal. BioPrime’s work
currently. Scientists harnessed genetic and textile mill demands. This is mainly For the last many years, the country Younger startups like with agricultural biologicals
treasure by moving useful gene(s) into due to its significance in the national hardly made any progress in genetic BharatAgri and Krishify are The new wave of agritech startups has begun to solve is proving just that. Derived
domestic cultivars of wheat and rice economy. The crop is also a model for the technologies, which are widely accepted by also working to empower multiple, chronic pain points in Indian agriculture ISTOCK from organic matter, these
through the traditional methods of technological changes in the agriculture major foodgrowing countries such as the farming community with actionable information tools can protect the crops from climatic stress, pests
crossbreeding. The science of production systems. Brazil, Argentina, the US, Canada and South that augments their incomes. BharatAgri provides and diseases, all without any harmful environmental
crossbreeding was further refined using The latest being the introduction of Africa. On the contrary, India has ignored farmers with affordable and accurate scientific crop side effects. The path ahead for Indian agrifood life
the heterosis breeding technique for insectresistant Bt genes for the homegrown genetic technology such as advisory, and Krishify is building a multilingual social sciences is long and arduous. However, it is a journey
developing hybrid cultivars of rainfed management of the dreaded American GM mustard. Meanwhile, India’s media platform that can revolutionise information, that needs more participation from entrepreneurs,
crops such as sorghum, pearl millet, castor, bollworm pest. The country witnessed dependence on imported soyabean and trade, education, and entertainment for Indian farmers scientists, venture capitalists, and policymakers as the
cotton, sunflower and horticulture. frequent epidemics of these pests. Farmers canola edible oil and oil meal cake, which and rural communities. future of Indian agriculture and food systems might
The first breakthrough in cotton yield had no choice but to spray or pray. India are anyway derived from GM sources, very well depend on it.
was achieved when hybrid cotton went out of the international map as a increased many fold. Climate change Over the last few years, there has been a paradigm
technology was commercialised in India leading cotton country and became a net There could be a ray of hope as the Indian farmers also find themselves struggling on the shift in how we measure development in agriculture.
around 1973. The yield increased from a importer of raw cotton to feed the textile enduser industry’s demand for continuous front lines of climate change. Plummeting water tables, From the metric of productivity, we are now tracking
mere 125 kg lint per ha to nearly 250 kg lint mills. This paved way to yet another genetic supply of affordable raw material and depleting soil fertility, and erratic monsoons are only the and working towards doubling farmer incomes. This
per ha. Cotton output of around 12.7 technology in the management of skyrocketed food inflation sway the policy beginning of a complex web of challenges they will face humancentered approach is a significant change as we
million bales of 170 kg each was something bollworms — the insectresistant Bt cotton, corridors in Delhi. Minister Gadkari’s in the next decade. Fortunately, there has been a rapid can now measure the direct impact of development
to cheer about for the textile industry in the first GM crop accepted for cultivation in exhortation may open doors for new development of precision agritech solutions over the efforts and agritech innovations on the farming
the 1980s. However, the joy was shortlived India in 2002. Between 2003 and 2013 genetic technology in soyabean and cotton past few years, which help farmers reduce expenditures, community. To conclude, the transformation of India’s
as cotton production stagnated at 1314 cotton yields doubled from 300 kg lint per to improve raw material supply, curb food solve the labour shortage, and navigate erratic climatic agricultural sector will not stop because of temporary
million bales for nearly 20 years. Cotton ha to 550 kg, import ceased with annual inflation, and ensure the welfare of conditions. A case in point is the steady adoption of economic slumps, and the outlook for agritech remains
mills depended on import of 710 million export of 812 million bales, pesticide millions of farmers. Fasal’s technology, onfarm IoT devices which help strong.
