chemlib

Release v1.0

Hari Ambethkar

Aug 09, 2022

 CONTENTS

1 Installation 3

2 Contents 5
2.1 Core Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Chemical Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Empirical Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7 Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3 Indices and tables 19

Index 21

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 chemlib, Release v1.0

Chemlib is a pure Python library that supports a variety of functions pertaining to the vast field of chemistry. It is under
active development and continually improved to include more and more features.

CONTENTS 1
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2 CONTENTS
 CHAPTER

ONE

INSTALLATION

Use the Python Package Installer (PyPI):

$ pip install -U chemlib

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4 Chapter 1. Installation
 CHAPTER

TWO

CONTENTS

2.1 Core Data

2.1.1 Periodic Table

class chemlib.chemistry.PeriodicTable(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any)

Bases:
Column Names

>>> list(chemlib.pte) #Column names

['AtomicNumber', 'Element', 'Symbol', 'AtomicMass', 'Neutrons', 'Protons', 'Electrons',
˓→'Period', 'Group', 'Phase', 'Radioactive', 'Natural', 'Metal', 'Nonmetal', 'Metalloid',

˓→ 'Type', 'AtomicRadius', 'Electronegativity', 'FirstIonization', 'Density',

˓→'MeltingPoint', 'BoilingPoint', 'Isotopes', 'Discoverer', 'Year', 'SpecificHeat',

˓→'Shells', 'Valence', 'Config', 'MassNumber']

2.1.2 Elements

class chemlib.chemistry.Element(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any)

Contains all the properties of the respective element:

>>> from chemlib import Element

>>> xenon = Element('Xe') #Instantiate with symbol of Element
>>> xenon.properties
{'AtomicNumber': 54.0, 'Element': 'Xenon', 'Symbol': 'Xe', 'AtomicMass': 131.293,
˓→'Neutrons': 77.0, 'Protons': 54.0, 'Electrons': 54.0, 'Period': 5.0, 'Group': 18.0,

˓→'Phase': 'gas', 'Radioactive': False, 'Natural': True, 'Metal': False, 'Nonmetal':␣

˓→True, 'Metalloid': False, 'Type': 'Noble Gas', 'AtomicRadius': '1.2',

˓→'Electronegativity': nan, 'FirstIonization': '12.1298', 'Density': '0.00589',

˓→'MeltingPoint': '161.45', 'BoilingPoint': '165.03', 'Isotopes': 31.0, 'Discoverer':

˓→'Ramsay and Travers', 'Year': '1898', 'SpecificHeat': '0.158', 'Shells': 5.0, 'Valence

˓→': 8.0, 'Config': '[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6', 'MassNumber': 131.0}

>>> xenon.AtomicMass
131.293
>>> xenon.FirstIonization
'12.1298'

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chemlib.chemistry.Element.AtomicNumber: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Element: str = The name of the element

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Symbol: str = The symbol of the element

chemlib.chemistry.Element.AtomicMass: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Neutrons: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Protons: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Electrons: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Period: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Group: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Phase: str = The state of matter of the element at

room temperature.

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Radioactive: boolean

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Natural: boolean

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Metal: boolean

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Nonmetal: boolean

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Metalloid: boolean

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Type: str

chemlib.chemistry.Element.AtomicRadius: str

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Electronegativity: str or NaN

chemlib.chemistry.Element.FirstIonization: str or NaN

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Density: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.MeltingPoint: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.BoilingPoint: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Isotopes: float

chemlib.chemistry.Element.Discoverer: str

2.1.3 Other Constants

chemlib.AVOGADROS_NUMBER: float = 6.02e+23

Contains Avogaadro’s Number, which relates the number of constituent particles in a sample with the amount of
substance in that sample.

>>> import chemlib

>>> chemlib.AVOGADROS_NUMBER
6.02e+23

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chemlib.c: float = 2.998e+8

The speed of light.

chemlib.h: float = 6.626e-34

Planck’s constant.
chemlib.R: float = 1.0974e+7

Rydberg constant.

2.2 Chemical Compounds

2.2.1 Making a Compound

class chemlib.chemistry.Compound(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any)

Instantiate a chemlib.Compound object with the formula of the compound.

