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    Class 12th Physics Lab Manual Activity 6

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    CoolBoy
    1) The document describes an experiment to study the variation in potential drop (V) along the length (l) of a wire for a steady current. It involves setting up a circuit using a potentiometer, battery, ammeter, and voltmeter. 2) Observations are recorded of the voltmeter readings at different points along the potentiometer wire. The ratio of V/l, known as the potential gradient φ, is calculated and found to remain constant, confirming the direct proportionality of V and l. 3) A graph of V versus l is plotted, and the slope gives the same value of φ as the calculations. This demonstrates the linear relationship between potential drop and length.

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    Class 12th Physics Lab Manual Activity 6

    Uploaded by

    CoolBoy
    805 views5 pages
    1) The document describes an experiment to study the variation in potential drop (V) along the length (l) of a wire for a steady current. It involves setting up a circuit using a potentiometer, battery, ammeter, and voltmeter. 2) Observations are recorded of the voltmeter readings at different points along the potentiometer wire. The ratio of V/l, known as the potential gradient φ, is calculated and found to remain constant, confirming the direct proportionality of V and l. 3) A graph of V versus l is plotted, and the slope gives the same value of φ as the calculations. This demonstrates the linear relationship between potential drop and length.

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    1) The document describes an experiment to study the variation in potential drop (V) along the length (l) of a wire for a steady current. It involves setting up a circuit using a potentiometer, battery, ammeter, and voltmeter. 2) Observations are recorded of the voltmeter readings at different points along the potentiometer wire. The ratio of V/l, known as the potential gradient φ, is calculated and found to remain constant, confirming the direct proportionality of V and l. 3) A graph of V versus l is plotted, and the slope gives the same value of φ as the calculations. This demonstrates the linear relationship between potential drop and length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    805 views5 pages

    Class 12th Physics Lab Manual Activity 6

    Uploaded by

    CoolBoy
    1) The document describes an experiment to study the variation in potential drop (V) along the length (l) of a wire for a steady current. It involves setting up a circuit using a potentiometer, battery, ammeter, and voltmeter. 2) Observations are recorded of the voltmeter readings at different points along the potentiometer wire. The ratio of V/l, known as the potential gradient φ, is calculated and found to remain constant, confirming the direct proportionality of V and l. 3) A graph of V versus l is plotted, and the slope gives the same value of φ as the calculations. This demonstrates the linear relationship between potential drop and length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    ACTIVITY 13

    ACTIVITY 6
    AIM
    To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a
    steady current.

    APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED


    Potentiometer, battery eliminator of constant voltage, dc power
    supply or lead accumulator, voltmeter and ammeter of suitable
    range, plug key, jockey, rheostat, connecting wires, etc.

    P RINCIPLE
    If a steady current is flowing through a wire of uniform area of cross
    section and having its resistance per unit length constant, potential
    drop V across two points of the wire is directly proportional to the
    length l between those two points.

    Mathematically, Vαl

    P ROCEDURE
    1. Set up the electrical
    circuit as shown in
    Fig. A 6.1.
    2. Connect positive
    terminal of the battery
    to point A (zero length)
    of the potentiometer.
    3. Connect negative end
    of the battery to the
    other end B (point) of
    the potentiometer wire
    through an ammeter,
    plug key and a Fig. A 6.1 Circuit to study variation in potential drop
    rheostat. The ammeter
    159

    24/04/2018
    LABORATORY MANUAL

    should be connected in such a way that its negative terminal is


    connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
    4. Connect positive end of the voltmeter to point A and other end to
    a jockey J.
    5. Now close the key K and press the jockey at point B. Adjust the
    rheostat to get full scale deflection in voltmeter.
    6. When jockey is pressed at point A, you will get zero deflection in
    the voltmeter.
    7. Now press the jockey at 40 cm and note the corresponding
    voltmeter reading.
    8. Repeat your observation by pressing the jockey at various lengths
    like 80 cm, 120 cm etc. which may extend upto, say 400 cm of
    potentiometer wire. Record voltmeter reading in each case as
    shown in Table A 6.1.