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 VII
VIII BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
A
t the beginning of the 1990s, the Based on the recommendations of this
Indian stock market was plagued Committee, badla trading was revived in a KS Badri Narayanan
W
with a host of problems: lack of a modified form in January 1996. The hen noise, anxiety, confusion and
statutory regulator, weak reformed badla imposed the requirement dejection symbolised our stock markets
governance of exchanges, practically for automated software to compute margins in the 198090s, very few would have
nonexistent risk management systems, (for effective risk containment) and imagined that investors and brokers,
dependence on paperintensive manual electronic trading systems (for greater one day, would have hasslefree trading through
systems, absence of a true national market, transparency). Thus within two years of its computers and mobile phones. In that era, one had to
lack of derivative markets, and virtual death, badla came back to life like a phoenix, wait for days on end, in suspense, even to get a
absence of institutional investors and and it would take another five years to kill it confirmation from brokers on basic information such
intermediaries. again. During these five years, the Indian as buying and selling of shares. And even after buying
The stock exchanges blocked any attempt stock market was changed beyond the shares, to extract information on the exact price
at reform, and the GS Patel Committee recognition. The nationwide electronic paid for them was a Herculean task.
articulated the view of many when it wrote: market created by the National Stock For opening an account those days, one lost count on
“With the opening of our economy and Exchange (NSE) came to dominate the the number of signatures needed on the application
compulsion of circumstances resulting market. Paper share certificates were form that ran into pages with several clauses, loaded in
therefrom, our stock exchanges owe a duty replaced by electronic book entries in the favour of the broking fraternity. Besides, one had to
to themselves and to the nation to adjust newly created depositories. Futures and give tonnes of supporting documents including a
and adapt themselves to the changing options started trading on the stock market cancelled cheque, banking documents and address
times, try their best to remove, at the index, followed by options on individual proof. But thankfully, those tedious days are behind us.
earliest, their infirmities and imperfections stocks. The bursting of the dotcom bubble These days, we receive SMS alerts almost immediately —
which have become a dominant theme of led to the failure and demise of the the right from opening the account through every step of
national and international concern, Calcutta Stock Exchange. In the wake of this, the transaction. Gone are those days when investors
subordinate their interests to that of the the 15day settlement period was replaced by cursed their fate over nonreceipt of share certificates
investors and the economy and extend their rolling settlement where all trades settled even after paying for them or receiving duplicate
full cooperation to the regulatory three days later. certificates. No one then could have expected that one
authorities, instead of confronting them on Along with the introduction of rolling day electronic form of share certificates would make
even minor matters and giving the settlement in July 2001, modified badla was trading less anxious. Now, trading has become easy
impression that they try to obstruct and also banned, but the phoenix was reborn as
delay the reform process in the stock singlestock futures four months later and
exchanges.” The Sensex surpassed the 60,000 level for the first time in September 2021 REUTERS went on to become the largest equity
derivative market in India. It was only in
Carry forward, stock market way faults, badla was the only mechanism for settlement (dematerialisation); and then mid2020 that singlestock options overtook
The badla or carry forward system became hedging, for short selling and for leverage in abolish badla. singlestock futures, and we could say that
the central issue in this conflict as it was the a market without derivatives. Similarly, Optimal sequencing of reforms was badla was finally buried. The modernisation
most visible symptom of all that was wrong badla provided a work around for the worst largely ignored on both sides of the debate. of the stock market in the 1990s was one of
with the markets. It was a leveraged product inefficiencies of the paperbased settlement The old guard in the stock broker the great success stories of the economic
(with some similarity to single stock futures system. In an era when it took the buyers community did not want any reform reforms. The stock market became a source
with a twoweek maturity), and in the several weeks, if not months, to get the thinking that if they stalled long enough, of risk capital for businesses and an
absence of adequate margins or risk share certificate transferred to their names, the reform momentum might dissipate, and attractive venue for investors. The abolition
management, it often produced undesirable badla allowed them to sell these shares substantive changes could be avoided. For of badla was only one tiny piece of this
outcomes. However, badla was only the before receiving those certificates. The zealous reformers on the other hand, badla, momentous institutional and technological
visible tip of the iceberg, and true progress critical issue of optimal sequencing was being the visible tip of the iceberg, was the transformation. Looking back a generation
would not be possible without shattering whether one should: create a futures and obvious target to attack. It was thought that later, the badla controversy looks like much
the entire iceberg. For example, with all its options market; introduce paperless abolition of badla would break the ado about nothing.