>>> from chemlib import Compound

>>> water = Compound("H2O")
>>> water.formula
'H2 O1 '

chemlib.chemistry.Compound.occurences: dict

A dictionary containing the frequencies of the constituent elements in the compound.

>>> water.occurences
{'H': 2, 'O': 1}

2.2.2 Molar Mass

chemlib.chemistry.Compound.molar_mass(self )

Returns
The molar mass in (g/mol) of the compound
Return type
float

>>> water.molar_mass()
18.01

2.2. Chemical Compounds 7

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2.2.3 Percentage Composition by Mass

chemlib.chemistry.Compound.percentage_by_mass(self, element)
Get the percentage composition by mass of a certain element of the compound.
Parameters
element (str) – The constituent element of which the user wants to get percentage composition.
Returns
The percentage composition by mass of the element in the compound.
Return type
float

>>> water.percentage_by_mass('H') #Percent of Hydrogen in Compound

11.183
>>> water.percentage_by_mass('O') #Percent of Oxygen in Compound
88.834

2.2.4 Stoichiometry

chemlib.chemistry.Compound.get_amounts(self, **kwargs)
Get stoichiometric amounts of the compound given one measurement.
Parameters
• compound_number (int) – The chosen compound in the reaction by order of appearance.
• kwargs – The amount of the chosen compound (grams=, moles=, or molecules=)
Returns
The gram, mole, and molecule amounts of the compound.
Return type
dict
Raises
• ValueError – If the kwargs argument isn’t either grams, moles, or molecules
• ValueError – if more than one argument is given under kwargs
Get the amount of moles and molecules of water given 2 grams of water.

>>> water.get_amounts(grams = 2)
{'Compound': 'H2 O1 ', 'Grams': 2, 'Moles': 0.111, 'Molecules': 6.685e+22}

Get the amount of grams and molecules of water given 2 moles of water.

>>> water.get_amounts(moles = 2)
{'Compound': 'H2 O1 ', 'Grams': 36.02, 'Moles': 2, 'Molecules': 1.204e+24}

Get the amount of moles and grams of water given 2e+24 molecules of water.

>>> water.get_amounts(molecules = 2e+24)

{'Compound': 'H2 O1 ', 'Grams': 59.834, 'Moles': 3.3223, 'Molecules': 2e+24}

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2.3 Empirical Formulae

2.3.1 EF by Percentage Composition

chemlib.chemistry.empirical_formula_by_percent_comp(**kwargs)

Get the empirical formula given the percentage compositions of all elements in the compound.

Parameters
kwargs – The percentage compositions of elements in the compound (<Element symbol> =
<Percentage Composition> ...)
Returns
The empirical formula of the compound.
Return type
str
Raises
ValueError – If the sums of the percentages is not equal to 100.

Get the empirical formula of a compound that is composed of 80.6% C, and 19.4% H by mass:

>>> from chemlib import empirical_formula_by_percent_comp as efbpc

>>> efbpc(C = 80.6, H = 19.4)
'C1H3'

2.3.2 Combustion Analysis

chemlib.chemistry.combustion_analysis(CO2, H2O)

Get the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon given the grams of CO2 and grams of H2O formed from
its combustion.

Parameters
• CO2 – The grams of carbon dioxide formed as a result of the combustion of the hydrocarbon.
• H2O – The grams of water formed as a result of the combustion of the hydrocarbon.
Returns
The empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.
Return type
str

A hydrocarbon fuel is fully combusted with 18.214 g of oxygen to yield 23.118 g of carbon dioxide and 4.729 g of
water. Find the empirical formula for the hydrocarbon.

>>> from chemlib.chemistry import combustion_analysis

>>> combustion_analysis(23.118, 4.729)
'CH'

2.3. Empirical Formulae 9

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2.4 Chemical Reactions

2.4.1 Making a Reaction

class chemlib.chemistry.Reaction(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any)

Instantiate a chemlib.Reaction object with a list of reactant Compounds and product Compounds.

