REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Sparks (2018) mentioned Continuous school improvement is a cyclical process

intended to help groups of people in a system— from a class to a school district or even a

network of many districts—set goals, identify ways to improve, and evaluate change. The

most common approaches seem to share a few concepts, such as: looking at problems as part

of a system rather than as isolated episodes; working to improve policies and processes

within that system; repeatedly testing assumptions Research Article Volume 9 Issue No.3

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, March 2019 20339

http://ijesc.org/ about the causes of problems and their possible solutions; and involving

those most affected by changes—like teachers and students—in deciding what tweaks to

make. “We don’t want random acts of improvement,” said Patricia Greco, the superintendent

of the Menomonee Falls, Wis., school district.

Susan Greer, (2018) mentioned that Continuous improvement is a process used by an

organization to improve its results through monitoring and analyzing data to create changes

that improve future performance. Continuous improvement requires the alignment of a

school or district’s goals, people and values. This process does not start and stop; continuous

improvement is an ongoing process of learning, reflecting, monitoring and evaluating for

success.

Sheer (2018) mentioned that we need to understand the problem first, identifying the

problem will help us. According to Biag brainstorming within the organization helps make a

solution to the gap. Biag said. “It means an actual change in how you do work.” In other

words, the focus is on the process and results in action. Change ideas are not things like

“more money” or “more staff.” “It’s an actual change of a process or the introduction of a

new process” Biag said. Carnegie uses a “Plan, Do, Study, Act” (PDSA) cycle for testing

ideas. The changes should be fairly small and the tester collects data along the way. It

doesn’t have to be complicated data, just something to help analyze and track whether the

change is moving the needle. When you present an idea for a change they should expect an
effect to it. If it doesn’t work then the organization learn from it. Many of the best change

ideas come from looking at what Carnegie calls “positive deviants” -- the bright spots in a

network. “As you’re testing and building evidence you’re going to find ideas that work and

then you can talk about spreading those ideas,” Biag said.Biag expressed the idea of shared

knowledge, ideas and experiences that will to increase positive change. Shared experiences

means shared learning.

In our case, In the Philippines we have group discussion and LAC Session wherein

we discuss positive experiences that enables the shared knowledge and shared experiences

become learning that helps build change in our strategies in teaching. The learnings in the

Seminars wherein the coordinators and other teachers attended are shared through LAC

Session so that they spread change in the way we teach out student. It also enables us to

refresh our mind with what we already know and recognize the techniques and strategies that

makes us effective inside the classroom setting. Another strategy is to roll out the idea with

those eager to try it and then demonstrate success to those who are more fearful. It’s also

necessary to be humble and willing to go back and test new ideas if the ones that seemed to

work in the smaller group don’t work when scaled. Perhaps the aim statement needs to

change, or maybe the drivers aren’t actually the most impactful. People learn how to think

about continuous improvement through the process of doing it. They get better at narrowing

in on motivating, but achievable aim statements. They learn to include more voices in the

information gathering stage. The “Plan, Do, Study, Act” cycles become second nature, and

analyzing data gets less scary.

Reh (2018) mentioned Continuous improvement is a critical dimension of all major

quality frameworks and methodologies, including Six Sigma, ISO, and Baldrige.

Organizations dedicated to continuous improvement recognize the importance of these

actions for strengthening the quality of a product, improving customer satisfaction, and for

improving efficiency, productivity and profits. PDCA is most often a circle with no

beginning or end, meaning that continuous improvement is a process that never stops.
Remember, the process is a cycle. If the test fails, repeat the entire process. If it works,

monitor results and start over again with a new plan to promote additional improvements.

The work of continuous improvement is never-ending. Kaizen supports the

perspective that everything can be improved, even if it's incremental. Continuous

incremental improvements over time are viewed as desirable and can translate into improved

quality, reduced costs, simplified work processes, less waste, and improved customer

satisfaction and profits. Vermont ( 2018) mentioned ). In contrast to an external

accountability motive, a continuous, quality improvement approach involves connecting

systemic process/practices and outcomes; focusing on problems of practice; contextualizing

solutions; and focusing on internal accountability among all members of the organization as

a primary driver of improvement (O’Day and Smith, 2016). When applying methodologies

congruent with improvement science, International Journal of Engineering Science and

Computing, March 2019 20340 http://ijesc.org/ such as Lean, Six Sigma, Implementation

Science and Plan-DoStudy-Act cycles of learning, the underlying philosophy is that all

processes can be continually improved (e.g., LeMahieu, Nordstrum, and Greco, 2017).

Continuous Improvement is a catalyst of change. It improves the organization give

better services. Susan Greer, (2018) is a process used by an organization to improve its

results through monitoring and analyzing data to create changes that improve future

performance. Brainstorming within the organization helps make a solution to the gap. Reh

(2018) mentioned Continuous improvement is a critical dimension of all major quality

frameworks and methodologies, including Six Sigma, ISO, and Baldrige. Mora (2014) said

Continuous Improvement to reach their goals but without having a clear strategy. Herold

( 2018) mentioned the aim of continuous improvement was to help teachers use data, pulled

primarily from existing student information systems, to "identify student needs, provide

appropriate interventions.

Vermont (2018) continuous, quality improvement approach involves connecting

systemic process/practices and outcomes; focusing on problems of practice; contextualizing

solutions; and focusing on internal accountability among all members of the organization as
a primary driver of improvement. LeMahieu, Nordstrum, and Greco, (2017). When applying

methodologies congruent with improvement science, such as Lean, Six Sigma,

Implementation Science and Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles of learning, the underlying

philosophy is that all processes can be continually improved.

Wysocki, (2017) Declaration of Interdepence, Performance is measured in two ways:

how the process performed and to what degree the client was satisfied by the product or

service delivered. Raafat A. Samman, Jamal Ouenniche (2016) In practice, the diversity of

management philosophies, quality programs, and quality tools has resulted in many quality

consulting firms to be established most often offering the same product under a different

packaging. Gina M. Alvarado (2015) mentioned to analyze and learn from experience, rather

than just living the experience. It helps teachers refine their own understanding of

themselves and their classroom practice, thus increasing their students learning.

In the Philippine Deped Order 23 S. 2015 is envisioned to help schools reach the goal

of providing access to quality education. Sandra Park, Penny Carver, Lee Nordstrum,

Stephanie Hironaka (2013) through the analysis, six common themes that characterize all

three types of organizations (e.g., leadership and strategy, communication and engagement,

organizational infrastructure, methodology, data collection and analysis, and building

capacity) are enumerated. Aguilar ( 2013) mentioned that There's generally an agreement

that educators need more knowledge, skills, practice, and support after they enter the

profession. URC (2012) Quality improvement is the disciplined use of evidence-based

quantitative and qualitative methods to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, equity,

timeliness or safety of service delivery processes and systems.

Aumiller, Barbara Elaine (2008) feedback plays an important part wherein the voice

of the clients is taken into consideration to promote development and continuous

improvement in an organization. Edutopia (2008) The best professional development is

ongoing, experiential, collaborative, and connected to and derived from International Journal

of Engineering Science and Computing, March 2019 20343 http://ijesc.org/ working with

students and understanding their culture. Aidan Walsh, Helen Hughes (2002) mentioned the
practice of total quality management (TQM) philosophy within companies operating in

Ireland.

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(SRC) retrieved from https://www.teacherph.com/schoolimprovement-plan-sip/Susan Greer (2018),