Share brokers tracking stock prices at the Calcutta Stock
with a transaction getting completed within
microseconds (except for illiquid stocks) with just the
click of a button and transfer of shares or funds
Earning consumer trust and offering value, many iconic brands have been around 75 years and more happening seamlessly.
Pathbreaking reforms
To attain this level of efficiency, market regulator SEBI
took several pathbreaking reforms. The first and
foremost was online electronic trading platform, the
idea for which came from the National Stock Exchange
(NSE). SEBI gave its green signal to the NSE to launch its
panIndia online equity trading platform in 1994. Till
then, the cries of brokers and traders rent the trading
Vinay Kamath floor (the ‘outcry’ model), as they shouted and used
hand signals to buy and sell stocks.
H
ere is a lovely woman — a clever Unlike now, a festivallike atmosphere prevailed in
woman too — she knows that Dalal Street, where the BSE (then the Bombay Stock
surface smartness is not enough. Exchange) is located, abuzz with activity as many
True glamour means the Lux look investors, traders and brokers gathered, and where
— immaculate loveliness throughout. She brokers ruled the roost. Even members and brokers of
runs no risk of having her dainty underwear regional stock exchanges such as Madras (now
ruined by rough handling and harsh soaps, Chennai), Calcutta (Kolkata), Delhi and others used to
but gives them the regular Lux care herself. be in constant touch with the BSE brokers to get details
These lines from a wordy ad for Lux could (now in the HUL stable). Many of these on trends, price and orders on individual stocks and
well place the ad and context firmly in the brands feature in ads in the pages of The the market. Now anybody can get the tickbytick price
mid20th Century. But the Lux brand itself Hindu of the late 1940s. and volume movement of any share. But during those
has stayed contemporary and reimagined As a senior marketer points out, consumer ‘outcry’ days, this was not possible and it was purely
itself. Today, it is sold as a bath soap, shower brands such as Lux, Horlicks, Vim, Hamam brokers’ call and, in all likelihood, the buy price would
gels, and other variants, and is not a fabric and Britannia have existed and flourished for be the day’s highest and sell price the lowest for
wash soap, as the ad indicates. The Lux ad, so many years because they offer simple and investors. However, with the entry of screenbased
released by Lever Brothers in The Hindu dated compelling solutions to consumer needs trading system, the whole scenario changed.
January 21, 1947, several months before India which have remained intact over this long
got Independence, extols Lux as the beauty period of time. “Each of these iconic brands is Enter demat
bar for intimate clothes. based on a clear idea which has remained The second key step was the introduction of
Scrolling through the pages of The Hindu of remarkably consistent, even though the dematerialisation (now famously known as demat).
the late 1940s, one can see several ads for Lux, expression of the brand idea may have Earlier, all shares used to be in the physical form,
both as a fabric wash soap as well as a evolved and become more contemporary. In called share certificates. For transfer of shares from one
bathing bar. A Lux ad from January 26, 1947, my view, that’s why they have continued to person to another, one had to send a signed Transfer
features actor Olivia de Havilland, with the ad remain popular over such a long time,” he Deed to a company either directly or through a broker.