>>> from chemlib import Compound, Reaction

>>> N2O5 = Compound("N2O5")
>>> H2O = Compound("H2O")
>>> HNO3 = Compound("HNO3")
>>> r = Reaction([N2O5, H2O], [HNO3])

classmethod chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.by_formula(cls, formula: str)

OR Instantiate a chemlib.Reaction object using a string to represent the formula:

In the formula string, place the formulae of reactants separated by + signs on the left side of the arrow -->. On the
right side of the arrow, place the formulae of products separated by + signs:

>>> from chemlib import Reaction

>>> r = Reaction.by_formula("N2O5 + H2O --> HNO3")

chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.formula: str

>>> r.formula
'1N2 O5 + 1H2 O1 --> 1H1 N1 O3 '

chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.is_balanced: boolean

>>> r.is_balanced
False

chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.reactant_formulas: list

>>> r.reactant_formulas
['N2 O5 ', 'H2 O1 ']

chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.product_formulas: list

>>> r.product_formulas
['H1 N1 O3 ']

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2.4.2 Combustion Reactions

class chemlib.chemistry.Combustion(compound)

Inherits from chemlib.chemistry.Reaction

Makes a chemical reaction involving the combustion of one compound. Formula will be balanced.

>>> from chemlib import Compound, Combustion

>>> methane = Compound('CH4')
>>> c = Combustion(methane)
>>> c.formula
'1C1 H4 + 2O2 --> 2H2 O1 + 1C1 O2 '
>>> c.is_balanced
True

2.4.3 Balancing the Equation

chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.balance(self ) → None

Balances the chemical equation using linear algebra. See Applications of Linear Algebra in Chemistry.

>>> r.balance()
>>> r.formula
'1N2 O5 + 1H2 O1 --> 2H1 N1 O3 '
>>> r.is_balanced
True

2.4.4 Stoichiometry

chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.get_amounts(self, compound_number, **kwargs)

Get stoichiometric amounts of ALL compounds in the reaction given the amount of one compound.
Parameters
• compound_number (int) – The chosen compound in the reaction by order of appearance.
• kwargs – The amount of the chosen compound (grams=, moles=, or molecules=)
Returns
the amounts of each compound in the reaction
Return type
list of dicts
Raises
• ValueError – if the compound_number is less than 1 or greater than the number of com-
pounds in the reaction
• ValueError – if more than one argument is given under kwargs
Best demonstrated by example:

>>> r.formula
'1N2 O5 + 1H2 O1 --> 2H1 N1 O3 '

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Get the amounts of ALL compounds in the above reaction given 5 grams of N2 O5 . It is the first compound in the
reaction by order of appearance (left to right).

>>> r.get_amounts(1, grams=5)

[{'Compound': 'N2 O5 ', 'Grams': 5, 'Moles': 0.0463, 'Molecules': 2.787e+22}, {'Compound':
˓→'H2 O1 ', 'Grams': 0.834, 'Moles': 0.0463, 'Molecules': 2.787e+22}, {'Compound': 'H1 N1 O3 ',

˓→ 'Grams': 5.835, 'Moles': 0.0926, 'Molecules': 5.575e+22}]

Get the amounts of ALL compounds in the above reaction given 3.5 moles of HNO3 . It is the third compound in the
reaction by order of appearance (left to right).

>>> r.get_amounts(3, moles=3.5)

[{'Compound': 'N2 O5 ', 'Grams': 189.018, 'Moles': 1.75, 'Molecules': 1.054e+24}, {
˓→'Compound': 'H2 O1 ', 'Grams': 31.518, 'Moles': 1.75, 'Molecules': 1.054e+24}, {'Compound

˓→': 'H1 N1 O3 ', 'Grams': 220.535, 'Moles': 3.5, 'Molecules': 2.107e+24}]

2.4.5 Limiting Reagent

chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.limiting_reagent(self, *args, mode='grams')

Get the limiting reagent (limiting reactant) in the chemical reaction.
Parameters
• args – The amounts of each reactant to use in the chemical reaction.
• mode (str) – The units of each amount in args. Default is grams, can also be moles or
molecules.
Returns
The limiting reagent of the reaction.
Return type
chemlib.chemistry.Compound
Raises
• TypeError – If the number of args doesn’t match the number of reactants in the reaction.
• ValueError – If the mode is not grams, moles, or molecules.
Find the limiting reagent of the reaction when using 50 grams of the first reactant (N2 O5 ) and 80 grams of the
second reactant (H2 O):

