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Continuous Probability Distributions: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin

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115 views20 pages

Continuous Probability Distributions: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin

Uploaded by

Gabyy Gabyy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Continuous

Probability
Distributions
Chapter 7

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
LO1 List the characteristics of the uniform distribution.
LO2 Compute probabilities by using the uniform distribution.
LO3 List the characteristics of the normal probability distribution.
LO4 Convert a normal distribution to the standard normal distribution.
LO5 Find the probability that an observation on a normally distributed
random variable is between two values.
LO6 Find probabilities using the Empirical Rule.
LO7 Approximate the binomial distribution using the normal
distribution.
LO8 Describe the characteristics and compute probabilities using the
exponential distribution.

7-2
LO3 List the characteristics of the
normal probability distribution.
Characteristics of a Normal
Probability Distribution
1. It is bell-shaped and has a single peak at the center of the
distribution.
2. It is symmetrical about the mean
3. It is asymptotic: The curve gets closer and closer to the X-
axis but never actually touches it. To put it another way, the
tails of the curve extend indefinitely in both directions.
4. The location of a normal distribution is determined by the
mean,, the dispersion or spread of the distribution is
determined by the standard deviation,σ .
5. The arithmetic mean, median, and mode are equal
6. The total area under the curve is 1.00; half the area under
the normal curve is to the right of this center point, the mean,
and the other half to the left of it.

7-3
LO3

The Normal Distribution - Graphically

7-4
LO3

The Family of Normal Distribution

Equal Means and Different Different Means and


Standard Deviations Standard Deviations

Different Means and Equal Standard Deviations


7-5
LO4 Convert a normal distribution to the
standard normal distribution.

The Standard Normal Probability


Distribution
◼ The standard normal distribution is a normal
distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.
◼ It is also called the z distribution.
◼ A z-value is the signed distance between a
selected value, designated X, and the population
mean , divided by the population standard
deviation, σ.
◼ The formula is:

7-6
LO4

Areas Under the Normal Curve

7-7
LO5 Find the probability that an observation on a normally
distributed random variable is between two values.

The Normal Distribution – Example


The weekly incomes of
shift foremen in the
glass industry follow the
normal probability
distribution with a mean
of $1,000 and a
standard deviation of
$100.
What is the z value for
the income, let’s call it X,
of a foreman who earns
$1,100 per week? For a
foreman who earns
$900 per week?
7-8
LO5

Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities


In an earlier example
we reported that the
mean weekly income
of a shift foreman in
the glass industry is
normally distributed
with a mean of $1,000
and a standard
deviation of $100.

What is the likelihood


of selecting a foreman
whose weekly income
is between $1,000
and $1,100?

7-9
LO5

Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities

7-10
LO5

Finding Areas for Z Using Excel


The Excel function
=NORMDIST(x,Mean,Standard_dev,Cumu)
=NORMDIST(1100,1000,100,true)
generates area (probability) from
Z=1 and below

7-11
LO5
Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities
(Example 2)

Refer to the information


regarding the weekly income
of shift foremen in the glass
industry. The distribution of
weekly incomes follows the
normal probability
distribution with a mean of
$1,000 and a standard
deviation of $100.
What is the probability of
selecting a shift foreman in
the glass industry whose
income is:
Between $790 and $1,000?

7-12
LO5
Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities
(Example 3)

Refer to the information


regarding the weekly income
of shift foremen in the glass
industry. The distribution of
weekly incomes follows the
normal probability
distribution with a mean of
$1,000 and a standard
deviation of $100.
What is the probability of
selecting a shift foreman in
the glass industry whose
income is:
Less than $790?

7-13
LO5
Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities
(Example 4)

Refer to the information


regarding the weekly income
of shift foremen in the glass
industry. The distribution of
weekly incomes follows the
normal probability
distribution with a mean of
$1,000 and a standard
deviation of $100.
What is the probability of
selecting a shift foreman in
the glass industry whose
income is:
Between $840 and $1,200?

7-14
LO5
Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities
(Example 5)

Refer to the information


regarding the weekly income
of shift foremen in the glass
industry. The distribution of
weekly incomes follows the
normal probability
distribution with a mean of
$1,000 and a standard
deviation of $100.
What is the probability of
selecting a shift foreman in
the glass industry whose
income is:
Between $1,150 and $1,250

7-15
LO5

Using Z in Finding X Given Area - Example

Layton Tire and Rubber


Company wishes to set a
minimum mileage guarantee on
its new MX100 tire. Tests
reveal the mean mileage is
67,900 with a standard
deviation of 2,050 miles and
that the distribution of miles
follows the normal probability
distribution. Layton wants to set
the minimum guaranteed
mileage so that no more than 4
percent of the tires will have to
be replaced.
What minimum guaranteed
mileage should Layton
announce?

16
7-16
LO5

Using Z in Finding X Given Area - Example


Solve X using the formula :
x -  x − 67 ,900
z= =
 2,050

The value of z is found using the 4% information


The area between 67,900and x is 0.4600,found by 0.5000- 0.0400
Using Appendix B.1, the area closest to 0.4600is 0.4599,which
gives a z alue of - 1.75.Then substituting into the equation :

x - 67,900
- 1.75 = , then solving for x
2,050

- 1.75(2,050) = x - 67,900

x = 67,900- 1.75(2,050)

x = 64,312

7-17
LO5

Using Z in Finding X Given Area - Excel

7-18
LO6 Find probabilities using the
Empirical Rule.

The Empirical Rule


◼ About 68 percent of
the area under the
normal curve is within
one standard
deviation of the
mean.
◼ About 95 percent is
within two standard
deviations of the
mean.
◼ Practically all is
within three standard
deviations of the
mean.

7-19
LO6

The Empirical Rule - Example


As part of its quality
assurance program, the
Autolite Battery Company
conducts tests on battery
life. For a particular D-cell
alkaline battery, the mean
life is 19 hours. The useful
life of the battery follows a
normal distribution with a
standard deviation of 1.2
hours.

Answer the following questions.


1. About 68 percent of the
batteries failed between
what two values?
2. About 95 percent of the
batteries failed between
what two values?
3. Virtually all of the batteries
failed between what two
values?
7-20

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