blaring: ‘Now, famous screen star shows you explains. Branding expert Harish Bijoor says, After verifying signatures, the company secretary
how to give your skin Hollywood beauty the secret sauce of everlasting consumer would transfer the shares to the buyer's name. The
care.’ franchise is consistency. “Be just that one process took at least twothree weeks if there were no
thing. Don't be everything to everybody. If other issues. Now, the change of ownership of shares
Surviving longevity test you are, then you are nothing to any one has become seamless. Holding shares in demat form is
Like Lux, many of the brands enmeshed in body! These brands have all decided to be safer than in paper form as the risks associated with
our lives today were pretty much entrenched just that one thing. And they repeat doing it physical certificates such as bad delivery, fake
when India got its Independence and every day and always,” he says. securities, delays, thefts and mutilation have been
continue to thrive, nurtured by the brand Several of the ads during eliminated. Another major advantage is that
owners. Some have taken new avatars and preIndependence used line drawings or shareholders can even buy or sell one share in the stock
many brands, the ads of which one can see in caricature to depict characters; very few used market, unlike older days where shares were generally
the hoary pages of The Hindu in the late 1940s, photographs and those that did were some allotted in 100s.
have fallen by the wayside but 75 years on, Ads which appeared in The Hindu around of the bigger brands such as a Colgate or a For those new to trading, settlement of transactions
many have survived the longevity test. Independence day and the late 1940s Pond’s. The advent of colour printing in The those days were often fraught with default risks due to
A homegrown brand, which is 154 years Hindu in the 1940s saw a profusion of ads for fixed settlement days. The BSE used to settle trades
old, is, of course, the Tata brand, and growing iconic brands of HUL are loved and used by movies under various banners. The August 15 every Friday and the NSE on Tuesdays. So all trades that
from strength to strength. Some Tata more than 9 out of 10 Indian households,” issue in particular saw several brands happened between Monday and Thursday had to be
consumer brands which existed at the time says the spokesperson. heralding Independence and the ‘dominion settled (delivery of shares to the buyers and payment of
of Independence and which are still around HUL brands’ longevity, the spokesperson of India’. “When I look at the old creatives, I cash to the sellers) on subsequent Fridays on the BSE;
today include Tata Steel, Taj (Taj Mahal Palace explains, is due to the product superiority; cannot but help say that these are forever on the NSE, trades that took place between Wednesday
Hotel) and, of course, Air India (which was a the value the brands offered to consumers; statements that will live on and on. These and Monday had to be squared off on Tuesday.
Tata brand in 1947 and is now back to being a Many of the Hindustan Unilever brands the innovation to meet consumer needs; look basic, but are really what I call "universal
Tata brand in 2022). (HUL) were very much around even before consistent communication and in later years, brand statements,” says Bijoor. Settlement reforms
Says Harish Bhat, Brand Custodian, Tata Independence and continue to flourish brand purpose. “Today, almost all of our Cigarette and tobacco ads were plentiful As the settlement was by physical movement of paper,
Sons, “There are two reasons why brand Tata today. As a HUL spokesperson says, the brands have a purpose that goes beyond but have disappeared, by law, from today’s it was not only time consuming but often ended up
has grown consistently and flourished for so journey of HUL in India started over 100 years simply delivering superior product benefit,” advertising. Sample this from the August 15, creating confusion. Besides, the settlement system had
long. First, Tata products and services have ago with the arrival of a few crates of adds the spokesperson. 1947, edition: “Now, there’s a man’s tobacco: encouraged false liquidity because people could buy
offered excellent quality and value to Sunlight at the Kolkata harbour in 1888. Garden Coolie Cut Plug Tobacco,” with a and sell shares without having to pay immediately, thus
millions of Indian consumers across Subsequently, many more brands were Test of time picture of a smoking pipe. Or, Will’s Scissors, encouraging speculative activities. Harshad Mehta, the
generations, which is fundamental to launched that became household names — There are several others that have survived which make “for such a soothing smoke.” infamous stockbroker, exploited this system well
earning and retaining trust. Second, Tata has such as Lifebuoy in 1895, followed by Pears in the test of time: Colgate, Bournvita, Hamam, The prime medium in those days was through bank funding system during his heydays.