>>> lr = r.limiting_reagent(50, 80)

>>> lr.formula
'N2 O5 '

Find the limiting reagent of the reaction when using 3 moles of the first reactant (N2 O5 ) and 1 mole of the second
reactant (H2 O):

>>> lr = r.limiting_reagent(3, 1, mode = 'moles')

>>> lr.formula
'H2 O1 '

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2.5 Aqueous Solutions

2.5.1 Acidity Calculation (pH, pOH)

chemlib.chemistry.pH(**kwargs)
For any inputted pH, pOH, [H+], or [OH-], finds the corresponding values.
Parameters
kwargs – The value of the chosen input (pH=, pOH=, H=, or OH=)
Return type
dict
What is the pH, pOH and [OH-] given a [H+] of 1.07x10^-6 M?

>>> import chemlib

>>> chemlib.pH(H=1.07e-6)
{'H': 1.07e-06, 'pOH': 8.029, 'pH': 5.971, 'OH': 9.354e-09, 'acidity': 'acidic'}

What is the pH, pOH, and [H+] given a [OH-] of 2.06x10^-3 M?

>>> chemlib.pH(OH=2.06e-3)
{'OH': 0.002, 'H': 5e-12, 'pOH': 2.699, 'pH': 11.301, 'acidity': 'basic'}

What is the pOH, [H+], and [OH-] given a pH of 5.2?

>>> chemlib.pH(pH = 5.2)

{'pH': 5.2, 'OH': 1.585e-09, 'H': 6.309e-06, 'pOH': 8.8, 'acidity': 'acidic'}

2.5.2 Making a Solution

class chemlib.chemistry.Solution(self, solute, molarity)

Instantiate a chemlib.Solution object with the formula of the solute, and the molarity in mol/L.
param solute (str)
The formula of the solute without using subscripts OR a chemlib.chemistry.Compound
object.
param molarity (float)
How many moles of solute per liter of solution

>>> from chemlib import Solution

>>> Solution('AgCl', 2)
<chemlib.chemistry.Solution object at 0x03F46370>
>>> s = Solution('AgCl', 2)
>>> s.molarity
2

classmethod chemlib.chemistry.Solution.by_grams_per_liters(cls, solute, grams, liters)

OR you can make a Solution with the solute, and grams per liter.
param str solute
The formula of the solute without using subscripts OR a chemlib.chemistry.Compound
object.

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param float grams

How many grams of solute
param float liters
How many liters of solution

>>> from chemlib import Solution

>>> s = Solution.by_grams_per_liters("NaCl", 10, 1)
>>> s.molarity
0.1711

2.5.3 Dilutions

chemlib.chemistry.Solution.dilute(self, V1=None, M2=None, V2=None, inplace=False) → dict

Using formula M1*V1 = M2*V2

param float V1
The starting volume of the solution. [Must be specified]
param float M2
The ending molarity after dilution.
param float V2
The ending volume after dilution
param bool inplace
You can set to true if the old molarity is to be replaced by the new molarity
return
The new volume and the new molarity.
rtype
dict
raises TypeError
if a starting volume is not specified
raises TypeError
if both M2 and V2 are specified
To find the dilution of 2.5 L of 0.25M NaCl to a 0.125M NaCl solution:

>>> from chemlib import Solution

>>> s = Solution("NaCl", 0.25)
>>> s.dilute(V1 = 2.5, M2 = 0.125)
{'Solute': 'Na1 Cl1 ', 'Molarity': 0.125, 'Volume': 5.0}

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2.6 Electrochemistry

2.6.1 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells

class chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell(self, electrode1: str, electrode2: str)

Parameters
• (str) (electrode2) – The elemental composition of one of the electrodes of the galvanic
cell.
• (str) – The elemental composition of the other electrode of the galvanic cell.
Raises
NotImplementedError – If either of the electrodes is invalid or its reduction potential is un-
known.
Make a Galvanic Cell with Lead and Zinc electrodes:

