Building information modeling

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"BIM" redirects here. For other uses, see Bim (disambiguation).

Building information model of a mechanical room developed from lidar data

Building information modeling (BIM) is a process supported by various tools,

technologies and contracts involving the generation and management of digital
representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. Building information
models (BIMs) are computer files (often but not always in proprietary formats and
containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support
decision-making regarding a built asset. BIM software is used by individuals,
businesses and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and
maintain buildings and diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, refuse,
electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, railways, bridges, ports and tunnels.
The concept of BIM has been in development since the 1970s, but it only became an
agreed term in the early 2000s. Development of standards and adoption of BIM has
progressed at different speeds in different countries; standards developed in the United
Kingdom from 2007 onwards have formed the basis of international standard ISO
19650, launched in January 2019.

Contents

 1History
o 1.1Interoperability and BIM standards
 2Definition
o 2.1BIM wash
 3Usage throughout the project life-cycle
o 3.1Management of building information models
o 3.2BIM in construction management
o 3.3BIM in facility operation
o 3.4BIM in green building
 4International developments
o 4.1Asia
 4.1.1China
 4.1.2Hong Kong
 4.1.3India
 4.1.4Iran
  4.1.5Malaysia
 4.1.6Singapore
 4.1.7Japan
 4.1.8South Korea
 4.1.9United Arab Emirates
o 4.2Europe
 4.2.1Austria
 4.2.2Czech Republic
 4.2.3Estonia
 4.2.4France
 4.2.5Germany
 4.2.6Ireland
 4.2.7Italy
 4.2.8Lithuania
 4.2.9The Netherlands
 4.2.10Norway
 4.2.11Poland
 4.2.12Portugal
 4.2.13Russia
 4.2.14Slovakia
 4.2.15Spain
 4.2.16Switzerland
 4.2.17United Kingdom
o 4.3North America
 4.3.1Canada
 4.3.2United States
o 4.4Africa
 4.4.1Nigeria
 4.4.2South Africa
o 4.5Oceania
 4.5.1Australia
 4.5.2New Zealand
 5Future potential
 6Purposes or dimensionality
o 6.13D
o 6.24D
o 6.35D
o 6.46D
 7See also
 8References
 9Further reading

History[edit]
The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s. The first software tools developed for
modeling buildings emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and included
workstation products such as Chuck Eastman's Building Description System[1] and
GLIDE, RUCAPS, Sonata, Reflex and Gable 4D Series.[2][3] The early applications, and
the hardware needed to run them, were expensive, which limited widespread adoption. [4]
Jonathan Ingram

The pioneering role of applications such as RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex has been
recognized by Laiserin[5][unreliable source?] as well as the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering;
[6]
 former GMW employee Jonathan Ingram worked on all three products.[4] What became
known as BIM products differed from architectural drafting tools such as AutoCAD by
allowing the addition of further information (time, cost, manufacturers' details,
sustainability, and maintenance information, etc.) to the building model. [citation needed]
As Graphisoft had been developing such solutions for longer than its competitors,
Laiserin regarded its ArchiCAD application as then "one of the most mature BIM
solutions on the market."[7][unreliable source?] Following its launch in 1987, ArchiCAD became
regarded by some as the first implementation of BIM,[8][9] as it was the first CAD product
on a personal computer able to create both 2D and 3D geometry, as well as the first
commercial BIM product for personal computers.[8][10][11] However, ArchiCAD founder
Gábor Bojár has acknowledged to Jonathan Ingram in an open letter, that Sonata "was
more advanced in 1986 than ArchiCAD at that time", adding that it "surpassed already
the matured definition of 'BIM' specified only about one and a half decade later". [12]
The term 'building model' (in the sense of BIM as used today) was first used in papers in
the mid-1980s: in a 1985 paper by Simon Ruffle eventually published in 1986, [13] and
later in a 1986 paper by Robert Aish[14] - then at GMW Computers Ltd, developer of
RUCAPS software - referring to the software's use at London's Heathrow Airport. [15] The
term 'Building Information Model' first appeared in a 1992 paper by G.A. van Nederveen
and F. P. Tolman.[16]
However, the terms 'Building Information Model' and 'Building Information Modeling'
(including the acronym "BIM") did not become popularly used until some 10 years later.
Facilitating exchange and interoperability of information in digital format was variously
with differing terminology: by Graphisoft as "Virtual Building" or "Single Building Model",
[17]
 Bentley Systems as "Integrated Project Models", and by Autodesk or Vectorworks as
"Building Information Modeling".[17] In 2002, Autodesk released a white paper entitled
"Building Information Modeling,"[18] and other software vendors also started to assert
their involvement in the field.[19][unreliable source?] By hosting contributions from Autodesk, Bentley
Systems and Graphisoft, plus other industry observers, in 2003, [20][unreliable source?] Jerry Laiserin
helped popularize and standardize the term as a common name for the digital
representation of the building process.[21]
Interoperability and BIM standards[edit]
As some BIM software developers have created proprietary data structures in their
software, data and files created by one vendor's applications may not work in other
vendor solutions. To achieve interoperability between applications, neutral, non-
proprietary or open standards for sharing BIM data among different software
applications have been developed.
Poor software interoperability has long been regarded as an obstacle to industry
efficiency in general and to BIM adoption in particular. In August 2004 a US National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) report conservatively estimated that $15.8
billion was lost annually by the U.S. capital facilities industry due to inadequate
interoperability arising from "the highly fragmented nature of the industry, the industry’s
continued paper-based business practices, a lack of standardization, and inconsistent
technology adoption among stakeholders". [22]
An early BIM standard was the CIMSteel Integration Standard, CIS/2, a product model
and data exchange file format for structural steel project information (CIMsteel:
Computer Integrated Manufacturing of Constructional Steelwork). CIS/2 enables
seamless and integrated information exchange during the design and construction of
steel framed structures. It was developed by the University of Leeds and the UK's Steel
Construction Institute in the late 1990s, with inputs from Georgia Tech, and was
approved by the American Institute of Steel Construction as its data exchange format
for structural steel in 2000.[23]
BIM is often associated with Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) and aecXML – data
structures for representing information – developed by buildingSMART. IFC is
recognised by the ISO and has been an official international standard, ISO 16739, since
2013.[24]
Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie) is also associated with
BIM. COBie was devised by Bill East of the United States Army Corps of Engineers in
2007,[25] and helps capture and record equipment lists, product data sheets, warranties,
spare parts lists, and preventive maintenance schedules. This information is used to
support operations, maintenance and asset management once a built asset is in
service.[26] In December 2011, it was approved by the US-based National Institute of
Building Sciences as part of its National Building Information Model (NBIMS-US)
standard.[27] COBie has been incorporated into software, and may take several forms
including spreadsheet, IFC, and ifcXML. In early 2013 BuildingSMART was working on
a lightweight XML format, COBieLite, which became available for review in April 2013.
  In September 2014, a code of practice regarding COBie was issued as a British
[28]