constantly reshaped its portfolio by 1902, Lux flakes in 1905, and Vim scouring Pond’s, Dettol, Amrutanjan, Britannia, print, which reached only the literate, which Due to excessive speculation, often the settlement
pioneering products and services which are powder in 1913. Manufacturing in India Philips, Bata, Brooke Bond, Godrej shaving meant advertising was meant for the haves cycle was extended either for want of cash or scrip.
relevant to the present and the future. These started in 1925 with the acquisition of a rounds and sticks (creams were considered who could read. Many of the brands around Brokers, too, exploited the investors through their own
compelling reasons lie at the heart of the Tata factory at Garden Reach, Kolkata, and a few expensive and were rare anyway), Glycodin IDay were probably luxury products for an funding arrangement mechanism, or what was then
brand’s sustained success.” years later at Sewri in Mumbai in 1933. “The cough syrup, Lipton, Dalda and Horlicks elite before they went mass in later years. called the Badla system.
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 IX
A
stronomers say that a cities. The engagement between
supernova strikes when enterprises and their BPM
a star completely partners has irreversibly moved
reinvents itself at the from efficient execution to
core. Supernovae have been rare driving strategic orchestration of
occurrences, with only five being future success, designing
ever visible to the naked eye in winning operating models and
the last 1,000 years. Away from solutions, and ensuring an
the realm of galaxies, the alwaysprepared talent workforce
business process management through innovative talent models
(BPM) industry experienced its and organisation structures.
own ‘2X Supernova’ moment, Technology will assume center
with the unexpected onset of the stage in BPM 4.0, through
Covid pandemic and totally platformbased services, to
reimagined value creation. While holistically integrate multiple
the transformation from digital elements into a seamless
business process outsourcing ecosystem of data, insights and
(BPO) to BPM happened years ago, predictive decisionmaking. The
this ‘2X Supernova’ moment return on investment will be
caused a momentous change in more holistic and
the blink of an eye. It’s worth outcomebased, encompassing a
noting the Indian BPM industry is refreshing set of parameters that
today 1.4 billion peoplestrong, reflect true and skininthegame
and has seen revenues soar to $44 partnership.
billion in FY22. Outperformance against this
tremendous promise calls for
Digital drive unified efforts with respect to
The BPM sector is extensively Without a shadow of doubt, the Indian BPM industry is poised for an exciting era of accelerated growth, given its talent, technology and leadership capabilities GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCK mindset, appetite for risk and
leveraging digital and edge readiness to invest in talent,
technologies (Artificial evolution from BPO to BPM in the ● data and digitaldriven flexible work arrangements market through digital with global enterprises to rapidly technology and infrastructure.
Intelligence, Robotic Process last two decades. Both in terms of application of technology at scale Faced with challenging transformation. Leveraging data build digital business models BPM solution providers will have
Automation, advanced analytics value proposition and associated through integrated digital demands of highly empowered and emerging technologies was with industryspecific and to enhance their stakeholder
and hyperautomation) to build technology levers, the industry platforms that has facilitated a and brandagnostic customers, becoming a key differentiator to crossindustry ‘multiple inabox’ branding, especially with the
resilient business models for a moved admirably up the value seamless flow and integration of organisations across the globe widening the gap between solutions. emerging workforce.