>>> from chemlib import Galvanic_Cell

>>> g = Galvanic_Cell("Pb", "Zn")
>>>

chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell.properties: dict

A dictionary of the cell’s properties:

>>> g.properties
{'Cell': 'Zn | Zn2+ || Pb2+ | Pb', 'Anode': 'Zn', 'Cathode': 'Pb', 'Cell Potential': 0.
˓→63}

>>>

chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell.cell_potential: float

Access the cell potential of the galvanic cell:

>>> g.cell_potential
0.63
>>> g.E0
0.63

chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell.diagram: PIL.Image

The diagram of the galvanic cell is a PIL.Image object. To generate diagram:

>>> g.draw()

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To save (as png file):

>>> g.diagram.save("filename.png")
>>>

2.6.2 Electrolysis

chemlib.electrochemistry.electrolysis(element: str, n: int, **kwargs) → dict:

Parameters
• (str) (element) – The symbol of a chemical element.
• (int) (n) – The moles of electrons transferred.
• kwargs – Provide two of the values from amps, seconds, and grams.
Raises
TypeError – If not only 2 of the parameters in kwargs are specified.
Example: Copper metal is purified by electrolysis. How much copper metal (in grams) could be produced from copper
(ii) oxide by applying a current of 10.0 amps at the appropriate negative potential for 12.0 hours?

>>> from chemlib import electrolysis

>>> electrolysis('Cu', 2, amps = 10, seconds=12*60*60)
{'element': 'Cu', 'n': 2, 'seconds': 43200, 'amps': 10, 'grams': 142.25979167746283}
>>>

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Example: How long would it take to electroplate a flute with 28.3 g of silver at a constant current of 2.0 amps using
AgNO3?

>>> from chemlib import electrolysis

>>> electrolysis("Ag", 2, amps = 2, grams = 28.3)
{'element': 'Ag', 'n': 2, 'seconds': 25313.582341380206, 'amps': 2, 'grams': 28.3}
>>>

Example: How much current was used to produce 805 grams of Aluminum metal from Al2O3 in 24 hours?

>>> from chemlib import electrolysis

>>> electrolysis("Al", 3, grams = 805, seconds = 24*60*60)
{'element': 'Al', 'n': 3, 'seconds': 86400, 'amps': 99.95144010616133, 'grams': 805}
>>>

2.7 Quantum Mechanics

2.7.1 Electromagnetic Waves

class chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave(**kwargs)

Makes a Wave object given either wavelength (in meters), frequency (in Hz), or energy (in J per photon), and calculates
the aforementioned values.
param kwargs
The value of the known variable (wavelength=, frequency=, or energy=)
Determine the wavelength, frequency, and energy of a wave with frequency 2e+17 Hz:

>>> from chemlib import Wave

>>> w = Wave(frequency=2e+17)
>>> w.properties
{'wavelength': 1.499e-09, 'frequency': 2e+17, 'energy': 1.325e-16}

Determine the wavelength, frequency, and energy of a wave with wavelength 3e-9 m:

>>> w = Wave(wavelength=3e-9)
>>> w.properties
{'wavelength': 3e-09, 'frequency': 9.993e+16, 'energy': 6.622e-17}

Determine the wavelength, frequency, and energy of a wave with energy 3e-15 Joules per particle:

>>> from chemlib import Wave

>>> w = Wave(energy=3e-15)
>>> w.properties
{'wavelength': 4.387e-44, 'frequency': 4.528e+18, 'energy': 3e-15}

chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.properties: dict

chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.wavelength: float

chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.frequency: float

chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.energy: float

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2.7.2 Electrons and Orbitals

chemlib.quantum_mechanics.energy_of_hydrogen_orbital(n) → float

Gets the energy of an electron in the nth orbital of the Hydrogen atom in Joules.