    O BSERVATIONS
    Range of the voltmeter = ... V
    Least count of the voltmeter = ...V
    Zero error = ... V

    Table A 6.1: Variation in potential drop with length

    Sl. No. Length of potential wire over Voltmeter reading φ = V/l


    which potential drop is V (V) (V cm–1)
    measured l (cm)

    1
    2
    --
    5

    Mean
    C ALCULATIONS

    V
    The ratio = φ is calculated. It is the potential gradient of the wire.
    l
    Its value is almost constant.

    P LOTTING GRAPH
    Plot a graph of V versus I, with V on y-axis and I on x-axis. Slope of
    the line gives φ .
    160

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    ACTIVITY 6 13

    R ESULT

    V 
    The ratio   = φ is found to be constant within the limits of
    l
    experimental error. Its mean value is... V cm–1.

    The graph shows a linear relationship between V and l . The value of


    V 
      = φ from the graph is ... V cm–1.
    l

    P RECAUTIONS
    1. Zero error in the voltmeter and ammeter (if there is any) should
    be corrected by adjusting the screw provided at the base of
    the needle.
    2. The current in the wire should remain constant throughout the
    experiment. To ensure this, current should be drawn
    intermittently for short duration of time. It should be monitored
    by an ammeter and readjusted whenever necessary, with the help
    of a rheostat.
    3. Do not press the wire too hard with the jockey while noting down
    the observations or else there is a possibility that the wire will
    become non-uniform (diameter will change) at these points during
    the course of time.
    4. Check for uniformity of wire at its various points before the start
    of the experiment. If wire is non-uniform, the potential gradient
    will not be constant.

    S
    OURCES OF ERROR
    1. The wire must have a uniform cross section along its entire
    length. This should be checked by measuring its diameter at
    various points before the start of the experiment.
    2. Voltmeter may not give accurate reading.

    D ISCUSSION
    1. The potentiometer wire is connected firmly to thick copper
    strips after every 100 cm of its length of 400 or 1000 cm.
    However, these small sections of wire do not contribute to the
    total length of the potentiometer wire since electrical current
    flows through the copper strips rather than the potentiometer
    wire in these sections.

    161
    LABORATORY MANUAL

    2. Potentiometer has the advantage that it draws no current from


    the voltage source being measured. As such it is unaffected by
    the internal resistance of the source.
    3. If the graph is non-linear, what conclusion will you draw?

    S ELF ASSESSMENT
    1. A 100 cm wire of homogeneous material and uniform area of cross-
    section form a square as shown in Fig. A 6.2. How can this
    arrangement be used to select voltages 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 of the
    voltage across AE.

    2. A rheostat Rh used in laboratories along with a key K,


    battery of emf E and internal resistance r is shown in
    Fig. A 6.3. RL is some load resistance that represents
    an auxiliary circuit which may be there in reality. If D
    is the midpoint of the wire AB, what would be the
    voltmeter reading? Does it depend on the value of RL or
    Fig. A 6.2 RV, if RV represents the resistance of the voltmeter? Does
    it depend on r ?

    Fig. A 6.3

    3. Consider a case in the above problem, wherein a potential


    difference across ends A and B of the wire is 3 V. An experiment
    requires a potential difference of 1.7 V as precise as possible.
    Think of the possibilities of reducing emf of the source, using
    another resistor in series or using a rheostat of the same resistance
    but of greater length.
    Is it possible to get negative potentials using the same circuit? If
    yes, how?
    162

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    ACTIVITY 6 13

    SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS/ACTIVITIES

    1. Connect a circuit as shown in Fig. A 6.3. Record potential difference at


    various length l from end A. Plot a graph of V versus l. Obtain from the graph
    the length that corresponds to 1.3 V. Draw a circuit diagram to show how
    you can supply 1.3 V to an auxiliary circuit that works at 1.3 V.

    2. A small circuit called the ‘level indicator’ (popularly known as dancing LED’s)
    is available in the entertainment electronics market. It is often used in
    stereophonic two-in-one recorders or graphic equalisers. Connect such a
    circuit in place of a voltmeter in this activity and estimate the voltage levels
    at which the LED’s in the array glow one after another.

    163

    24/04/2018

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