world where anything can scale — from cost advantage in its data, analytics, AI and have increasingly turned to the competition, and accelerated The leaders of the industry Designing a compelling
happen. It has seen the distinct 1.0 version to efficiency and automation; BPM industry to deliver responses to business and market have stepped up to make employee value proposition of
evolution of business continuity quality in its 2.0 version — and to ● domaincentric expertise for integrated and changes were becoming the top continuous investments in skilling, learning and purposeful
planning (BCP) into what I call experience in its 3.0 version. In its enhanced depth and meaningful hyperpersonalised customer business priority. building their portfolio of digital engagement will be key. Talking
Pandemic Continuity Planning mindboggling speed of nextgen amalgamation of industry experiences. And, BPM 4.0 players This dovetailed perfectly with transformationled solutions, about the workforce, it’s
(PCP). Plus, it has thrown a secure transformation to BPM 4.0, this understanding, process who had set themselves on an the vision and initiatives of BPM innovation labs and specialised heartening to see the industry lay
shield with industryleading industry has unleashed a excellence and technology edge; accelerated trajectory of players, who had risen in the centres of excellence and, more focus on gender diversity and
infosec standards to enhance fivedimensional force of ● DevOpsled collaboration progression, swiftly converted value chain as strategic partners – importantly, in digitally inclusivity and hiring women
control and compliance — allencompassing change. between IT development, the compulsions of Covid to moving decisively away from a distributed global work models. employees at all levels. With its
irrespective of operating models Spanning the entire gamut of operations, and business process opportunities in anticipating and fulltime equivalent or FTEbased Without a shadow of doubt, incredible history and proven
and locations — and ensure the front, middle and backoffice operations for maximum speed, addressing the needs of model to cocreation, output and the Indian BPM industry is poised record of intelligent evolution,
cybersafe work and outcomes. enterprise, it has brought in: scale and agility; and businesses. In fact, even before outcomebased service models. for an exciting era of accelerated there is no reason why the Indian
● design thinking leadership for ● distributed workforce the pandemic struck, CXOs across BPM leaders have surged growth, given its talent, BPM industry cannot successfully
Fivedimensional force superior and seamless enablement of topskilled talent the globe were looking to keep amazingly ahead into what I call technology and leadership steer global businesses to a
It has been a purposeful stakeholder experience; in hybrid work models and their enterprises ahead of the the ‘HyperLead’ mode, partnering capabilities. profitable future.
‘T
urmoil the heat is on’ is a popular This resulted in over 250 PSCs, attracted resources, it needs gas both via LNG tankers and
video game, where the player must investments worth over $20 billion, and led to pipeline, and it needs to access them all both as
earn his way to become a successful 130 discoveries. a buyer and as an equity investor.
oil entrepreneur. The rising price of The NELP regime ushered in a levelplaying It needs to generate power from all fuel
oil has certainly caused a turmoil in India, field, transparent bidding processes, an sources, from fossil to renewables. Major
threatening to alter the pace of its economic internationally established contract regime and international oil companies have overlooked
growth. Back in 2015, aided by the US shale marketdetermined prices for crude oil, while India’s bid rounds, raising doubts about its
boom and Paris Climate Accord, the oil market the government retained the control over gas resource base. However, it’s power as a growing
was impacted by fundamental demand and prices. Though entering late, the private sector market for both oil and gas cannot be ignored.
supply forecasts, rather than geopolitics. made its mark. Recent major policy launch of Open Acreage
Growing shale production promised to act as Unfortunately, over a period, the PSC system Licensing Program (OLAP) under Hydrocarbon
the ceiling to any price rise that could be attracted controversy, becoming a challenge to Exploration Licensing Policy (HELP) has
triggered by OPECdriven production cuts. Paris both contractors and the government. rekindled the hopes for revival in India’s
Climate Accord promised a longterm outlook, Purposeless procedures took precedence, and strategically critical upstream oil and gas sector,
with a more dominant role for renewable the primary purpose of finding and producing and this momentum needs to be built on to
energy over fossil fuels and, within fossil fuel, oil and gas was lost. Unable to bear the heat of The Reliance Petroleum Ltd refinery at Jamnagar in Gujarat on July 14, 1999 FILE PHOTO attract global investments. But policymakers
gas was to overtake coal. And, the world began red tape, a few international oil and gas need to acknowledge the reality that the energy
to believe in peak demand for oil, discarding its companies moved back in frustration. remain the sole fuel of choice. Maharashtra, India needs to position itself as a reliable market world is witnessing a tectonic shift towards
earlier belief of peak in oil supply. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP and Rajasthan each for surplus gas to its neighbours such as clean energy.