>>> from chemlib import energy_of_hydrogen_orbital

>>> energy_of_hydrogen_orbital(3)
-2.4221749394666667e-19

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 CHAPTER

THREE

INDICES AND TABLES

• genindex
• modindex
• search

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20 Chapter 3. Indices and tables

 INDEX

B chemlib.chemistry.Element.AtomicMass (built-in
built-in function variable), 6
chemlib.chemistry.combustion_analysis(), chemlib.chemistry.Element.AtomicNumber (built-
9 in variable), 5
chemlib.chemistry.Compound.get_amounts(), chemlib.chemistry.Element.AtomicRadius (built-
8 in variable), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Compound.molar_mass(), chemlib.chemistry.Element.BoilingPoint (built-
7 in variable), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Compound.percentage_by_mass(), chemlib.chemistry.Element.Density (built-in vari-
8 able), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Discoverer
chemlib.chemistry.empirical_formula_by_percent_comp(), (built-in
9 variable), 6
chemlib.chemistry.pH(), 13 chemlib.chemistry.Element.Electronegativity
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.balance(), 11 (built-in variable), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.get_amounts(), chemlib.chemistry.Element.Electrons (built-in
11 variable), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.limiting_reagent(), chemlib.chemistry.Element.Element (built-in vari-
12 able), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Solution.dilute(), 14 chemlib.chemistry.Element.FirstIonization
chemlib.electrochemistry.electrolysis(), (built-in variable), 6
16 chemlib.chemistry.Element.Group (built-in vari-
chemlib.quantum_mechanics.energy_of_hydrogen_orbital(), able), 6
18 chemlib.chemistry.Element.Isotopes (built-in
by_formula() (chemlib.chemistry.Reaction class variable), 6
method), 10 chemlib.chemistry.Element.MeltingPoint (built-
by_grams_per_liters() (chemlib.chemistry.Solution in variable), 6
class method), 13 chemlib.chemistry.Element.Metal (built-in vari-
able), 6
C chemlib.chemistry.Element.Metalloid (built-in
variable), 6
chemlib.AVOGADROS_NUMBER (built-in variable), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Natural (built-in vari-
chemlib.c (built-in variable), 6
able), 6
chemlib.chemistry.Combustion (built-in class), 11
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Neutrons (built-in
chemlib.chemistry.combustion_analysis()
variable), 6
built-in function, 9
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Nonmetal (built-in
chemlib.chemistry.Compound.get_amounts()
variable), 6
built-in function, 8
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Period (built-in vari-
chemlib.chemistry.Compound.molar_mass()
able), 6
built-in function, 7
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Phase (built-in vari-
chemlib.chemistry.Compound.occurences (built-in
able), 6
variable), 7
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Protons (built-in vari-
chemlib.chemistry.Compound.percentage_by_mass()
able), 6
built-in function, 8

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chemlib.chemistry.Element.Radioactive (built-in E
variable), 6 Element (class in chemlib.chemistry), 5
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Symbol (built-in vari-
able), 6 P
chemlib.chemistry.Element.Type (built-in vari-
PeriodicTable (class in chemlib.chemistry), 5
able), 6
chemlib.chemistry.empirical_formula_by_percent_comp()
built-in function, 9
R
chemlib.chemistry.pH() Reaction (class in chemlib.chemistry), 10
built-in function, 13
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.balance()
built-in function, 11
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.formula (built-in
variable), 10
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.get_amounts()
built-in function, 11
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.is_balanced (built-
in variable), 10
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.limiting_reagent()
built-in function, 12
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.product_formulas
(built-in variable), 10
chemlib.chemistry.Reaction.reactant_formulas
(built-in variable), 10
chemlib.chemistry.Solution (built-in class), 13
chemlib.chemistry.Solution.dilute()
built-in function, 14
chemlib.electrochemistry.electrolysis()
built-in function, 16
chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell (built-
in class), 15
chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell.cell_potential
(built-in variable), 15
chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell.diagram
(built-in variable), 15
chemlib.electrochemistry.Galvanic_Cell.properties
(built-in variable), 15
chemlib.h (built-in variable), 7
chemlib.quantum_mechanics.energy_of_hydrogen_orbital()
built-in function, 18
chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave (built-in class),
17
chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.energy (built-in
variable), 17
chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.frequency
(built-in variable), 17
chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.properties
(built-in variable), 17
chemlib.quantum_mechanics.Wave.wavelength
(built-in variable), 17
chemlib.R (built-in variable), 7
Compound (class in chemlib.chemistry), 7

22 Index