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This document contains 9 questions related to thermodynamics concepts. Question 1 asks about deriving the expression for work done by a gas during adiabatic expansion and compression, and calculating work done on/by air in a closed system undergoing compression and expansion. Question 2 involves sketching and using a throttling calorimeter to determine dryness fraction of steam. Question 3 asks about calculating thermal efficiencies of a Rankine cycle at different operating conditions. Question 4 proves the expression for air standard efficiency of an Otto cycle engine. The remaining questions involve calculating engine indicated power, efficiency, exhaust temperature, etc. for given thermodynamic processes and cycle conditions.

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David Chikuse
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99 views

Tutorials 3

This document contains 9 questions related to thermodynamics concepts. Question 1 asks about deriving the expression for work done by a gas during adiabatic expansion and compression, and calculating work done on/by air in a closed system undergoing compression and expansion. Question 2 involves sketching and using a throttling calorimeter to determine dryness fraction of steam. Question 3 asks about calculating thermal efficiencies of a Rankine cycle at different operating conditions. Question 4 proves the expression for air standard efficiency of an Otto cycle engine. The remaining questions involve calculating engine indicated power, efficiency, exhaust temperature, etc. for given thermodynamic processes and cycle conditions.

Uploaded by

David Chikuse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TUTORIALS

Q1
a) Derive the expression for the work done by a gas when it is expanded adiabatically from
conditions P1 and V1 to P2 and V2.

b) In a closed system. 1 kg of air initially at 100 kN/m2 and 27 °C is compressed


adiabatically to 3 MN/m2, and then expanded isothermally back to its original volume.
Determine the excess of work done by the gas over work done on the gas.
Take R = 287 J/kgK and  = 1.4 for air.

Q2
a) Make a sketch of a combined throttling and separating calorimeter, and explain how such
an instrument can be used to find the dryness fraction of steam leaving the boiler.

b) In such a test the following results were obtained:-


Boiler pressure 1.25 MN/m2. Pressure after throttling 0.1 MN/m2, temperature after
throttling 105 C, water collected from separator 0.16 kg per minute, discharge from the
throttle calorimeter 7 kg per minute. Calculate the dryness fraction of the steam leaving the
boiler. Take the specific heat capacity of the superheated steam as 2.1 KJ/kg C.

Q3
Consider a steam power plant operating on a simple ideal Rankine cycle. The steam enters the
turbine at 3 MPa and 350 C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa.
Determine:
a) The thermal efficiency of the plant
b) The thermal efficiency if steam is superheated to 600C instead of 350C.
c) The thermal efficiency if the boiler pressure is raised to 15 MPa while the turbine
inlet temperature is maintained at 600C.
d) Sketch the T-s diagrams of the cycle for the THREE cases stated.

Q4
Prove that the air standard efficiency of an engine working on the constant volume (Otto) cycle
is given by:
1
1  1
r
where r = volume ratio of compression
and γ = adiabatic index

Q5
Calculate the air standard efficiency of an engine working on this cycle, if the pressure at the
beginning and end of the compression are 103.5 kN/m2 and 827.5 kN/m2, respectively. Take γ
= 1.4.

Q6
a) Briefly discuss the term ‘reversibility’ as applied to a thermodynamic process.

b) State and prove Carnot’s principle.


T1  T2
c) Show that the thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle is given by the expression
T1
where
T1 = maximum absolute temperature of the cycle
T2 = minimum absolute temperature of the cycle

Q7
In a trial on a single cylinder, four-stroke cycle oil engine, 250 mm bore and 450 mm stroke, the
following results were recorded:

Duration of test 30 minutes


Total revolutions 7962
Average dead load in brake 940 N
Average spring balance 110 N
Brake radius 1m
Average indicated mean effective pressure 565 kN/m2
Total fuel used 2.9 kg
Calorific value 44000 kJ/kg
Total jacket water 200 kg
Inlet temperature 17 C
Outlet temperature 67 C

Calculate:
a) the indicated power
b) the brake power
c) the mechanical efficiency
d) the brake thermal efficiency
e) the percentage energy loss tom the jacket

Q8
In a closed system, one kilogramme of ait initially at 100 kN/m2 and 27 ºC is compressed
adiabatically to 3 MN/m2, and then expanded isothermally back to its original volume.
Determine the excess of the work done by the gas over the work done on the gas. Take R = 287
J/kgK and  =1.4 for air

Q9
A gas turbine expands 4 kg/s of air from 12 bar and 900C to 1 bar adiabatically with an
isentropic efficiency of 87%. Calculate the exhaust temperature and the power output.  = 1.4
Cp = 1005 J/kg K.

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