Cut to 2022, the longterm outlook for the end HELP phase consume more than 10 million tonnes of liquid Bangladesh and Myanmar and evaluate the oil It will be a long journey and may take several
of oildominated world energy mix, still holds When the NDA government began its term, one petroleum products, and can switch to a flexi and gas potential of its other neighbours with decades, but the journey has begun. The
good. However, the market is nervous, commodity that lent an unexpected helping mix of gas and ethanol, even if gas were to be frontier basins such as Sri Lanka and Nepal, by greatest advantages India has is its growing
speculating the outcome of RussianUkraine hand in managing the economy was oil. Lower imported in the form of LNG and a premium evolving a suitable partnership model. Overall, market and an opportunity to apply technology
conflict, impact of sanctions, and inflationary oil prices and import bill helped the price is required to be paid to increase ethanol the phenomenal growth in gas demand, on a large scale, both in governance and in
trends. government to remove subsidies on petroleum production in the country. coupled with projections of better pipeline various sectors.
products, restrict LPG subsidy to eligible citizens On the exploration front, India’s 26
Reforms, the journey so far by direct benefit transfer, and move to sedimentary basins are spread over an area of
During the early 1990s, primarily driven by lack marketdetermined petrol and diesel prices at over 3 million square kilometers, covering
of foreign exchange, a few discovered offshore the retail outlets. The National Data Repository onland, offshore and deepwater. Out of its
(NDR) under HELP is the most impactful policy prognosticated hydrocarbon resource potential,
reform. only onethird has been converted as
hydrocarboninplace through limited
Reforms, the journey ahead exploration. There is still a significant
India lacks a wellarticulated integrated energy ‘yettofind’ hydrocarbon resources that
policy and governance structure. requires large payers with the ability to make
Policy formulation in the changed world has high risk investment.
to treat oil and gas as a form of energy, along
with other forms of energy to evolve an Gas economy
integrated energy policy and governance The share of natural gas in the energy basket of
structure to attract global investments. India India is still low at less than 10 per cent, but that
needs to map the global developments in fossil is set to grow at a faster pace. Gujarat is the only
fuel technologies, assess the enabling policy state that has embraced gas in a big way.
initiatives in select countries to promote Its robust gas infrastructure is driving the
alternate fuel choices, outline the planning and share of gas in Gujarat’s primary energy mix to
infrastructure requirements, and set out a road over 24 per cent. Currently, India has a network
map that will provide fuel choices to consumers of over 14,000 km of natural gas transmission
and provide energy security to India. To achieve pipelines. This pipeline network is set to double
that, the following steps are essential: to 30,000 km. The government made a recent
The first step is to consolidate the multiple policy announcement to build the additional
policy reforms and ease of business initiatives to pipeline under the ‘publicprivate partnership
present a compelling investment opportunity (3 P) mode to rapidly implement its vision to
in the larger energy space. The need is to involve establish a National Gas Grid.
State governments in energy policy However, the transnational pipeline projects
The oil drilling site in Narimanam, Thanjavur, formulation. The reality is whether one travels in which India showed interest were never
Tamil Nadu FILE PHOTO by air, sea, rail or road, petroleum products finalised to reach the next stage of execution. Offshore oil rigs of ONGC Sagar Shakti FILE PHOTO
X BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022
BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022 XI
I
n the 75th year of India’s have raised their contributions. emurearing schemes were the Should recent losses made by
independence, much can be Traditionally, Indian retailers flavour of the season in the early crypto or NFT investors prove
written about how preferred hard assets. . But the 2000s. These schemes have permanent, it would only
economic reforms have last five years have seen a inevitably been backed by reinforce the oldest investing
unlocked the true potential of material shift in preferences promotional blitzes and celebrity lesson that every seasoned saver
the somnolent Indian economy towards financial assets, with endorsements. has learnt the hard way. There’s
and lifted the income levels and Covid giving financial assets a Thanks to the internet, the no easy money in the financial
living standards of ordinary folk. particularly big lift. RBI data as of investors have been lured into markets. High returns always
But a lesstalkedabout offshoot March 2020 showed that of newfangled assets such as come with the risk of losing your
of this prosperity has been the roughly ₹64lakh crore gross cryptocurrencies, NFTs, DeFi shirt.