Standard: BS 1192-4.[29]
In January 2019, ISO published the first two parts of ISO 19650, providing a framework
for building information modelling, based on process standards developed in the United
Kingdom. UK BS and PAS 1192 specifications form the basis of further parts of the ISO
19650 series, with parts on asset management (Part 3) and security management (Part
5) published in 2020.[30]
The IEC/ISO 81346 series for reference designation has published 81346-12:2018,
[31]
 also known as RDS-CW (Reference Designation System for Construction Works).
The use of RDS-CW offers the prospect of integrating BIM with complementary
international standards based classification systems being developed for the Power
Plant sector.[32]

Definition[edit]
ISO 19650-1:2018 defines BIM as:
Use of a shared digital representation of a built asset to facilitate design,
construction and operation processes to form a reliable basis for decisions. [33]
The US National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee has the
following definition:
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and
functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for
information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-
cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition. [34]
Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional technical
drawings (plans, elevations, sections, etc). Building information modeling
extends the three primary spatial dimensions (width, height and depth),
incorporating information about time (so-called 4D BIM), [35] cost (5D BIM),[36] asset
management, sustainability, etc. BIM therefore covers more than just geometry.
It also covers spatial relationships, geospatial information, quantities and
properties of building components (for example, manufacturers' details), and
enables a wide range of collaborative processes relating to the built asset from
initial planning through to construction and then throughout its operational life.
BIM authoring tools present a design as combinations of "objects" – vague and
undefined, generic or product-specific, solid shapes or void-space oriented (like
the shape of a room), that carry their geometry, relations, and attributes. BIM
applications allow extraction of different views from a building model for drawing
production and other uses. These different views are automatically consistent,
being based on a single definition of each object instance. [37] BIM software also
defines objects parametrically; that is, the objects are defined as parameters and
relations to other objects so that if a related object is amended, dependent ones
will automatically also change.[37] Each model element can carry attributes for
selecting and ordering them automatically, providing cost estimates as well as
material tracking and ordering.[37]
For the professionals involved in a project, BIM enables a virtual information
model to be shared by the design team (architects, landscape
architects, surveyors, civil, structural and building services engineers, etc.),
the main contractor and subcontractors, and the owner/operator. Each
professional adds discipline-specific data to the shared model - commonly, a
'federated' model which combines several different disciplines' models into one.
[38]
 Combining models enables visualisation of all models in a single environment,
better coordination and development of designs, enhanced clash avoidance and
detection, and improved time and cost decision-making. [38]
BIM wash[edit]
"BIM wash" or "BIM washing" is a term sometimes used to describe inflated,
and/or deceptive, claims of using or delivering BIM services or products. [39][40]
[41]
 Also termed, "faking the BIM."

Usage throughout the project life-cycle[edit]

Use of BIM goes beyond the planning and design phase of the project,
extending throughout the building life cycle. The supporting processes
of building lifecycle management include cost management, construction
management, project management, facility operation and application in green
building.
A 'Common Data Environment' (CDE) is defined in ISO 19650 as an:
Agreed source of information for any given project or asset, for collecting,
managing and disseminating each information container through a managed
process.[42]
A CDE workflow describes the processes to be used while a CDE solution
can provide the underlying technologies. A CDE is used to share data across
a project or asset lifecycle, supporting collaboration across a whole project
team (the meaning overlaps with enterprise content management, ECM, but
with a greater focus on BIM issues).
Management of building information models[edit]
Building information models span the whole concept-to-occupation time-
span. To ensure efficient management of information processes throughout
this span, a BIM manager might be appointed. The BIM manager is retained
by a design build team on the client's behalf from the pre-design phase
onwards to develop and to track the object-oriented BIM against predicted
and measured performance objectives, supporting multi-disciplinary building
information models that drive analysis, schedules, take-off and logistics. [43]
[44]
 Companies are also now considering developing BIMs in various levels of
detail, since depending on the application of BIM, more or less detail is
needed, and there is varying modeling effort associated with generating
building information models at different levels of detail. [45]