revolution that has swept India’s savings generated in FY20,
savings and investment households chipped in with
landscape. nearly ₹40 lakh crore. Of this, POCKET RAVIKANTH
In the last 30 years, the attitude physical assets and financial Tarkeshwari Sinha, Union Deputy Minister of Finance, opening a Saving Bureau at the Regional National Savings
of the Indian saver towards risk assets commanded similar Office at Mount Road, Madras on July 3, 1958 THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES
and return has changed allocations of about ₹23 lakh
dramatically, even as the savings crore, with gold and silver opportunities, this grew to over Indian banks, sitting on a deposit now nudging the 10crore mark.
and investment opportunities getting about ₹43,000 crore. ₹1lakh crore a year. This sum base of about ₹110lakh crore in Assets managed by MFs have
available to her/him have grown In the 1980s, Indian doubled in the nineties and by 201718 saw this surge to ₹151lakh doubled in the five years to FY22,
by leaps and bounds. households were adding a mere 2020, had expanded to over ₹22 crore by 202021, as savers shored to over ₹38lakh crore now. This
₹10,00020,000 crore annually to lakh crore. This shift has put a up their nesteggs. influx of domestic money has
Advantage, financial assets their financial assets. By the early significant savings pool at the But even as interest rates on allowed Indian stock markets to
From anaemic levels of about 9 nineties, with liberalisation disposal of Indian financial bank deposits were plumbing weather recent FPI outflows and
per cent of GDP in the fifties, opening up new jobs and sector players be it banks, new depths during Covid and global upheavals much better
insurance companies, mutual after, equities were charting a than peers.
funds, the behemoth LIC, breathtaking ascent, fanning fear Covid has also given a
corporate issuers of bonds and of missing out (FOMO). As the muchneeded leg up to term
equities or newfangled fintech stock markets rebounded sharply insurance and health insurance
platforms. India’s financial between March 2020 and providers with Indians realising
market regulators now have their October 2021, both newbie that their financial plans are
hands full framing regulations investors and older ones earning incomplete without an
for this evergrowing set of measly returns in debt, were emergency fund and risk covers.
actors. drawn into stocks, mutual fund It is early days yet to assess if
SIPs, curated portfolios such as the Indian investors’ newfound
Embracing risk, not avoiding it smallcases and even derivatives affinity for equities and MFs is
For Indian savers who avoided trading for their vastly better simply a case of their being taken
‘paper’ assets such as stocks and returns. The widespread use of in by recent returns or reflects a
mutual funds in favour of technology to onboard investors realisation that marketlinked
precious metals and real estate quickly and easily without avenues such as equities and MFs
until a decade ago, the onset of paperwork and the ease of can deliver inflationbeating
Covid brought about a material transacting through mobile apps returns in the long run.
shift in preferences. During the and platforms, have given this
pandemic, with lockdowns and trend wings. Unregulated avenues
health emergencies hitting, Vigilant as Indian regulators have
households made a big shift in Surge in demat accounts been in ensuring that banks,
favour of bank deposits, which The number of demat accounts NBFCs, MFs and insurers under
Girl students queuing to deposit money in the Post Office savings bank at their could be seamlessly transmitted opened in the Indian markets has their watch play by the rules,
school in October 1971 THE HINDU PHOTO ARCHIVES and liquidated at short notice. trebled in the last three years, every boom phase in India has
XII BusinessLine
MONDAY • AUGUST 15 • 2022